Name: binocular dynamic visual acuity in eyeglass-corrected myopic patients
Uploaded: 2022-03-29T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (7202229).

The present study enrolled consecutive myopia patients in the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking University Third Hospital. The research protocol was approved by the Peking University Third Hospital Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from each participant.
1. Patient preparation
<ol>
	<li>Use the following initial inclusion criteria to enroll subjects: myopia subjects aged 17-45 years old.</li>
	<li>Use the following exclusion criteria: any history of ocu...

<ol>
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DVA is a promising indicator to assess visual function, which might better reflect actual vision in daily life. Myopic patients could have corrected, normal SVA, but their DVA might be affected. This study demonstrates a method to examine the DVA in myopic subjects with eyeglass correction accurately and analyzes its correlation with optometric parameters, including refraction, accommodation, and the dominant eye. The results indicated that DVA at 40 dps was superior to that at 80 dps. The closer the refraction state is ...

Current visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision, including static visual acuity (SVA), visual field, and contrast sensitivity. In daily life, either the object or the observer is often in motion rather than being stationary. Therefore, SVA may not sufficiently reflect visual function in daily lives, especially when objects are moving at high speeds, such as during sports and driving1. DVA defines the ability to identify the details of moving optotypes1,2, which might reflect real-life situations better and be more sensitive to visual disturbance and improvement3,4. Moreover, as magnocellular (M) ganglion cells located mainly in the peripheral retina primarily transmit high temporal frequency signals, DVA might reflect visual signal transmission differently from SVA5,6. The DVA test (DVAT) can be mainly divided into two types: static- and moving-object DVATs. While the static-object DVAT demonstrates the vestibule-ocular reflex7,8,9,10, the moving-object DVAT is commonly applied in clinical ophthalmology to detect visual acuity in the identification of moving targets3,4.
The prevalence of myopia has rapidly increased in recent decades, especially in Asian countries11. Myopia has an essential impact on static uncorrected distance visual acuity, which could be corrected with various lenses. Eyeglasses are mostly used among myopia patients due to accessibility and convenience. However, eyeglasses, especially high myopia lenses, have obvious peripheral defocus and prism effects that cause unclear and skewed images to be observed through the peripheral region12,13,14,15. For a static optotype, the subject commonly uses the central area of eyeglasses that could obtain a clear vision. However, the moving target could easily move out of the eyeglasses&#39; clearest point. Thus, with eyeglass correction, myopic subjects might have normal SVA and affected DVA. However, no research has been performed to investigate the impact of myopia diopter on DVA in populations with eyeglasses.
This study demonstrates a method to examine DVA in eyeglass-corrected myopia patients and aimed to explore the impact of myopia diopter on moving-object binocular DVA in eyeglass-corrected patients. The research provides a basis for accurately interpreting DVAT in clinical ophthalmology considering the impact of eyeglasses and evidence on the influence of corrected myopia on motion-related activities.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic computer optometry</td>
			<td>TOPCON</td>
			<td>KR8100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corneal topography</td>
			<td>OCULUS</td>
			<td>Pentacam</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynamic visual acuity test design software</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>matlab 2017b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fundus photography</td>
			<td>Optos</td>
			<td>Daytona</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>2017b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noncontact tonometry</td>
			<td>CANON</td>
			<td>TX-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phoropter</td>
			<td>&#160;NIDEK</td>
			<td>RT-5100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scientific statistical software</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td>SPSS 26.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slit lamp</td>
			<td>Koniz</td>
			<td>IM 900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

binocular dynamic visual acuity in eyeglass-corrected myopic patients

Current clinical visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision. However, static vision may not sufficiently reflect real-life visual function as moving optotypes are frequently observed daily. Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) might reflect real-life situations better, especially when objects are moving at high speeds. Myopia impacts static uncorrected distance visual acuity, conveniently corrected with eyeglasses. However, due to peripheral defocus and prism effects, eyeglass correction might affect DVA. The present research demonstrates a standard method to examine eyeglass-corrected DVA in myopia patients, and aimed to explore the influence of eyeglass correction on DVA. 
Initially, standard subjective refraction was performed to provide the eyeglass prescription to correct the refractive error. Then, binocular distance vision-corrected DVA was examined using the object-moving DVA protocol. Software was designed to display the moving optotypes according to the preset velocity and size on a screen. The optotype was the standard logarithmic visual chart letter E and moves from the middle of the left to the right side horizontally during the test. Moving optotypes with randomized opening direction for each size are displayed. The subjects were required to identify the opening direction of the optotype, and the DVA is defined as the minimum optotype that subjects could recognize, calculated according to the algorithm of logarithmic visual acuity.
Then, the method was applied in 181 young myopic subjects with eyeglass-corrected-to-normal static visual acuity. Dominant eye, cycloplegic subjective refraction (sphere and cylinder), accommodation function (negative and positive relative accommodation, binocular cross-cylinder), and binocular DVA at 40 and 80 degrees per second (dps) were examined. The results showed that with increasing age, DVA first increased and then decreased. When myopia was fully corrected with eyeglasses, a worse binocular DVA was associated with more significant myopic refractive error. There was no correlation between the dominant eye, accommodation function, and binocular DVA.

Subject examinations 
For the enrolled subjects, accommodation function, including negative relative accommodation (NRA), accommodation response (binocular cross-cylinder (BCC)), and positive relative accommodation (PRA), were examined in the mentioned order. Binocular DVA at 40 dps and 80 dps was tested with distance visual acuity-corrected eyeglasses based on subjective refraction.
Statistical analysis 
Statistical analysis was performed using scie...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients at JoVE.com

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

The present research demonstrates a method to accurately examine dynamic visual acuity (DVA) in myopic subjects with eyeglass correction. Further analysis indicated that the closer the refraction state to emmetropia, the better the eyeglass-corrected binocular DVA is at both 40 and 80 degrees per second.

Current clinical visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision. However, static vision may not sufficiently reflect real-life visual function as ...

Myopia is a common problem in the ophthalmic clinic that affects visual acuity. The present protocol demonstrates a convenient method to examine dynamic visual acuity in myopia patients with eyeglasses correction. The present protocol is standard and efficient in examining dynamic visual acuity in myopia appear patients with a short learning curve, therefore it can be easily promoted in the ophthalmic clinic.The dynamic visual acuity test can be applied in various diseases and situations including cataract and refractive surgery. Compared with static visual acuity it might reflect real life visual function better. To begin, perform automatic computer optometry as the primary data for subjective refraction, and measure the pupil distance.Examine one eye at a time and occlude the other eye. Achieve the maximum plus to maximum visual acuity fogging with plus 0.75 to plus 1.0 diopter lens inducing a visual acuity of 0.3 to 0.5. Then gradually decrease the positive lens or increase the negative lens by 0.25 diopter per step.Use a Lancaster red-green test to tune the accurate spherical diopter. Add more negative and positive lenses if the patients report that the letter seen against the red or green background is clearer. Refine the cylindrical axis by placing the Jackson cross cylinder device in the axis position so that the thumb wheels connecting line is parallel to the axis of astigmatism.Rotate the thumb wheel, and ask the subject to compare the clearness between both sides. Turn the cylindrical axis toward the red dots on the cross cylinder in the side with clearer vision. Repeat the binary comparison until the end point.Refine the cylindrical power by turning the Jackson cross cylinder device such that the thumb wheel's connecting line is at 45 degrees to the astigmatism axis. Rotate the thumb wheel and ask the subject to compare the clearness between both sides. Add a negative or positive lens if the patient reports better placement of the cross cylinder red or white dots connecting line along the cylinder axis.Repeat the binary comparison until the end point. Repeat the Lancaster red-green test to tune the accurate spherical diopter for the second maximum plus to maximum visual acuity. For binocular balance, apply a vertical prism of six prism degree before one eye to dissociate the binocular vision.Balance the clarity of the opto types between both eyes. Adjust the test distance according to the requirements. Adjust the seat to make the subject see the screen's midpoint level.Ensure the subject wears the distance vision corrected eyeglasses binocularly. Test the parameter configurations by setting the opto type moving velocity in the initial opto type size. For the pre-test, display five opto types with a randomized opening direction to guide the subject's understanding of the test mode.Start the test at a size three to four lines bigger than the best corrected DVA. Display the opto type with randomized opening directions. Tell the subject to identify the opening direction of the moving opto type.Present the next opto type after the subject's response. Present eight opto types for each size, so that each identified opto type gains 1/8 of 0.1 logmar visual acuity. If five out of eight opto types are identified correctly, adjust the opto type to one size smaller.Repeat the above procedures until the size for which the subject can identify less than five opto types is obtained. Record the minimum size that subjects can recognize no less than five out of eight opto types, and the number of opto types recognized for one size smaller. Calculate DVA according to the algorithm of logarithmic visual acuity as described in the text manuscript.The cumulative results demonstrated that 75%of subjects possessed better than 0.2 logmar DVA for 40 degrees per second, and 62%for 80 degrees per second DVA. The percentage of the subjects with better than 0.1 logmar 40 degrees per second binocular DVA was 22%And for 80 degrees per second, the percentage was 12%Significant results were obtained from curve estimation fitting an age DVA of 40 degrees per second with a quadratic and cubic curve, but not a linear model. For 80 degrees per second DVA, all the linear quadratic and cubic curves were able to fit the age DVA scatter plot appropriately.The effect of each potential influential factor for 40 and 80 degrees per second DVA in single factor linear mixed models, and the statistical results were documented. When 40 degrees per second DVA was used to measure variability, higher monocular and mean binocular sphere and spherical equivalent were significant negative influential factors. Similarly, larger monocular and mean binocular sphere and spherical equivalent were significant negative influential factors for 80 degrees per second DVA.The effect of factors and covariates for the multifactor linear mixed model demonstrated that a larger binocular means spherical equivalent was a significant negative influential factor 40 and 80 degrees per second DVA. Older age was a significant negative influential factor for 80 degrees per second. The most important thing is to ask the subject to focus on the moving opto type to identify the opening direction, and present the next opto type after the subject's response.

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