Name: electrochemical detection of deuterium kinetic isotope effect on extracellular electron transport in shewanella oneidensis mr-1
Uploaded: 2018-04-16T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at JoVE.com

This work was financially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research from the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Number 24000010, 17H04969, and JP17J02602, the US Office of Naval Research Global (N62909-17-1-2038). Y.T. is a JSPS Research Fellow and supported by JSPS through the Program for Leading Graduate Schools (MERIT).

1. Formation of a Monolayer Biofilm of S. oneidensis MR-1 on an ITO Electrode (Figure 1)
NOTE: To prevent the contamination of the electrochemical reactor with other microbes, all the media, implements, and components of the electrochemical reactor should be sterilized in advance. When using S. oneidensis MR-1 cells and constructing the electrochemical reactors, all the procedures should be conducted on a clean bench.
<ol>
	<li>Cultivation of <...

<ol>
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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+corrosion+by+novel+anaerobic+microorganisms.">Iron corrosion by novel anaerobic microorganisms.</a> Nature. 427 (6977), 829-832 (2004).</li><li>McGlynn, S. E., Chadwick, G. L., Kempes, C. P., Orphan, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell+activity+reveals+direct+electron+transfer+in+methanotrophic+consortia.">Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia.</a> Nature. 526 (7574), 531-535 (2015).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Nakamura, R., Nealson, K. H., Hashimoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bound+Flavin+Model+Suggests+Similar+Electron-Transfer+Mechanisms+in+Shewanella+and+Geobacter.">Bound Flavin Model Suggests Similar Electron-Transfer Mechanisms in Shewanella and Geobacter.</a> Chemelectrochem. 1 (11), 1808-1812 (2014).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Hashimoto, K., Nealson, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flavin+Redox+Bifurcation+as+a+Mechanism+for+Controlling+the+Direction+of+Electron+Flow+during+Extracellular+Electron+Transfer.">Flavin Redox Bifurcation as a Mechanism for Controlling the Direction of Electron Flow during Extracellular Electron Transfer.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. 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Our whole-cell electrochemical assay has several technical advantages compared with protein electrochemistry. While protein purification requires multi-step time-consuming procedures, our whole-cell method takes one day of self-organized biofilm formation after cell culture. To achieve a stable interaction between OM c-Cyts and the electrode, we need only sterilization and cleaning of the electrode surface; it does not require electrode modification for organizing the orientation of proteins4</...

Electrochemical techniques to directly characterize a redox protein in an intact bacterial cell have recently emerged since the discovery of metal-reducing microbial strains, such as S. oneidensis MR-1 or Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, which have outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes (OM c-Cyts) exposed to the cell exterior1,2,3,4,5. The OM c-Cyts mediate electron transport from the respiratory chain to solid substrates located extracellularly. This transport is referred to as extracellular electron transport (EET)1,6 and is a critical process for emerging biotechnologies, such as microbial fuel cells6. Therefore, to understand the underlying EET kinetics and mechanisms, and its link to microbial physiology, OM c-Cyts have been investigated using whole-cell electrochemistry4,7, combined with microscopy8,9, spectroscopy10,11, and molecular biology2,4. In contrast, methods to investigate the impact of EET-associated cation transport, e.g., protons, on EET kinetics in living cells have been scarcely established, despite proton transport across bacterial membranes having a critical role in signaling, homeostasis, and energy production12,13,14. In the present study, we describe a technique to examine the impact of proton transport on EET kinetics in the S. oneidensis MR-1 cell using whole-cell electrochemical measurements, which requires the identification of the rate-limiting step in microbial current production15.
One direct way to evaluate the contribution of proton transport on the associated EET is the deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE). The KIE is observable as the change in electron transfer kinetics upon the replacement of protons with deuterium ions, which represents the impact of proton transport on electron transfer kinetics16. The theory of KIE itself has been well established using electrochemical measurements with purified enzymes17. However, since current production in S. oneidensis MR-1 results from multiple, diverse, and fluctuating processes18, one cannot simply identify EET as the rate-limiting process. To observe the KIE on proton transport processes coupled with EET, we need to confirm that the microbial current production is limited by electron transport via OM c-Cyts to the electrode. For this purpose, we replaced the supernatant solution with fresh medium containing a high concentration of lactate as an electron donor at the optimal pH and temperature conditions before KIE measurement; this replacement served two roles: (1) it enhanced the rate of the upstream metabolic processes compared to the EET, and (2) omitted the swimming cells in the supernatant released from the monolayer biofilm of S. oneidensis MR-1 on the working electrode (indium tin-doped oxide (ITO) electrode). The presented detailed protocol is intended to help new practitioners maintain and confirm that the EET process is the rate-determining step.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cylinder</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, used as the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE cover and base</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, used as a cover and a foundation of the electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buthyl rubber</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made, inserted between each component of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Septa</td>
			<td>GL Science</td>
			<td>3007-16101</td>
			<td>Used as an injection port of electrochemical reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indium tin-doped oxide (ITO) electrode</td>
			<td>GEOMATEC</td>
			<td>No.0001</td>
			<td>Used as a working electrode, 5&#937;/sq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ag/AgCl KCl saturated electrode</td>
			<td>HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td>HX-R5</td>
			<td>Used as a reference electrode, &#934;0.30mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire</td>
			<td>The Nilaco Cooporation</td>
			<td>PT-351325</td>
			<td>Used as a counter electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth, Miller</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>244620</td>
			<td>Medium for precultivation of S. oneidensis MR-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto agar</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anthraquinone-1-sulfonate (&#945;-AQS)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>A1428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>184-00831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01305</td>
			<td>Used for defined medium (DM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 &#183; 2H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>031-00435</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>011-03015</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 &#183; 6H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>135-00165</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01665</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)</td>
			<td>DOJINDO</td>
			<td>346-08235</td>
			<td>Used for DM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Lactate Solution</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>195-02305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deuterium oxide (D, 99.9%)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>DLM-4-PK</td>
			<td>Additive for kinetic isotope effect experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>TOKYO RIKAKIKAI CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>LTI-601SD</td>
			<td>Used for precultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>TAITEC</td>
			<td>NR-3</td>
			<td>Used for precultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave machine</td>
			<td>TOMY SEIKO CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>LSX-500</td>
			<td>Used for sterilization of the electrochemical reactor and the medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clean bench</td>
			<td>SANYO</td>
			<td>MCV-91BNF</td>
			<td>Used to prevent the contamination of the electrochemical reactor and the medium with other microbes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge separator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5430R</td>
			<td>Rotational speed upto 6000&#215;g is required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen gas generator</td>
			<td>Puequ CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>PNTN-2</td>
			<td>Nitrogen gas cylinder can also be used instead of gas generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>SHIMADZU</td>
			<td>UV-1800</td>
			<td>Used for optimization of cell density</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potentiostat</td>
			<td>BioLogic</td>
			<td>VMP3</td>
			<td>Used for biofilm formation and kinetic isotope effect experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal water circulator</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>TR-1A</td>
			<td>Used for maintanance of temperature of electrochemcial reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday cage</td>
			<td>HOKUTO DENKO</td>
			<td>HS-201S</td>
			<td>Used for electrochemical experiments</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrochemical detection of deuterium kinetic isotope effect on extracellular electron transport in shewanella oneidensis mr-1

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM c-Cyts) has recently emerged as a novel whole-cell analytical method to characterize the bacterial electron transport from the respiratory chain to the cell exterior, referred to as the extracellular electron transport (EET). While the pathway and kinetics of the electron flow during the EET reaction have been investigated, a whole-cell electrochemical method to examine the impact of cation transport associated with EET has not yet been established. In the present study, an example of a biochemical technique to examine the deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) on EET through OM c-Cyts using a model microbe, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, is described. The KIE on the EET process can be obtained if the EET through OM c-Cyts acts as the rate-limiting step in the microbial current production. To that end, before the addition of D2O, the supernatant solution was replaced with fresh media containing a sufficient amount of the electron donor to support the rate of upstream metabolic reactions, and to remove the planktonic cells from a uniform monolayer biofilm on the working electrode. Alternative methods to confirm the rate-limiting step in microbial current production as EET through OM c-Cyts are also described. Our technique of a whole-cell electrochemical assay for investigating proton transport kinetics can be applied to other electroactive microbial strains.

After 25 h of potential application at +0.4 V (versus SHE), a monolayer biofilm was formed on the working electrode of ITO glass, which was previously confirmed by either a scanning electron microscopy or a confocal microscopy4. The representative time course of current production from the S. oneidensis MR-1 during the formation of a monolayer biofilm is shown in Figure 2. Although the current alters in every measurement, the ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at JoVE.com

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Here we present a protocol of whole-cell electrochemical experiments to study the contribution of proton transport to the rate of extracellular electron transport via the outer-membrane cytochromes complex in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to observe the contribution of proton transport to the rate of bacterial extracellular electron transport by the detection of the deuterium kinetic isotope effect. Our method reveals the impact of proton transport on the kinetics of extracellular electron transport or EET from bacteria to an electrode via outer membrane c-type cytochromes. Our assay reflects the native proton management in EET because we used living bacteria rather than purified enzyme.However, our challenge was to remove the noises from other cellular processes. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect termed as KIE is one of the best technique to examine the contribution of proton transport on the associated electron transport process. To grow Shewanella MR-1 cells, transfer one colony of the cells grown on an agar plate into 15 milliliters of LB medium.Grow the cells at 30 degrees Celsius for 24 hours in aerobic conditions with shaking at 160 rpm. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 6, 000 times gravity for 10 minutes. Then, resuspend the resultant cell pellet in 15 milliliters of Defined Medium, supplemented with 10 millimolar lactate as the source of carbon and 0.5 grams per liter yeast extract as trace elements for the cells.After further cultivating the cell suspension aerobically at 30 degrees Celsius for 12 hours with shaking at 160 rpm, centrifuge again at 6, 000 times gravity for 10 minutes. Wash the resultant cell pellet twice with DM medium by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 6, 000 times gravity before the electrochemical experiment. To construct a three-electrode electrochemical reactor, put an ITO substrate as the working electrode at the bottom of the reactor.Subsequently, insert a glass cylinder and a polytetrafluoroethylene cover and insert a platinum wire as the counter-electrode. Then, insert a silver chloride electrode into the reactor as the reference electrode. Next, add four milliliters of DM supplemented with 10 millimolar lactate and 0.5 grams per liter yeast extract into the electrochemical reactor.After confirming that there is no leakage from the electrochemical reactor, flow the nitrogen gas into the electrochemical reactor over 20 minutes to maintain anerobic conditions inside the electrochemical reactor. Connect the electrochemical reactor to a potentiostat and apply a positive 0.4 volts to the ITO electrode, keeping the temperature of the electrochemical reactor at 30 degrees Celsius using an external water circulation system. To perform electrochemical cultivation, first adjust the cell density of the suspension to an optical density of 1.43 at 600 nanometers with DM supplemented by 10 millimolar lactate and 0.5 grams per liter yeast extract.Add 0.3 milliliters of the cell suspension into the electrochemical reactor through the injection port using a syringe. The OD 600 in the reactor changes to 0.1. Continue the potential application at positive 0.4 volts to the ITO electrode for 25 hours.Stop the potential application and disconnect the electrochemical reactor from the potentiostat and the water circulation system. Flow the nitrogen gas into a bottle containing DM with 10 millimolar lactate over 20 minutes to remove oxygen from the medium. Now, extremely slowly and gently, remove all the supernatant from inside the electrochemical reactor using a syringe under flowing nitrogen gas.Then, add four milliliters of fresh DM containing 10 millimolar lactate using a syringe. Slant the electrochemical reactor to remove all of the supernatant on the wall of the reactor. Repeat these steps three times in total.Stop the gas flow and connect the electrochemical reactor to the potentiostat again, applying a positive 0.4 volts to the ITO electrode at 303 Kelvin. Confirm that the current production from a monolayer biofilm of Shewanella MR-1 is stable and does not increase rapidly. If the current increases steeply, wait until the current stabilizes with a 5%increase over 10 minutes.Extremely slowly and gently, add 40 microliters of anoxic 50 volume percent D2O into the electrochemical reactor using a syringe such that the concentration is 0.5 volume percent D2O in the reactor. To prevent damage to the biofilm by D20 addition, inject the D2O dropwise. Wait for the current to stabilize and subsequently add the D2O up to 4.4 volume percent to obtain the KIE value, which is the ratio of current production and presence of D2O and H2O.Check the effect of the same volume of H2O addition on the current production. Here, the solid line is the representative result for the microbial current change induced by D2O addition. Addition of D2O sharply decreased the microbial current within 10 seconds, while H20 had almost no current decrease as shown with the dotted line.To confirm that the observed current decrease by D2O is attributable to electron transport through outer membrane cytochromes, a diffusing electron mediator was used. Here addition of 100 micromolar alpha-AQS enhanced the current production by more than five times and the current production remained unaffected by D2O addition. These results indicate that the kinetics of the metabolic reactions are fast enough so that the extracellular electron transfer process is rate-limiting.An alternative method for assessing this is the addition of the flavin molecule into the electrochemical reactor. An instant anodic current increase by flavin addition indicates rate-limitation by the electron transport process via outer membrane cytochromes. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to examine the kinetic isotope effect on the extracellular electron transport process.The most critical point to successfully obtain the kinetic isotope effect is to clarify and confirm the condition where the electron transport through the outer membrane cytochromes limits the rate of current production. In this video, we introduced two methods to confirm this condition, observation of current change by addition of flavin and by addition of diffusing extra mediator, such as alpha-AQS. Once the rate-limitation is confirmed, this system can be used not only for the deuterium experiment but also for the biochemical characterization of outer membrane cytochromes.Furthermore, this protocol could be applicable to examining other electroactive microbes, as long the extracellular electron transport process is rate-limiting. Our methodology provides a basic and general technique to investigate the extracellular electron transport process via outer membrane cytochromes in vivo.

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