Reconocemos Paul Webster JL para la representación 3D de datos ópticos con Amira. Phil Muñoz y Franta Benjamin proporcionó retroalimentación sobre el manuscrito a lo largo de su desarrollo. La investigación descrita en este trabajo recibió el apoyo de la Fuerza Aérea Oficina de Investigación Científica de las ayudas a FA9550-09-1 hasta 0546 y FA9550-10-1-0402.

1. Preparación del metal-ion Doped película de polímero <ol><li> Mida 8 ml de agua en un vaso de precipitados. </li><li> Añadir 206 mg de PVP al agua. Mezclar utilizando un agitador magnético o un mezclador de vórtice hasta que la solución es clara. </li><li> Añadir 210 mg de AgNO 3 a solución. Mezclar utilizando un agitador magnético o un mezclador de vórtice hasta que la solución es clara. </li><li> Escudo portaobjetos de vidrio con una solución a través de colada gota. </li><li> Colocar el portaobjetos de vidrio en un conjunto horno a 100 ° C. Hornear muestra durante 30 min. </li><li> Retire la muestra del horno y dejar enfriar durante 30 minutos. </li></ol> 2. Fabricación de Estructuras Plata desconectados <ol><li> Alinear la configuración representada en la Figura 1 en la mesa óptica con aisladores de vibración. </li><li> Ajuste compresor para obtener 50-FSEC pulsos después objetivo del microscopio. </li><li> Ajuste filtros de densidad neutra para obtener 3-NJ pulsos después del objetivo. </li><li> Asegúrese de que el tamaño del punto láser es más grande que la espalda abertura del objetivo del microscopio. </li><li>Establecer modulador acústico-óptico para producir 10-microsegundos ventanas de exposición durante el cual se irradia la muestra. </li><li> Bloquear haz de láser antes de que alcance la muestra de microscopio y el lugar en 3-ejes etapa de traducción. La trayectoria del haz de los pulsos láser de femtosegundos debe pasar a través del objetivo de microscopio de formación de imágenes y en la muestra. </li><li> Encienda la fuente de iluminación microscopio para observar la muestra in situ usando la cámara CCD. </li><li> Traducir eje z de la etapa de encontrar la interfaz entre el sustrato de vidrio y película de polímero. Entonces, el nuevo enfoque microscopio a la profundidad deseada en el interior de polímero para el modelado del fondo-capa. Z-traducción durante patrón debe estar en la dirección alejada de la interfaz vidrio-polímero para evitar una dispersión con las estructuras fabricadas. </li><li> Desbloquear rayo láser y el software de juego de movimiento de controlador para traducir muestra en x -, y - y - z direcciones a una velocidad de 100 m / seg. Irradiar voxels individuales de 10 microsegundos unand voxels vecinos separados por al menos varios micrómetros de clara in-situ de imágenes. Configuración acústico-óptico tasa de repetición modulador a 25 Hz será producir 4-m espaciamiento. Áreas expuestas a láser contendrá estructuras de plata. </li></ol>

<ol>
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F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+spatial+resolution+of+two-photon+microfabrication+by+using+photoinitiator+with+high+initiating+efficiency.">Improving spatial resolution of two-photon microfabrication by using photoinitiator with high initiating efficiency.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 131106 (2007).</li><li>Tan, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+in+feature+size+of+two-photon+polymerization+using+SCR500.">Reduction in feature size of two-photon polymerization using SCR500.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 071106 (2007).</li><li>Vora, K., Kang, S., Shukla, S., Mazur, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+disconnected+three-dimensional+silver+nanostructures+in+a+polymer+matrix.">Fabrication of disconnected three-dimensional silver nanostructures in a polymer matrix.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063120 (2012).</li><li>G&#252;ney, D. &. #. 2. 1. 4. ;., Koschny, T., Soukoulis, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-connected+three-dimensionally+isotropic+bulk+negative+index+photonic+metamaterial.">Intra-connected three-dimensionally isotropic bulk negative index photonic metamaterial.</a> Opt. Express. 18, 12348-12353 (2010).</li><li>Grigorenko, A. 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Lett. 88, 081107 (2006).</li><li>Ishikawa, A., Tanaka, T., Kawata, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvement+in+the+reduction+of+silver+ions+in+aqueous+solution+using+two-photon+sensitive+dye.">Improvement in the reduction of silver ions in aqueous solution using two-photon sensitive dye.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 113102 (2006).</li><li>Cao, Y. -. Y., Takeyasu, N., Tanaka, T., Duan, X. -. M., Kawata, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+Metallic+Nanostructure+Fabrication+by+Surfactant-Assisted+Multiphoton-Induced+Reduction.">3D Metallic Nanostructure Fabrication by Surfactant-Assisted Multiphoton-Induced Reduction.</a> Small. 5, 1144-1148 (2009).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

La clave del proceso es la obtención de una matriz dieléctrica dopado que permite una fabricación de alta resolución, pero no se degrade poco después de la preparación. Una mezcla simple de PVP, AgNO 3 y H 2 O permite la creación de nanoestructuras de plata de alta resolución que están incrustados dentro de una matriz de soporte. La variación del PVP a AgNO 3 relación va a cambiar la energía láser necesaria para la fabricación y las propiedades potencialmente otros como la ...

a method to fabricate disconnected silver nanostructures in 3d

El juego de herramientas estándar incluye técnicas de nanofabricación principalmente dirigidas a la creación de patrones 2D en medios dieléctricos. La creación de modelos de metal a escala submicrónica requiere una combinación de herramientas de nanofabricación y varios pasos de procesamiento de materiales. Por ejemplo, los pasos para crear estructuras planas de metal utilizando fotolitografía ultravioleta y la litografía de haz de electrones puede incluir la exposición de la muestra, el desarrollo de la muestra, la deposición de metal, y el despegue metal. Para crear estructuras 3D de metal, la secuencia se repite varias veces. La complejidad y la dificultad de apilamiento y alineación de múltiples capas limita las implementaciones prácticas de estructuración del metal 3D usando herramientas estándar de nanofabricación. -Láser femtosegundo directo de escritura se ha convertido en una técnica por excelencia para la nanofabricación 3D. 1,2 láseres de femtosegundo se utilizan con frecuencia para crear patrones 3D en polímeros y cristales. 3-7 Sin embargo, metal directo 3D-escritura sigue siendo un desafío. Aquí, nosdescriben un método para la fabricación de nanoestructuras de plata embebidas dentro de una matriz polimérica usando un láser de femtosegundo centrada a 800 nm. El método permite la fabricación de patrones no sea posible, usando otras técnicas, tales como matrices en 3D de voxels de plata desconectados. 8 patrones desconectados 3D metálicas son útiles para metamateriales donde las células de la unidad no están en contacto unos con otros, tales como metal 9 acoplado punto 10, 11 o acoplado varilla de metal 12,13 resonadores. Las aplicaciones potenciales incluyen metamateriales negativos del índice, capas de invisibilidad y lentes perfectos. En femtosegundos láser directa-escritura, la longitud de onda de láser se elige de modo que los fotones no están linealmente absorbida en el medio de destino. Cuando la duración del pulso láser se comprime hasta la escala de tiempo de femtosegundos y la radiación está estrechamente centrado en el interior de la diana, la intensidad extremadamente alta induce la absorción no lineal. Fotones son absorbidos simultánea múltiplesLy para provocar transiciones electrónicas que llevan a la modificación de material dentro de la región de centrado. Usando este enfoque, se puede formar estructuras en la mayor parte de un material en lugar de sobre su superficie. La mayoría trabaja en la escritura 3D directo del metal se ha centrado en la creación de auto-apoyados por estructuras metálicas. 14-16 El método descrito aquí produce sub-micrométricas estructuras plata que no necesitan ser auto-compatible, ya que está incrustada dentro de una matriz. Un dopado con matriz de polímero se prepara usando una mezcla de nitrato de plata (AgNO 3), polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) y agua (H 2 O). Las muestras son luego modelada por irradiación con un láser de femtosegundo 11-50-MHz producir pulsos de fs. Durante la irradiación, fotorreducción de los iones de plata se induce a través de absorción no lineal, la creación de un agregado de nanopartículas de plata en la región focal. Usando este enfoque crear patrones de plata embebidas en una matriz dopada con PVP. Añadir la traducción de 3D de la samplio que el modelado se extiende tres dimensiones.

El modulador acústico-óptico y de densidad neutra (figura 1) permiten controlar la cantidad de energía depositada en la muestra. Uso de una exposición de 110 pulsos por voxel y 3 nJ por impulso, con la etapa de traducción a 100 m / seg, las estructuras de plata resultantes son fácilmente visibles a través del microscopio óptico in-situ. Los niveles más bajos de exposición al láser (mediante la reducción de la energía del impulso y / o número de pulsos) conducen a funciones de plat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D at JoVE.com

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

-Laser femtosegundo directa-escritura se utiliza con frecuencia para crear en tres dimensiones (3D) en los patrones de polímeros y cristales. Sin embargo, los metales de modelado en 3D sigue siendo un desafío. Se describe un método para la fabricación de nanoestructuras de plata embebidas dentro de una matriz polimérica usando un láser de femtosegundo centrada a 800 nm.

Un método para fabricar nanoestructuras desconectados de plata en 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

a-method-to-fabricate-disconnected-silver-nanostructures-in-3d

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

13.7K vistas.  Harvard University. -Laser femtosegundo directa-escritura se utiliza con frecuencia para crear en tres dimensiones (3D) en los patrones de polímeros y cristales. Sin embargo, los metales de modelado en 3D sigue siendo un desafío. Se describe un método para la fabricación de nanoestructuras de plata embebidas dentro de una matriz polimérica usando un láser de femtosegundo centrada a 800 nm.

Video: A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

De alta resolución, de alta velocidad, tridimensional de imágenes de vídeo con técnicas de proyección digital de Fringe

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions. Oxide interfaces exhibit a wide range of properties that can be controlled include conduction, piezoelectric behavior, ferromagnetism, superconductivity and nonlinear optical properties. Recently, methods for controlling these properties at extreme nanoscale dimensions have been discovered and developed. Here are described explicit step-by-step procedures for creating LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanostructures using a reversible conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The processing steps for creating electrical contacts to the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface are first described. Conductive nanostructures are created by applying voltages to a conductive atomic force microscope tip and locally switching the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface to a conductive state. A versatile nanolithography toolkit has been developed expressly for the purpose of controlling the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip path and voltage. Then, these nanostructures are placed in a cryostat and transport measurements are performed. The procedures described here should be useful to others wishing to conduct research in oxide nanoelectronics.

Oxide nanostructures provide new opportunities for science and technology. The interfacial conductivity between LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 can be controlled with near-atomic precision using a conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The protocol for creating and measuring conductive nanostructures at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces is demonstrated.

La escritura y la caracterización de baja temperatura de óxido de Nanoestructuras

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions.  Oxide ...

Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor performance, which suggest a new direction for the development of next-generation ultrathin and flexible photonic and electronic devices. Enhanced luminescence quantum efficiency has been widely observed in these atomically thin 2D crystals. However, dimension effects beyond quantum confinement thicknesses or even at the micrometer scale are not expected and have rarely been observed. In this study, molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) layer crystals with a thickness range of 6-2,700 nm were fabricated as two- or four-terminal devices. Ohmic contact formation was successfully achieved by the focused-ion beam (FIB) deposition method using platinum (Pt) as a contact metal. Layer crystals with various thicknesses were prepared through simple mechanical exfoliation by using dicing tape. Current-voltage curve measurements were performed to determine the conductivity value of the layer nanocrystals. In addition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffractometry, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize the interface of the metal&#8211;semiconductor contact of the FIB-fabricated MoSe2 devices. After applying the approaches, the substantial thickness-dependent electrical conductivity in a wide thickness range for the MoSe2-layer semiconductor was observed. The conductivity increased by over two orders of magnitude from 4.6 to 1,500 &#937;&#8722;1 cm&#8722;1, with a decrease in the thickness from 2,700 to 6 nm. In addition, the temperature-dependent conductivity indicated that the thin MoSe2 multilayers exhibited considerably weak semiconducting behavior with activation energies of 3.5-8.5 meV, which are considerably smaller than those (36-38 meV) of the bulk. Probable surface-dominant transport properties and the presence of a high surface electron concentration in MoSe2 are proposed. Similar results can be obtained for other layer semiconductor materials such as MoS2 and WS2.

We describe the approaches for the device fabrication and electrical characterization of molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) layer semiconductor nanostructures with different thicknesses. In addition, the fabrication of ohmic contacts for MoSe2-layer nanocrystals by the focused-ion beam deposition method using platinum (Pt) as a contact metal is described.

Óhmico Contacto Fabricación Usando una técnica enfocada-ion Beam y Eléctrica Caracterización de Nanoestructuras capa semiconductora

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

Integración de luz de captura de plata de nanoestructuras en células solares de silicio hidrogenado microcristalina por transferencia Impresión

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of stretchable electronic devices is the preparation of stretchable conductors with great mechanical stability. In this study, we developed a simple fabrication method to chemically solder the contact points between silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. AgNW nanomesh was first deposited on a glass slide via spray coating method. A reactive ink composed of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) precursors was applied over the spray coated AgNW thin films. After heating for 40 min, AgNPs were preferentially generated over the nanowire junctions to solder the AgNW nanomesh, and reinforced the conducting network. The chemically modified AgNW thin film was then transferred to polyurethane (PU) substrates by casting method. The soldered AgNW thin films on PU exhibited no obvious change in electrical conductivity under stretching or rolling process with elongation strains up to 120%.

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

Un método de fabricación de conductores altamente extensibles con nanocables de plata

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &amp;#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

Desafíos en reológico caracterización de suspensiones de alta concentración - Un estudio de caso para pastas de plata serigrafía

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D materials is still in nascent stages, scientists cannot fully rely on traditional semiconductor techniques for related research. Delicate processes from locating the materials to electrode definition need to be well controlled. In this article, a universal fabrication protocol required in manufacturing nanoscale electronics, such as 2D quasi-heterojunction bipolar transistors (Q-HBT), and 2D back-gated transistors are demonstrated. This protocol includes the determination of material position, electron beam lithography (EBL), metal electrode definition, et al. A step by step narrative of the fabrication procedures for these devices are also presented. Furthermore, results show that each of the fabricated devices has achieved high performance with high repeatability. This work reveals a comprehensive description of process flow for preparing 2D nano-electronics, enables the research groups to access this information, and pave the way toward future electronics.

The article aims to introduce a standard and reliable fabrication procedure for the development of future low dimensional nanoelectronics.

Un método estándar y fiable para la fabricación nanoelectrónica bidimensional

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D ...

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes normally result in very poor cell performance. Embedding or sandwiching silver nanowires using moderately conductive transparent materials, such as indium tin oxide or zinc oxide, can improve cell performance. However, the solution-processed matrix layers can cause a significant number of interfacial defects between transparent electrodes and the CdS buffer, which can eventually result in low cell performance. This manuscript describes how to fabricate robust electrical contact between a silver nanowire electrode and the underlying CdS buffer layer in a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell, enabling high cell performance using matrix-free silver nanowire transparent electrodes. The matrix-free silver nanowire electrode fabricated by our method proves that the charge-carrier collection capability of silver nanowire electrode-based cells is as good as that of standard cells with sputtered ZnO:Al/i-ZnO as long as the silver nanowires and CdS have high-quality electrical contact. The high-quality electrical contact was achieved by depositing an additional CdS layer as thin as 10 nm onto the silver nanowire surface.

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

In this protocol, we describe the detailed experimental procedure for the fabrication of a robust nanoscale contact between a silver nanowire network and CdS buffer layer in a CIGS thin-film solar cell.

Fabricación de contacto robusto a nanoescala entre un electrodo de nanohilo de plata y una capa de búfer CdS en Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes ...

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by local enhancement of electric field intensity that strengthens light-matter interactions, enabling applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon enhanced sensing. In the presence of magneto-optically active materials, the local field enhancement gives rise to anomalous magneto-optical activity. Typically, the confined modes of a given photonic crystal depend strongly on the wavelength and incidence angle of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Thus, spectral and angular-resolved measurements are needed to fully identify them as well as to establish their relationship with the magneto-optical activity of the crystal. In this article, we describe how to use a Fourier-plane (back focal plane) microscope to characterize magneto-optically active samples. As a model system, here we use a plasmonic grating built out of magneto-optically active Au/Co/Au multilayer. In the experiments, we apply a magnetic field on the grating in situ and measure its reciprocal space response, obtaining the magneto-optical response of the grating over a range of wavelengths and incident angles. This information enables us to build a complete map of the plasmonic band structure of the grating and the angle and wavelength dependent magneto-optical activity. These two images allow us to pinpoint the effect that the plasmon resonances have on the magneto-optical response of the grating. The relatively small magnitude of magneto-optical effects requires a careful treatment of the acquired optical signals. To this end, an image processing protocol for obtaining magneto-optical response from the acquired raw data is laid out.

Photonic band structure enables understanding how confined electromagnetic modes propagate within a photonic crystal. In photonic crystals that incorporate magnetic elements, such confined and resonant optical modes are accompanied by enhanced and modified magneto-optical activity. We describe a measurement procedure to extract the magneto-optical band structure by Fourier space microscopy.

Caracterización espectral y magneto-óptica resuelta en ángulo de nanoestructuras fotónicas

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by ...