Name: orthotopic implantation and peripheral immune cell monitoring in the ii-45 syngeneic rat mesothelioma model
Uploaded: 2015-10-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Orthotopic Implantation and Peripheral Immune Cell Monitoring in the II-45 Syngeneic Rat Mesothelioma Model at JoVE.com

The syngeneic rat mesothelioma II-45 cell line was a kind gift from A/Prof. Emanuela Felley-Bosco, Zurich University.

All procedures involving animals were carried out in accordance with the recommendations in the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes. The protocol for this study was approved by the Royal North Shore Hospital Animal Care and Ethics Committee. Female Fischer 344 rats (F344, 150-200 g) were maintained at the Kearns Facility, Kolling Institute under standard conditions (12 hr light/dark cycles and free access to food and water).
Note: A flow chart fo...

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This paper details a method for the generation of a rat syngeneic orthotopic model of pleural mesothelioma and a simple method for monitoring disease progression through longitudinal blood sampling.
The II-45 model was developed by exposing Fischer 344 rats to asbestos fibers13. Although this exposure represents the true dynamics of host-asbestos-immune system interactions for mesothelioma pathogenesis, it has a long lag time (taking years to generate) and can be dangerous for the r...

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive malignancy which arises from transformed cells in the membrane (mesothelium) that lines the lung and abdominal cavities, heart and internal reproductive organs, and is the most common primary tumor of the lung cavity or pleura1,2. Exposure to asbestos fibres accounts for 80% of all MM, and while bans on asbestos use were introduced decades ago in most western countries, its widespread use in the community has left a deadly legacy. The World Health Organization has estimated that 107,000 people worldwide die each year from asbestos related diseases, with mortality rates continuing to increase. A new non-occupational incidence wave is also emerging and there is little understanding of when, and at what level this will peak3.
The majority of people with MM are diagnosed late when systemic chemotherapy represents one of the only viable options4. The most effective chemotherapy and current &#8216;standard of care&#8217; (pemetrexed together with cisplatin5) was identified over 10 years ago. However failure of this treatment is inevitable and there are no proven second line options, leaving patients with a grim prognosis and median survival of only 12 months2. Therefore, there is an urgent unmet need for more effective treatments. Despite the examination of a number of novel therapies in clinical trials none has resulted in changes in practice. This is due in part to the low (5%) transference of pre-clinical results, generally performed in xenograft mouse models, to the clinical setting6-8. Such models do not faithfully recapitulate the complex aspects of the tumor microenvironment occurring in non-physiological locations, frequently in the absence of a functioning immune system9.
Syngeneic orthotopic models create a significantly more realistic tumor environment than the commonly used subcutaneous xenograft models as the tumors occur in the correct physiological location with an intact immune system10,11. The larger size of the rat enhances its use as a rodent disease model, especially in drug studies where serial blood draws are required to assess treatment response and toxicity12. Furthermore, in models in which monitoring disease progression is difficult due to the location of the tumors (such as in the pleural cavity), the ability to monitor disease progression using factors found in the circulation is extremely attractive. The generation of a syngeneic orthotopic model of pleural mesothelioma using immune-competent rats is described. In addition, an easy and relatively non-invasive method for monitoring pleural disease progression by measuring circulating immune cells is also described.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA Collection tube (0.5ml)</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio One GmbH</td>
			<td>450480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat T/B/NK Cell cocktail</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558509</td>
			<td>anti-Rat CD3&#160; APC (IgM clone 1F4), anti-Rat CD45RA Fitc (IgG1 clone OX-33), anti-Rat CD161a PE (IgG1 Clone 10/78)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-RAT CD8a PE&#160;</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>200608</td>
			<td>(IgG1vClone G28)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Rat CD4 FITC (Domain 1)&#160;</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>203406</td>
			<td>(IgG1 Clone OX-38)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Rat CD45 PE/Cy7&#160;</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>202214</td>
			<td>(IgG1 Clone OX-1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TruCount&#8482; Tubes</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>340334</td>
			<td>Box of 50 absolute counting tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 media</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875-119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>foetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Scientifix</td>
			<td>FBS500-S (lot# 010101-1)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15400-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS tablets</td>
			<td>Medicago AB</td>
			<td>09-9400-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>23Gx1&#188; Needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>302008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1mL Syringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>302 100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fischer 344 Rat</td>
			<td>Animal Resources Centre, Perth Australia</td>
			<td>F344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I.S.O (Isoflurane USP)</td>
			<td>Veterinary Companys Australia (VCA)&#160;</td>
			<td>B7058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>II-45 Rat Mesothelioma line</td>
			<td>Zurich University</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Note: The cell line was given as a gift and is not commercially available at the ATCC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSCalibur&#8482; 4 colour</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>342975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIS-HCL</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>T3253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Chloride</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>9718</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaesthetic Machine (The stinger)</td>
			<td>Advanced Anaesthesia specialists</td>
			<td>#00449</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

orthotopic implantation and peripheral immune cell monitoring in the ii-45 syngeneic rat mesothelioma model

The enormous upsurge of interest in immune-based treatments for cancer such as vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and increased understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment in treatment response, collectively point to the need for immune-competent orthotopic models for pre-clinical testing of these new therapies. This paper demonstrates how to establish an orthotopic immune-competent rat model of pleural malignant mesothelioma. Monitoring disease progression in orthotopic models is confounded by the internal location of the tumors. To longitudinally monitor disease progression and its effect on circulating immune cells in this and other rat models of cancer, a single tube flow cytometry assay requiring only 25 &#181;l whole blood is described. This provides accurate quantification of seven immune parameters: total lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, as well as the T-cell subsets CD4 and CD8, B-cells and Natural Killer cells. Different subsets of these parameters are useful in different circumstances and models, with the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio having the greatest utility for monitoring disease progression in the mesothelioma model. Analyzing circulating immune cell levels using this single tube method may also assist in monitoring the response to immune-based treatments and understanding the underlying mechanisms leading to success or failure of treatment.

The method used in this paper for the generation of an orthotopic model of pleural mesothelioma using II-45 cells resulted in animals succumbing to mesothelioma in a reproducible and rapid timeframe, with no rats dying due to the implantation method. Titration of the number of cells implanted determined that 1x 103 cells was the minimum number required for a fully penetrant model (100% engraftment). The different number of cells implanted in the rats changed the time course of the disease without appearing to ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Orthotopic Implantation and Peripheral Immune Cell Monitoring in the II-45 Syngeneic Rat Mesothelioma Model at JoVE.com

Orthotopic Implantation and Peripheral Immune Cell Monitoring in the II-45 Syngeneic Rat Mesothelioma Model

The generation of an orthotopic rat model of pleural malignant mesothelioma by implantation of II-45 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immune competent rats is presented. A flow cytometric method to analyze seven immune cell subsets in these animals from a 25 &#181;l&#160;blood sample is also described.

The enormous upsurge of interest in immune-based treatments for cancer such as vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and increased understanding of ...

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