Name: dynamic adhesion assay for the functional analysis of anti-adhesion therapies in inflammatory bowel disease
Uploaded: 2018-09-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dynamic Adhesion Assay for the Functional Analysis of Anti-adhesion Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease at JoVE.com

The research of CN, IA, MFN and SZ was supported by the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) and the ELAN program of the University Erlangen-Nuremberg, the Else Kr&#246;ner-Fresenius-Stiftung, the Fritz-Bender-Stiftung, the German Crohn&#39;s and Colitis Foundation (DCCV), the Clinical Research Group CEDER of the German Research Council (DFG), the DFG topic program on Microbiota, the Emerging Field Initiative and the DFG Collaborative Research Centers 643, 796 and 1181.

The studies described in the following sections have been performed according to approval of the Ethics committee of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg.
1. Preparation of Capillaries
<ol>
	<li>Connect rectangular capillaries to the rubber tubing by stretching the tubing on one side with small scissors and carefully inserting the capillary (approximately 0.5 cm) into the tube. Seal the connection between capillary and tube with plastic paraffin film.</li>
	<li>Coat the capi...

<ol>
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C., Bokemeyer, B., Drabik, A., Stallmach, A., Schreiber, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vedolizumab+Germany+Consortium+Vedolizumab+induction+therapy+for+inflammatory+bowel+disease+in+clinical+practice--a+nationwide+consecutive+German+cohort+study.">Vedolizumab Germany Consortium Vedolizumab induction therapy for inflammatory bowel disease in clinical practice--a nationwide consecutive German cohort study.</a> Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 43 (10), 1090-1102 (2016).</li><li>Kopylov, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+and+Safety+of+Vedolizumab+for+Induction+of+Remission+in+Inflammatory+Bowel+Disease-the+Israeli+Real-World+Experience.">Efficacy and Safety of Vedolizumab for Induction of Remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-the Israeli Real-World Experience.</a> Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 23 (3), 404-408 (2017).</li><li>Amiot, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+and+Safety+of+Vedolizumab+Induction+Therapy+for+Patients+With+Inflammatory+Bowel+Disease.">Effectiveness and Safety of Vedolizumab Induction Therapy for Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.</a> Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 14 (11), 1593-1601 (2016).</li><li>Vermeire, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Etrolizumab+as+induction+therapy+for+ulcerative+colitis:+a+randomised,+controlled,+phase+2+trial.">Etrolizumab as induction therapy for ulcerative colitis: a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial.</a> Lancet. 384 (9940), 309-318 (2014).</li><li>Vermeire, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-MAdCAM+antibody+(PF-00547659)+for+ulcerative+colitis+(TURANDOT):+a+phase+2+randomised,+double-blind,+placebo-controlled+trial.">Anti-MAdCAM antibody (PF-00547659) for ulcerative colitis (TURANDOT): a phase 2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</a> Lancet. 390 (10090), 135-144 (2017).</li><li>Miller, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Controlled+Trial+of+Natalizumab+for+Relapsing+Multiple+Sclerosis.">A Controlled Trial of Natalizumab for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (1), 15-23 (2003).</li><li>Ley, K., Laudanna, C., Cybulsky, M. I., Nourshargh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+to+the+site+of+inflammation:+the+leukocyte+adhesion+cascade+updated.">Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated.</a> Nature Reviews. Immunology. 7 (9), 678-689 (2007).</li><li>Ley, K., Rivera-Nieves, J., Sandborn, W. 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Drug Discovery. 15 (3), 173-183 (2016).</li><li>Wyant, T., Yang, L., Fedyk, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+assessment+of+the+effects+of+vedolizumab+binding+on+peripheral+blood+lymphocytes.">In vitro assessment of the effects of vedolizumab binding on peripheral blood lymphocytes.</a> mAbs. 5 (6), 842-850 (2013).</li><li>Fischer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+&#945;4&#946;7+and+GPR15+on+homing+of+effector+and+regulatory+T+cells+from+patients+with+UC+to+the+inflamed+gut+in+vivo.">Differential effects of &#945;4&#946;7 and GPR15 on homing of effector and regulatory T cells from patients with UC to the inflamed gut in vivo.</a> Gut. 65 (10), 1642-1664 (2016).</li><li>Wyant, T., Estevam, J., Yang, L., Rosario, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+receptor+occupancy+pharmacodynamic+assays+used+in+the+clinical+development+of+the+monoclonal+antibody+vedolizumab.">Development and validation of receptor occupancy pharmacodynamic assays used in the clinical development of the monoclonal antibody vedolizumab.</a> Cytometry. Part B, Clinical Cytometry. 90 (2), 168-176 (2016).</li><li>Tidswell, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-function+analysis+of+the+integrin+beta+7+subunit:+identification+of+domains+involved+in+adhesion+to+MAdCAM-1.">Structure-function analysis of the integrin beta 7 subunit: identification of domains involved in adhesion to MAdCAM-1.</a> Journal of Immunology. 159 (3), 1497-1505 (1997).</li><li>Soler, D., Chapman, T., Yang, L. -. L., Wyant, T., Egan, R., Fedyk, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Binding+Specificity+and+Selective+Antagonism+of+Vedolizumab,+an+Anti-&#945;4&#946;7+Integrin+Therapeutic+Antibody+in+Development+for+Inflammatory+Bowel+Diseases.">The Binding Specificity and Selective Antagonism of Vedolizumab, an Anti-&#945;4&#946;7 Integrin Therapeutic Antibody in Development for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.</a> Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 330 (3), 864-875 (2009).</li><li>Parikh, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vedolizumab+for+the+treatment+of+active+ulcerative+colitis:+a+randomized+controlled+phase+2+dose-ranging+study.">Vedolizumab for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled phase 2 dose-ranging study.</a> Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 18 (8), 1470-1479 (2012).</li><li>Wendt, E., White, G. E., Ferry, H., Huhn, M., Greaves, D. R., Keshav, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucocorticoids+Suppress+CCR9-Mediated+Chemotaxis,+Calcium+Flux,+and+Adhesion+to+MAdCAM-1+in+Human+T+Cells.">Glucocorticoids Suppress CCR9-Mediated Chemotaxis, Calcium Flux, and Adhesion to MAdCAM-1 in Human T Cells.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 196 (9), 3910-3919 (2016).</li><li>Nussbaum, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sphingosine-1-phosphate+receptor+3+promotes+leukocyte+rolling+by+mobilizing+endothelial+P-selectin.">Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 promotes leukocyte rolling by mobilizing endothelial P-selectin.</a> Nature Communications. 6, (2015).</li><li>Pruenster, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+MRP8/14+is+a+regulator+of+&#946;2+integrin-dependent+neutrophil+slow+rolling+and+adhesion.">Extracellular MRP8/14 is a regulator of &#946;2 integrin-dependent neutrophil slow rolling and adhesion.</a> Nature Communications. 6, (2015).</li><li>Binder, M. -. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Similar+Inhibition+of+Dynamic+Adhesion+of+Lymphocytes+From+IBD+Patients+to+MAdCAM-1+by+Vedolizumab+and+Etrolizumab-s.">Similar Inhibition of Dynamic Adhesion of Lymphocytes From IBD Patients to MAdCAM-1 by Vedolizumab and Etrolizumab-s.</a> Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 24 (6), 1237-1250 (2018).</li><li>Wang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vessel+Sampling+and+Blood+Flow+Velocity+Distribution+With+Vessel+Diameter+for+Characterizing+the+Human+Bulbar+Conjunctival+Microvasculature.">Vessel Sampling and Blood Flow Velocity Distribution With Vessel Diameter for Characterizing the Human Bulbar Conjunctival Microvasculature.</a> Eye &amp; Contact Lens. 42 (2), 135-140 (2016).</li><li>House, S. D., Johnson, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diameter+and+blood+flow+of+skeletal+muscle+venules+during+local+flow+regulation.">Diameter and blood flow of skeletal muscle venules during local flow regulation.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 250 (5 Pt 2), H828-H837 (1986).</li><li>Zundler, S., Neurath, M. 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The above protocol describes a useful technique to study dynamic adhesion of human immune cells to endothelial ligands. Through variation of the coated ligands, the perfused cell types or subsets, incubation with additional stimuli or different neutralizing antibodies, it has almost unlimited potential applications. Therefore, such dynamic adhesion assays may be useful to answer both fundamental questions of basic research as well as translational queries that might help to develop and optimize clinical therapy with drug...

Cell motion is a tightly regulated process indispensable for the development and function of multi-cellular organisms, but is also implicated in the pathogenesis of a multitude of diseases1. Recently, the homing process of immune cells from the blood stream to the peripheral tissues has gained increasing attention, since it contributes to replenishment and expansion of pathogenic cells in inflamed tissues in immunologically mediated diseases2,3. In particular, homing has been shown to have translational relevance in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The therapeutic anti-&#945;4&#946;7 integrin antibody vedolizumab interfering with gut homing has shown efficacy in large clinical trials4,5 and has been successfully used in real-world clinical practice6,7,8. Further compounds are likely to follow9,10. Similarly, the therapeutic anti-&#945;4 integrin antibody, natalizumab, is used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS)11.
However, our functional understanding of the homing process in general and the mechanism of action of such therapeutic antibodies in particular is still limited. It is well established that homing consists of several steps including cell tethering and rolling with subsequent cell adhesion leading to firm arrest followed by trans endothelial migration12,13. The above-mentioned antibodies neutralize integrins on the cell surface preventing interaction with addressins on the endothelium of the vessel wall. This is thought to impede firm cell adhesion14,15. Yet, we are only beginning to understand the differential relevance of specific integrins for cell homing of distinct cell subsets. Moreover, the effects of anti-integrin antibodies on different cell subsets and dose-response associations are largely unknown leading to lots of open questions in the field of gut homing and anti-adhesion therapies in IBD.
Therefore, convenient tools to address such questions are desperately needed. The effect of anti-integrin antibodies on integrin-addressin interaction has so far predominantly been evaluated by assessing binding efficacy/binding inhibition with flow cytometry or through static adhesion assays16,17,18,19,20, thus with apparent simplification and deviation from the physiological situation. We recently established a dynamic adhesion assay to study integrin-dependent adhesion of human cells to addressins and the effects of anti-integrin antibodies under shear stress2. The principle of the technique has earlier been demonstrated with mouse cells21,22. Here, it was adapted and developed to address the above mentioned translational questions, opening novel avenues to better understand the mechanisms of therapy with anti-integrin antibodies in vivo.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>48-Well plate</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>833,923</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesion buffer: 150mM NaCl + 1mM HEPES + 1mM MgCl2 + 1mM CaCl2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blocking solution: 1x PBS in ddH2O + 5 % BSA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1391,0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>2382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillaries: Rectangle Boro Tubing 0,20x2.00 mm ID, 50 mm length</td>
			<td>CM Scientific</td>
			<td>3520-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCL-2, human</td>
			<td>Immunotools</td>
			<td>11343384</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4-Microbeads, human</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-045-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTrace&#8482; CFSE Cell Proliferation Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td>
			<td>C34554</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge (Rotixa 50 RS)</td>
			<td>Hettrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coating buffer: 150 mM NaCl + 1 mM HEPES</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope (TCS SP8)</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CXCL-10, human</td>
			<td>Immunotools</td>
			<td>11343884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran 500</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>9219.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA KE/9 ml Monovette</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcons (50 mL)</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>62,547,004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fc chimera isotype control</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>110-HG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Rates Peristaltic Pump (LabV1)</td>
			<td>Baoding Shenchen Precision Pump Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>J848-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human IgG Isotype Control</td>
			<td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td>
			<td>31154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) Fc chimera</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>720-IC-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LS-Columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MnCl2</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse IgG isotype control</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-106-545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mucosal Vascular Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) Fc chimera</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>6056-MC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>3957.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natalizumab</td>
			<td>Biogen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer Counting chamber</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>T729.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pancoll, human</td>
			<td>PAN Biotech</td>
			<td>P04-601000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)&#160;</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>L 182-10</td>
			<td>w/o Mg and Ca</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic paraffin film: Parafilm (PM-996)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>52858-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>purified anti-human CD18</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>302102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI Medium 1640</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>61870-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing: SC0059T 3-Stop LMT-55 Tubing, 1.02mm ID, 406.4 mm length</td>
			<td>Ismatec</td>
			<td>SC0059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological Pipetts</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>861,254,025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>CN76.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) Fc chimera</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>553706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vedolizumab (Entyvio)</td>
			<td>Takeda</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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dynamic adhesion assay for the functional analysis of anti-adhesion therapies in inflammatory bowel disease

Gut homing of immune cells is important for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Integrin-dependent cell adhesion to addressins is a crucial step in this process and therapeutic strategies interfering with adhesion have been successfully established. The anti-&#945;4&#946;7 integrin antibody, vedolizumab, is used for the clinical treatment of Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and further compounds are likely to follow.
The details of the adhesion procedure and the action mechanisms of anti-integrin antibodies are still unclear in many regards due to the limited available techniques for the functional research in this field.
Here, we present a dynamic adhesion assay for the functional analysis of human cell adhesion under flow conditions and the impact of anti-integrin therapies in the context of IBD. It is based on the perfusion of primary human cells through addressin-coated ultrathin glass capillaries with real-time microscopic analysis. The assay offers a variety of opportunities for refinements and modifications and holds potentials for mechanistic discoveries and translational applications.

The method presented in this manuscript aims to simulate the in vivo process of human cell adhesion to the endothelial wall as closely as possible to functionally assess cell adhesion and the role of interfering antibodies. Therefore, ultrathin capillaries are coated with addressins and perfused with fluorescently labeled human cells of interest using a perfusion pump. Using live cell imaging the adhesion of human cells to the addressins can be observed in real time (<strong clas...

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Dynamic Adhesion Assay for the Functional Analysis of Anti-adhesion Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Dynamic adhesion of immune cells to the vessel wall is a prerequisite for gut homing. Here, we present a protocol for a functional in vitro assay for the impact analysis of anti-integrin antibodies, chemokines or other factors on the dynamic cell adhesion of human cells using addressin-coated capillaries.

Gut homing of immune cells is important for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Integrin-dependent cell adhesion to addressins is a ...

This method can help answering key questions of basic immunobiology and inflammatory bowel disease research regarding the adhesion cascade of immune cells required for homing to peripheral organs. The main advantage of this technique is that it is a convenient and straightforward approach for answering functional questions in the context of cell adhesion under flow conditions. Although this method was developed for exploring the mechanism of cell poietic anti-integrin antibodies in inflammatory bowel diseases, it can be modified to analyze similar issues in other inflammatory disease settings.Begin by stretching a piece of rubber tubing on one side with small scissors to allow the insertion of a rectangular capillary approximately 0.5 centimeters into the tube. Then seal the connection with paraffin film. Coat the capillary with 20 microliters of the addressin of interest and seal the side not connected to the tubing with plastic paraffin film for at least one hour incubation at 37 degrees Celsius.At the end of the incubation, remove the plastic paraffin film and let the liquid soak out of the capillary onto a paper towel to empty the tubing. Then block capillary with 20 microliters of blocking solution for at least one hour at 37 degrees Celsius. It is very important to apply the blocking to the capillary directly after removing the coating to avoid drying up of the capillary as this may impair the functionality of the coded proteins.While the capillary is being blocked, add 18 milliliters of anticoagulated whole human blood from a 50 milliliter tube and dilute the blood to a total volume of 35 milliliters with PBS. Layer 10 milliliters of density gradient medium under the blood solution and isolate the peripheral blood mononuclear blood cells by density gradient centrifugation. At the end of the separation, transfer the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the interface of the density gradient medium to a new 50 milliliter tube.And bring the total volume in the tube up to 50 milliliters with fresh PBS. After centrifugation, resuspend the pellet in 10 milliliters of fresh PBS for counting and stain the cells with a suitable cell tracking dye according to the manufacturer's instructions. At the end of the staining incubation, collect the cells by centrifugation and resuspend the pellet at a 1.5 times 10 to the six cells per milliliter of complete RPMI medium concentration.Then seed one milliliter of cells into as many wells of a 48 well plate as there are conditions. And add the appropriate volume of anti-integrin antibody to the appropriate wells for a one hour incubation at 37 degrees Celsius. Next use a P1000 pipette to resuspend the cells several times before transferring the cells into individual two milliliter tubes.Rinse each well with one milliliter of PBS and pool the washes in the appropriate two milliliter tubes. After counting, pellet the cells by centrifugation and resuspened the cells in the appropriate volume of adhesion buffer to obtain 1.5 times ten to the sixth cells per milliliter suspensions. Then add the appropriate volume of manganese chloride to each tube to a one millimolar final concentration.When the cells are ready, turn on the microscope and select the appropriate filters and lasers, objective and acquisition mode. Remove the plastic paraffin film from the tip of the capillary and use scissors to stretch a five centimeter piece of rubber tubing to allow the capillary to be connected to the smaller tube. Seal the connection between the capillary and the tube with plastic paraffin film.And mount the capillary on a fixation tray. Place the tray on the tray holder of the microscope so the capillary is in focus. And insert the rubber tubing into the corresponding notch of the peristaltic pump.Place the unattached end of the tubing into the first sample tube containing the cell suspension. And insert the short tube on the other side of the capillary into a 15 milliliter tube to collect flow through. Let the tubing fill at a 500 microliters per minute flow rate until the cell suspension almost reaches the capillary.Then let the capillary fill at a flow rate of 100 microliters per minute. When the capillary is filled with cells, adjust flow rate to 10 microliters per minute and capture time lapse images of the cells moving slowly through the capillary along the inside of the addressin coated wall every two seconds for a total of three minutes. Once the cell suspension reaches the inside of the capillary, it is critical to avoid any interruption of the flow as this will lead to static integrin addressin interaction potentially biasing the measurement.Before discarding stream the whole capillary through the eyepiece of the microscope to make sure that the section observed on the screen is representative. Free the tubing from the pump and let the remaining fluid run back into the two milliliter tube. Then disconnect the capillary and the tubing from the fixation tray and image the next capillary as just demonstrated.To evaluate the time lapse recordings, open the first sequence in the appropriate analysis software and export the first and last three images as TIFF files. Open the three beginning images in ImageJ and select image, type, and 32-bit to convert the images to 32-bit. Then select image, color and merge channels to merge the images into one image and convert the composite image to RGB for saving as a TIFF file.After converting the last three images in the same way, count the white cells visible in the beginning and ending composite images. And subtract the number of white cells in the beginning image from the number of white cells in the ending image. The perfusion of capillaries coated with ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MAdCAM-1, but not Isotype Fc chimera with human PBMCs leads to marked adhesion when one of the three addressins is present.In contrast, the inhibition of integrin addressin interactions using neutralizing antibodies typically leads to a marked decrease of dynamic adhesion that is absent when isotype control antibodies are added. Further, treatment of CD4 human T cells with specific chemokines leads to an increased adhesion to addressins compared to untreated human cells. While attempting this procedure, it is very important to remember that various factors contribute to dynamic cell adhesion in vivo that cannot completely be recapitulated in this assay.However, it is possible to adjust the assay to address very complex questions. In order to address additional questions on the differential adhesion behavior of testing cell types, it is also possible to perform competitive adhesion assays with different cell types labeled with different cell tracking dyes. After its development, this technique enabled us to explore the effects of the different anti-integrin antibodies used or currently in development for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.

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