Complementary Approaches to Interrogate Mitophagy Flux in Pancreatic β-Cells

Summary

This protocol outlines two methods for the quantitative analysis of mitophagy in pancreatic β-cells: first, a combination of cell-permeable mitochondria-specific dyes, and second, a genetically encoded mitophagy reporter. These two techniques are complementary and can be deployed based on specific needs, allowing for flexibility and precision in quantitatively addressing mitochondrial quality control.

Abstract

Mitophagy is a quality control mechanism necessary to maintain optimal mitochondrial function. Dysfunctional β-cell mitophagy results in insufficient insulin release. Advanced quantitative assessments of mitophagy often require the use of genetic reporters. The mt-Keima mouse model, which expresses a mitochondria-targeted pH-sensitive dual-excitation ratiometric probe for quantifying mitophagy via flow cytometry, has been optimized in β-cells. The ratio of acidic-to-neutral mt-Keima wavelength emissions can be used to robustly quantify mitophagy. However, using genetic mitophagy reporters can be challenging when working with complex genetic mouse models or difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary human islets. This protocol describes a novel complementary dye-based method to quantify β-cell mitophagy in primary islets using MtPhagy. MtPhagy is a pH-sensitive, cell-permeable dye that accumulates in the mitochondria and increases its fluorescence intensity when mitochondria are in low pH environments, such as lysosomes during mitophagy. By combining the MtPhagy dye with Fluozin-3-AM, a Zn²⁺ indicator that selects for β-cells, and Tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester (TMRE) to assess mitochondrial membrane potential, mitophagy flux can be quantified specifically in β-cells via flow cytometry. These two approaches are highly complementary, allowing for flexibility and precision in assessing mitochondrial quality control in numerous β-cell models.

Introduction

Pancreatic β-cells produce and secrete insulin to meet metabolic demands, and β-cell dysfunction is responsible for hyperglycemia and diabetes onset in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. β-Cells couple glucose metabolism with insulin secretion via mitochondrial energetics and metabolic output, which depend on a reserve of functional mitochondrial mass^1,2,3. To maintain optimal β-cell function, β-cells rely on mitochondrial quality control mechanisms to remove aged or damaged mitochondria and preserve functional mitochondrial mass⁴

Protocol

The animal studies presented in this protocol were reviewed and approved by the University of Michigan Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Twenty-week-old male C57BL/6J mice, on either a 15-week regular fat diet (RFD) or high-fat diet (HFD), were used for this study.

1. Assessing mitophagy via the dye-based MtPhagy approach (Method 1)

1. Mouse islet preparation and treatment
   1. Perform islet culture and valinomycin exposure following the steps b.......

Discussion

This protocol described two complementary methods to quantify mitophagy flux in dissociated primary mouse islets. Using the mt-Keima method, an increase in mitophagy was quantified as an increased ratio of acidic (561 nm)/neutral (405 nm) cells, whereas in the MtPhagy method, increased mitophagy flux was quantified as an increase in the Fluozin^highMtPhagy^highTMRE^low cell population. These methods allow for rapid, quantitative, and β-cell-specific assessments of mitophagy flux.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Antibiotic-Antimycotic	Life Technologies	15240-062
Attune NxT Flow Cytometer	Thermofisher Scientific	A24858
DAPI (4',6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)	Thermofisher Scientific	D1306	DAPI reconstituted in ddH2O to reach 0.2 µg/mL stock
Dimethyl Sulfoxide	Sigma-Aldrich	317275
Fatty Acid Free heat shock BSA powder	Equitech	BAH66
Fetal bovine serum	Gemini Bio	900-108
Fluozin-3AM	Thermofisher Scientific	F24195	100 μg Fluozin-3AM powder reconstituted in 51 μL DMSO and 51 μL Pluronic F-127 to reach 1 mM stock.
Gibco RPMI 1640 Medium	Fisher Scientific	11-875-093
HEPES (1M)	Life Technologies	15630-080
MtPhagy dye	Dojindo	MT02-10	5 μg MtPhagy powder reconstituted with 50 μL DMSO to reach 100 μM stock.
MtPhagy dye	Dojindo	MT02-10
Penicillin-Streptomycin (100x)	Life Technologies	15140-122	1x Solution used in procotol by diluting 1:10 in ddH2O
Phosphate buffered saline, 10x	Fisher Scientific	BP399-20	1x Solution used in procotol by diluting 1:10 in ddH2O
Sodium Pyruvate (100x)	Life Technologies	11360-070	5 μg MtPhagy powder reconstituted with 50 μL DMSO to reach 100 μM stock.
TMRE [Tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester, perchlorate]	Anaspec	AS-88061	TMRE powder reconstituted in DMSO to reach 100 μM stock.
Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red	Thermofisher Scientific	25300054
Valinomycin	Sigma	V0627	Valinomycin powder reconsituted in DMSO to reach 250 nM stock.