JoVE Logo
Centro de recursos académicos
Autores
Bibliotecarios
Secundarias
Acerca de

Iniciar sesión

Summary

Abstract

Introduction

Protocol

Representative Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Materials

References

Chemistry

Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by Copper(I)-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units

Published: September 18th, 2016

DOI:

10.3791/53954

1GIR MIOMeT, IU CINQUIMA, Área de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize a complex organic compound comprised of three nonplanar polyaromatic units, assembled easily with reasonable yields.

The main purpose of this video is to show 6 reaction steps of a convergent synthesis and prepare a complex molecule containing up to three nonplanar polyaromatic units, which are two corannulene moieties and a racemic hexahelicene linking them. The compound described in this work is a good host for fullerenes. Several common organic reactions, such as free-radical reactions, C-C coupling or click chemistry, are employed demonstrating the versatility of functionalization that this compound can accept. All of these reactions work for planar aromatic molecules. With subtle modifications, it is possible to achieve similar results for nonplanar polyaromatic compounds.

Due to their special geometry, corannulene and helicenes are molecules that can adopt a structure far from planarity and give rise to interesting properties.1-15 In the last few years, the search of molecular receptors for carbon nanotubes and fullerenes is a very active area16-19 due, mainly, to their potential applications as materials for organic solar cells, transistors, sensors and other devices.20-28 The excellent complementarity in shape between corannulene and a fullerene have attracted the attention of several researchers with the aim of designing molecular receptors capable of establishing supramolecular association by disper....

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

1. Functionalization of 2,15-Dimethylhexahelicene

  1. Dibromination of 2,15-dimethylhexahelicene
    1. Weigh 0.356 g (1.0 mmol) of 2,15-dimethylhexahelicene, 0.374 g (2.1 mmol) of freshly recrystallized N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and 24 mg (0.07 mmol) of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) (70% wt with 30% of water as stabilizer). Place all solids in a 100 ml Schlenk flask with a magnetic stir bar. Put under nitrogen atmosphere by three cycles of gas evacuation followed by refill.......

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

Corannulene (3a) and 2,15-dimethylhexahelicene (3b) could be prepared following current methods46-48 in a straightforward fashion with very good yields (Figure 5). Both share a common molecule, 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene, as the starting material, giving rise to a divergent to convergent synthesis of the final molecule.

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

Final compound 7 has been prepared after 6 steps from nonplanar polyaromatic precursors 3a and 3b with moderate to very good yields at each reaction. The main limitation observed in this route was the bromination of both nonplanar polyaromatic compounds. However, in the case of compound 4a, an important amount of free corannulene can be recovered for further uses. The synthesis of 4

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

This work was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economìa y Competitividad (CTQ 2013-41067-P). H.B. acknowledge with thanks a MEC-FPI grant.

....

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
2,15-DimethylhexaheliceneN/AN/APrepared according to reference 5b,c in the main text.
CorannuleneN/AN/APrepared according to reference 5a in the main text.
N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS)Sigma AldrichB8.125-5ReagentPlus®, 99%. Recrystallized from hot water.
Benzoyl peroxide (BPO)Sigma AldrichB-2030~70% (titration). 30% water as stabilizer.
Sodium azideSigma AldrichS2002ReagentPlus®, ≥99.5%.
Gold (III) chloride HydrateSigma Aldrich50778puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, ≥49% Au basis.
EthynyltrimethylsilaneSigma Aldrich21817098%.
[PdCl2(dppf)]N/AN/APrepared according to reference 6 in the main text.
CuIN/AN/APrepared according to reference 7 in the main text.
KFSigma Aldrich30759999%, spray-dried.
(+)-Sodium L-ascorbateFluka11140BioXtra, ≥99.0% (NT).
Copper(II) Sulphate 5-hydratePanreac131270for analysis.
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)Fluka87030for IR spectroscopy, ≥99.9%.
Dichloromethane (DCM)Fisher ScientificD/1852/25Analytical reagent grade. Distilled prior to use.
HexaneFisher ScientificH/0355/25Analytical reagent grade. Distilled prior to use.
Ethyl acetateScharlauAC0145025SReagent grade. Distilled prior to use.
Tetrahydrofuran (THF)Fisher ScientificT/0701/25Analytical reagent grade. Distilled prior to use.
1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE)Sigma AldrichD6,156-3ReagentPlus®, 99%.
Methanol (MeOH)VWR20847.36AnalaR NORMAPUR.
Triethyl amine (NEt3)Sigma AldrichT0886≥99%.
Silica gelAcros360050010Particle size 40-60mm.
Sand - low ironFisher ScientificS/0360/63General purpose grade.
TLC Silica gel 60 F254Merck1.05554.0001
Monowave 300 (Microwave reactor)Anton Para
SonicatorGrupo Selecta30005136 Litres.

  1. Scott, L. T., Hashemi, M. M., Bratcher, M. S. Corannulene bowl-to-bowl inversion is rapid at room temperature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (5), 1920-1921 (1992).
  2. Sygula, A., et al. Bowl stacking in curved polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: crystal and molecular structure of cyclopentacorannulene. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (22), 2571-2572 (1994).
  3. Nuckolls, C., et al. Circular Dichroism and UV−Visible Absorption Spectra of the Langmuir−Blodgett Films of an Aggregating Helicene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (34), 8656-8660 (1998).
  4. Beljonne, D., et al. Electro-optic response of chiral helicenes in isotropic media. J. Chem. Phys. 108 (4), 1301-1304 (1998).
  5. Treboux, G., Lapstun, P., Wu, Z., Silverbrook, K. Electronic conductance of helicenes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 301 (5-6), 493-497 (1999).
  6. Katz, T. J. Syntheses of Functionalized and Aggregating Helical Conjugated Molecules. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 39 (11), 1921-1923 (2000).
  7. Furche, F., et al. Circular Dichroism of Helicenes Investigated by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (8), 1717-1724 (2000).
  8. Urbano, A. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Helicene-Like Molecules. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 42 (34), 3986-3989 (2003).
  9. Botek, E., Champane, B., Turki, M., André, J. M. Theoretical study of the second-order nonlinear optical properties of [N]helicenes and [N]phenylenes. J. Chem. Phys. 120 (4), 2042-2048 (2004).
  10. Lovas, F. J., et al. Interstellar Chemistry: A Strategy for Detecting Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Space. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (12), 4345-4349 (2005).
  11. Wigglesworth, T. J., Sud, D., Norsten, T. B., Lekhi, V. S., Branda, N. R. Chiral Discrimination in Photochromic Helicenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (20), 7272-7273 (2005).
  12. Wu, Y. -. T., Siegel, J. S. Aromatic Molecular-Bowl Hydrocarbons: Synthetic Derivatives, Their Structures, and Physical Properties. Chem. Rev. 106 (12), 4843-4867 (2006).
  13. Tsefrikas, V. M., Scott, L. T. Geodesic Polyarenes by Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis. Chem. Rev. 106 (12), 4868-4884 (2006).
  14. Wu, Y. -. T., Hayama, T., Baldrige, K. K., Linden, A., Siegel, J. S. Synthesis of Fluoranthenes and Indenocorannulenes: Elucidation of Chiral Stereoisomers on the Basis of Static Molecular Bowls. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (21), 6870-6884 (2006).
  15. Wu, Y. -. T., Siegel, J. S. Synthesis, structures, and physical properties of aromatic molecular-bowl hydrocarbons. Top. Curr. Chem. 349, 63-120 (2014).
  16. Pérez, E. M., Martìn, N. Curves ahead: molecular receptors for fullerenes based on concave-convex complementarity. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37 (8), 1512-1519 (2008).
  17. Tashiro, K., Aida, T. Metalloporphyrin hosts for supramolecular chemistry of fullerenes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 36 (2), 189-197 (2007).
  18. Kawase, T. Ball- Bowl- and Belt-Shaped Conjugated Systems and Their Complexing Abilities: Exploration of the Concave−Convex π−π Interaction. Chem. Rev. 106 (12), 5250-5273 (2006).
  19. Martin, N., Pérez, E. M. Molecular tweezers for fullerenes. Pure Appl. Chem. 82 (3), 523-533 (2010).
  20. Hoppe, H., Sariciftci, N. S. Morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. 16 (1), 45-61 (2006).
  21. Kim, S. N., Rusling, J. F., Papadimitrakopoulos, F. Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules. Adv. Mater. 19 (20), 3214-3228 (2007).
  22. Dennler, G., Scharber, M. C., Brabec, C. J. Polymer-Fullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. 21 (13), 1323-1338 (2009).
  23. Helgesen, M., Søndergaard, R., Krebs, F. C. Advanced materials and processes for polymer solar cell devices. J. Mater. Chem. 20 (1), 36-60 (2010).
  24. Brabec, C. J., et al. Polymer-Fullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. 22 (34), 3839-3856 (2010).
  25. Delgado, J. L., Bouit, P. -. A., Filippone, S., Herranz, M. A., Martìn, N. Organic photovoltaics: a chemical approach. Chem. Commun. 46 (27), 4853-4865 (2010).
  26. Schnorr, J. M., Swager, T. M. Emerging Applications of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem. Mater. 23 (3), 646-657 (2011).
  27. Wang, C., Takei, K., Takahashi, T., Javey, A. Carbon nanotube electronics - moving forward. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42 (7), 2592-2609 (2013).
  28. Park, S., Vosguerichian, M., Bao, Z. A review of fabrication and applications of carbon nanotube film-based flexible electronics. Nanoscale. 5, 1727-1752 (2013).
  29. Mizyed, S., et al. Embracing C60 with Multiarmed Geodesic Partners. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (51), 12770-12774 (2001).
  30. Sygula, A., Sygula, R., Ellern, A., Rabideau, P. W. Novel Twin Corannulene: Synthesis and Crystal Structure Determination of a Dicorannulenobarrelene Dicarboxylate. Org. Lett. 5 (15), 2595-2597 (2003).
  31. Georghiou, P. E., Tran, A. H., Mizyed, S., Bancu, M., Scott, L. T. Concave Polyarenes with Sulfide-Linked Flaps and Tentacles: New Electron-Rich Hosts for Fullerenes. J. Org. Chem. 70 (16), 6158-6163 (2005).
  32. Sygula, A., Fronczek, F. R., Sygula, R., Rabideau, P. W., Olmstead, M. M. A Double Concave Hydrocarbon Buckycatcher. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (13), 3842-3843 (2007).
  33. Yanney, M., Sygula, A. Tridental molecular clip with corannulene pincers: is three better than two?. Tetrahedron Lett. 54 (21), 2604-2607 (2013).
  34. Stuparu, M. C. Rationally Designed Polymer Hosts of Fullerene. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 52 (30), 7786-7790 (2013).
  35. Le, V. H., Yanney, M., McGuire, M., Sygula, A., Lewis, E. A. Thermodynamics of Host-Guest Interactions between Fullerenes and a Buckycatcher. J. Phys. Chem. B. 118 (41), 11956-11964 (2014).
  36. Álvarez, C. M. Enhanced association for C70 over C60 with a metal complex with corannulene derivate ligands. Dalton Trans. 43 (42), 15693-15696 (2014).
  37. Álvarez, C. M. Assembling Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units by Click Chemistry. Study of Multicorannulene Systems as Host for Fullerenes. Org. Lett. 17 (11), 2578-2581 (2015).
  38. Yanney, M., Fronczek, F. R., Sygula, A. A 2:1 Receptor/C60 Complex as a Nanosized Universal Joint. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54 (38), 11153-11156 (2015).
  39. Kuragama, P. L. A., Fronczek, F. R., Sygula, A. Bis-corannulene Receptors for Fullerenes Based on Klärner's Tethers: Reaching the Affinity Limits. Org. Lett. 17 (21), (2015).
  40. George, S. R. D., Frith, T. D. H., Thomas, D. S., Harper, J. B. Putting corannulene in its place. Reactivity studies comparing corannulene with other aromatic hydrocarbons. Org. Biomol. Chem. 13 (34), 9035-9041 (2015).
  41. Shen, Y., Chen, C. -. F. Helicenes: Synthesis and Applications. Chem. Rev. 112 (3), 1463-1535 (2012).
  42. Crassous, J., Saleh, N., Shen, C. Helicene-based transition metal complexes: synthesis, properties and applications. Chem. Sci. 5 (10), 3680-3694 (2014).
  43. Nakamura, K., Furumi, S., Takeuchi, M., Shibuya, T., Tanaka, K. Enantioselective Synthesis and Enhanced Circularly Polarized Luminescence of S-Shaped Double Azahelicenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (15), 5555-5558 (2014).
  44. Schweinfurth, D., Zalibera, M., Kathan, M., Shen, C., Mazzolini, M., Trapp, N., Crassous, J., Gescheidt, G., Diederich, F. Helicene Quinones: Redox-Triggered Chiroptical Switching and Chiral Recognition of the Semiquinone Radical Anion Lithium Salt by Electron Nuclear Double Resonance Spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (37), 13045-13052 (2014).
  45. Šámal, M., Chercheja, S., Rybáček, J., Vacek Chocholoušová, J., Vacek, J., Bednárová, L., Šaman, D., Stará, I. G., Starý, I. An Ultimate Stereocontrol in Asymmetric Synthesis of Optically Pure Fully Aromatic Helicenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (26), 8469-8474 (2015).
  46. Siegel, J. S., Butterfield, A. M., Gilomen, B. Kilogram scale production of corannulene. Organic Process Research & Development. 16 (4), 664-676 (2012).
  47. Mallory, F. B., Mallory, C. W. Photocyclization of stilbenes and related molecules. Organic Reactions. , (1984).
  48. Sato, M., et al. Convenient synthesis and reduction properties of [7] circulene. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2. (9), 1909-1914 (1998).
  49. Anderson, G. K., Lin, M. Bis(Benzonitrile)dichloro complexes of palladium and platinum. Inorg Synth. 28, 60-63 (1990).
  50. Nataro, C., Fosbenner, S. M. Synthesis and Characterization of Transition-Metal Complexes Containing 1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene. J. Chem. Ed. 86 (12), 1412-1415 (2009).
  51. Kauffman, G. B., Pinnell, R. P. Copper (I) Iodide. Inorg. Synth. 6, 3-6 (1960).
  52. Sonogashira, K. J. Development of Pd-Cu catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal acetylenes with sp2-carbon halides. Organomet. Chem. 653 (1-2), 46-49 (2002).
  53. Chinchilla, R., Nájera, C. Recent advances in Sonogashira reactions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 (10), 5084-5121 (2011).
  54. Kolb, H. C., Finn, M. G., Sharpless, K. B. Click Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (11), 2004-2021 (2001).
  55. Spiteri, C., Moses, J. E. Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition: Regioselective Synthesis of 1,4,5-Trisubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 (1), 31-33 (2010).

This article has been published

Video Coming Soon

JoVE Logo

Privacidad

Condiciones de uso

Políticas

Contáctenos

RECOMIENDE A LA BIBLIOTECA

BOLETINES de JoVE

Investigación

Educación

Autores

Bibliotecarios

ACERCA DE JoVE

Copyright © 2024 MyJoVE Corporation. Todos los derechos reservados