Differentiation of Enteric Nervous System Lineages from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Summary

Deriving enteric nervous system (ENS) lineages from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) provides a scalable source of cells to study ENS development and disease, and to use in regenerative medicine. Here, a detailed in vitro protocol to derive enteric neurons from hPSCs using chemically defined culture conditions is presented.

Abstract

The human enteric nervous system, ENS, is a large network of glial and neuronal cell types with remarkable neurotransmitter diversity. The ENS controls bowel motility, enzyme secretion, and nutrient absorption and interacts with the immune system and the gut microbiome. Consequently, developmental and acquired defects of the ENS are responsible for many human diseases and may contribute to symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Limitations in animal model systems and access to primary tissue pose significant experimental challenges in studies of the human ENS. Here, a detailed protocol is presented for effective in vitro derivation of the ENS lineages from human pluripotent stem cells, hPSC, using defined culture conditions. Our protocol begins with directed differentiation of hPSCs to enteric neural crest cells within 15 days and yields diverse subtypes of functional enteric neurons within 30 days. This platform provides a scalable resource for developmental studies, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative applications.

Introduction

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest component of the peripheral nervous system. The ENS contains more than 400 million neurons that are located within the GI tract and control nearly all functions of the gut¹. Molecular understanding of the ENS development and function and its defects in enteric neuropathies requires access to a reliable and authentic source of enteric neurons. Access to human primary tissue is limited, and animal models fail to recapitulate key disease phenotypes in many enteric neuropathies. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technology has proven exceedingly beneficial in providing an unlimited source of desired ....

Protocol

1. Media preparation

NOTE: Concentrations mentioned throughout the protocol are final concentrations of the media components. Prepare all media under sterile conditions in a laminar flow hood, and store at 4 °C in the dark. Use within 2 weeks.

1. hPSC maintenance medium: Mix feeder-free hPSC maintenance medium supplement (20 µL/mL) with its base medium.
2. Medium A: Add bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4; 1 ng/mL), SB431542 (10 μM), and CHIR99021.......

Discussion

The differentiation protocol described here provides a robust in vitro method to obtain enteric neurons from hPSCs within 30-40 days (Figure 1E) and enteric glia expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP, and SOX10 in older cultures (> day 55)^13,14,19,22. These neurons and glia are induced by stepwise differentiation of hPSCs into vagal and ente.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Ascorbic acid	Sigma-Aldrich	A5960
B27 supplement (serum free, minus vitamin A)	Gibco	12587-010
Basement membrane matrix, Geltrex	Gibco	A14133-2
BMP4	R&D systems	314-BP
Cell culture centrifuge	Eppendorf, model no. 5810R	02262501
Cell detachment solution, Accutase	Stemcell Technologies	07920
CHIR99021	Tocris	4423
Conical tubes	USA scientific	1475-0511, 1500-1211
Differentiation base medium, Essential 6	Life Technologies	A1516401
DMEM/F-12 no glutamine	Life Technologies	21331020
EDTA	Corning	MT-46034CI
Feeder-free hPSC maintenance medium, Essential 8 Flex Medium Kit	Life Technologies	A2858501
FGF2	R&D systems	233-FB/CF
Fibronectin	Corning	356008
GDNF	Peprotech	450-10
Hemocytometer	Hausser Scientific	1475
Human pluripotent stem cells, H9 ESC	WiCell	RRID: CVCL_1240
Incubator with controlled humidity, temperature and CO2	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Herralcell 150i
Inverted microscope	Thermo Fisher Scientific	EVOS FL
Laminar flow hood	Thermo Fisher Scientific	1300 series class II, type A2
Laminin	Cultrex	3400-010
L-glutamine supplement, Glutagro	Corning	25-015-CI
MEM NEAAs	Corning	25-025-CI
Multiwell plates, Falcon	BD	353934, 353075
N-2 Supplement	CTS	A1370701
Neurobasal Medium	Life Technologies	21103049
PBS (Ca and Mg free)	Life Technologies	10010023
Pipette filler	Eppendorf	Z768715-1EA
Pipette tips	USA scientific	1111-2830
Pipettes	Fisherbrand	13-678-11E, 13-678-11F
PO	Sigma-Aldrich	P3655
polymer coverslip bottom imaging plates, ibidi	ibidi	81156
RA	Sigma-Aldrich	R2625
SB431542	R&D systems	1614
Trypan blue stain, 0.4%	Thermo Fisher Scientific	15250-061
Ultra-low attachment plates	Fisher Scientific	07-200-601
Y-27632 dihydrochloride	R&D systems	1254