This work was supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (RO1 AA014925 awarded to Dr. Patricia H. Janak at University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA), Fonds de recherche du Quebec &#8211; Sant&#233; (NC) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NC, 387224-2010). The open-access publication of this article was made possible by sponsorship from Med Associates Inc.

<ol>
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Todos los procedimientos experimentales fueron aprobados por el Comité Ético de Investigación Animal de la Universidad Concordia y están en conformidad con las directrices del Consejo Canadiense de los Animales. Fue posible la publicación de acceso abierto de este artículo por el patrocinio de Med Associates Inc.

Los resultados de este procedimiento revelan que los estímulos ambientales específicos que acompañan habitualmente la entrega de alcohol pueden adquirir la capacidad de conducir la conducta de búsqueda de alcohol. También demuestran que los estímulos contextuales asociados a la disponibilidad o ausencia de alcohol antes puede guiar acondicionado respuestas de comportamiento a las señales discretas alcohol predictivo. Los pasos críticos dentro del protocolo Contextos de la presente tarea incorporan estímulos externos a la rata. Sin embargo, el estado interoceptivo de la rata a prueba también puede constituir un &quot;contexto&quot; que podría afectar a la renovación 20. Por tanto, es importante para habituarse ratas a los procedimientos que pueden ocurrir antes de la prueba renovación y cambiar su estado interoceptive, como microinfusions intracraneales o inyecciones sistémicas. Por otra parte, la habituación a microinfusions o inyecciones sistémicas debería llevarse a cabo antes de la extinción y tanto PDT sESIONES, para prevenir este tipo de procedimientos se vean asociados a una fase específica de la prueba. Los parámetros temporales, como la duración CS, intervalo EC-EI, y el intervalo entre ensayos (ITI), hace tiempo se sabe que influyen en respuesta condicionada en una variedad de paradigmas de acondicionamiento 21-26. Del mismo modo, los parámetros temporales pueden influir en la observación del efecto de renovación en nuestro procedimiento. Cualquier conjunto de parámetros distintos a los especificados en el protocolo debe ser validada experimentalmente en estudios piloto antes de proceder a emplearlos en investigaciones de mayor tamaño. Modificaciones y solución de problemas La investigación anterior ha encontrado que la cantidad de etanol que las ratas consumen en la jaula de alojamiento puede variar en función del proveedor de la que se compran ratas 17,27. Por lo tanto, el proveedor es una consideración importante para esta fase del estudio. Del mismo modo, la elección de la cepa de rata debe ser considered con cuidado, ya que hay numerosos informes de la cepa diferencias en el consumo de etanol 28-31. El trabajo previo en un paradigma de condicionamiento aversivo ha demostrado que la edad de desarrollo de ratas influye en la observación de la renovación de una respuesta de miedo condicionado pavloviano 32. La falta de un efecto de renovación en ratas muy pequeños (menores de día postnatal 20) se ha sugerido que se debe a la alteración de la codificación de la información contextual 33. Por tanto, la edad de desarrollo de las ratas para ser usados ​​en la presente procedimiento debe ser tomada en consideración. Se ha observado Renovación de pavloviano condicionado comportamiento de búsqueda de alcohol cuando se utilizaron 10% 9,16, 15% 14, 20 o 15% soluciones de etanol durante el acceso etanol jaula hogar y PDT fases del experimento. Los investigadores podrían utilizar cualquiera de estas concentraciones de etanol a los efectos del establecimiento de este procedimiento en su laboratories. Durante la adquisición de la formación discriminación pavloviano es importante comprobar los orificios de fluido después de cada sesión para asegurarse de que todo el etanol que se entregó se ha consumido. Dejando ratas en las cámaras de acondicionamiento de unos 10 - 15 minutos después de cada sesión puede hacerse a principios de PDT para fomentar el consumo de cualquier etanol que no se consumía durante la sesión. El número de ratas que salen de etanol consumido en los puertos debería disminuir a medida que progresa la TFD. Si a finales de ratas PDT son o bien (a) no se consume todo el etanol y / o (b) que no responden a la CS + entonces estos temas deben ser retirados del estudio. La mayoría de las ratas responden a la más fiable + CS de la CS. Sin embargo, algunas ratas pueden responder a altos niveles para ambas señales, con lo que no muestra evidencia de discriminación. Las ratas que muestran altos responden tanto a la CS + y CS durante la TFD no son lanzadas desde el estudio. En nuestra experiencia, estos sujetos muestran una discriminación notabledurante la primera sesión de extinción en ausencia de etanol, lo que sugiere que sus altos niveles de respuesta a la CS durante la TFD son impulsados ​​por la presencia de etanol en el puerto de fluido. Estos sujetos también tienden a mostrar efectos de renovación robustos. Limitaciones del procedimiento Debido a que el examen de renovación se lleva a cabo en ausencia de etanol, entradas de puerto acondicionado provocados por el CS + disminuyen gradualmente a través de la sesión de prueba. Por lo tanto, el importe global de la conducta generada en la prueba, en contra de lo que los cambios inducidos experimentalmente pueden ser evaluados, es bastante bajo. Debido a que en esta tarea de responder tiende a ser mayor en el inicio a partir del cierre de la sesión de pruebas, es importante examinar los efectos de las manipulaciones experimentales sobre la respuesta condicionada a modo de prueba por prueba. Las entradas en el receptáculo de fluido proporcionan la medida dependiente principal en esta tarea. Sin embargo, una entrada de puerto errónea podría ser registrado si un animal está lo suficientemente cerca del receptáculo de fluido para romper el haz infrarrojo a través de la apertura de la puerta de fluidos con sus bigotes. Si bien, las respuestas erróneas infrecuentes son obvias como un aumento dramático en el puerto total de las entradas en relación con la conducta del sujeto en las sesiones previas. Grabación en vídeo de los animales podría facilitar la detección de posibles respuestas erróneas, y permitir un análisis más refinado de los comportamientos exhibidos por las ratas en todo el entrenamiento y las pruebas. Importancia de la técnica con respecto a los métodos existentes / alternativos Renovación inducida Contexto-del comportamiento de búsqueda de drogas se estudia en gran medida utilizando una tarea de condicionamiento instrumental en el que la variable dependiente primaria es una respuesta operante, tal como una prensa de palanca 8,34 o la nariz meter 12. En el presente procedimiento, la respuesta de búsqueda de drogas es &quot;enfoque condicionado &#39;al puerto de líquido que se produce al presentaciones deel + CS. Esta respuesta probablemente se adquiere a través del aprendizaje pavloviano, que es el proceso de aprendizaje que media la formación de asociaciones entre estímulos ambientales y los efectos farmacológicos de las drogas de abuso en los seres humanos. Las aplicaciones futuras Esta tarea se puede utilizar en combinación con la neurofarmacología, la optogenética y neuroquímica para estudiar los mecanismos neurales que están implicados en la renovación inducida contexto de la conducta de búsqueda de alcohol-pavloviano acondicionado 16. Además, los mecanismos de comportamiento y neuronales que regulan la adquisición y extinción de-pavloviano acondicionado comportamiento de búsqueda de alcohol pueden ser investigados. Por último, esta tarea se puede utilizar para explorar las manipulaciones de extinción que podrían impedir la renovación, una dirección importante para la investigación translacional destinada a reducir el impacto de las drogas asociado contextos ambientales en la reactividad a las señales de predicción de drogas después de la terapia de exposición cue en adi humanacts.

Permanecer sobrio es un desafío considerable que enfrentan las personas que sufren de trastornos de abuso de alcohol. La abstinencia es un momento de vulnerabilidad al impacto conductual, psicológico y fisiológico de los estímulos ambientales que acompañan habitualmente el consumo de alcohol, que pueden, a través del condicionamiento pavloviano, se asocian con la embriaguez 1,2. La exposición a las señales de predicción de alcohol puede provocar respuestas condicionadas, como las ansias de alcohol, lo que puede promover conductas de búsqueda de alcohol que facilitan la recaída 3,4. Las secuencias estereotipadas de comportamiento que llevan al consumo de alcohol pueden causar ciertos tipos de estímulos para ser experimentadas habitualmente inmediatamente antes de los efectos farmacológicos de la ingesta de alcohol. Por ejemplo, la vista, el olfato y el gusto del alcohol son las propiedades sensoriales de alcohol que preceden fiable intoxicación. Además de estas señales, que se conocen como &#39;discreta&#39; o &#39;proximaseñales l &#39;, contextos ambientales en las que las drogas se usan con regularidad también puede provocar ansias 5,6. La exposición a los lugares físicos en los que los fármacos han sido previamente utilizadas por lo tanto puede ser un desencadenante crítico para la recaída 7. Se han desarrollado modelos animales para estudiar los mecanismos neurales que median el impacto de los contextos asociados de drogas en el comportamiento de búsqueda de drogas 8-13. El procedimiento descrito en este documento permite la investigación de cómo los contextos asociados con el consumo de alcohol pueden modular el comportamiento de búsqueda de alcohol que está provocada por una discreta, alcohol predictivo cue pavloviano. Entrenamiento en discriminación pavloviano se lleva a cabo en un contexto ambiental específico, donde las ratas se entrenan para conductualmente distinguir entre dos estímulos auditivos acondicionado, un + CS que se empareja con el alcohol, y un CS que no lo es. Sesiones de extinción se llevaron a cabo a continuación, en un contexto diferente, donde la respuesta a la CS+ Disminuye como resultado de alcohol ha sido retenido. Posteriormente, la reexposición al alcohol asociado, contexto de formación pavloviano desencadena un aumento selectivo en el comportamiento de búsqueda de alcohol inducida por el CS +, sin ningún cambio en la respuesta a la CS. Este resultado, que hemos replicado consistentemente 9,14-16, extiende los resultados de los procedimientos instrumentales de acondicionamiento en la que se han encontrado contextos de drogas para estimular la renovación de las respuestas operantes asociados con la administración de fármacos 10,13.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Heavy-duty utility cart</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Rubbermaid</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#4520-88</td>
			<td>Used to transport rats in their home cage from the colony room to the behavior room or other facilities</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Rats, Long-Evans</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Harlan</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">-</td>
			<td>Rats weighed 220-240g on arrival</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Ohaus scale</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#S402421</td>
			<td>For weighing rats; tare the bottom of a plastic container first, then put the rat in it to weigh it</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Beta-chips, aspen</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Harlan</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#7090A</td>
			<td>Bedding for home cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Nylabone</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Bio-Serv</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#K3580</td>
			<td>Enrichment provided in the home cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Autoclavable rodent chow</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Agribrands, Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#5075</td>
			<td>For feeding rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Wire bar cage lid</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#R20SS2B</td>
			<td>Custom made with two slots for&#160; bottles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Cage bottom</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#R20PC</td>
			<td>To house rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Stoppers</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#8.5</td>
			<td>Rubber stoppers to occlude opening in water bottles &#38; graduated cylinders; goes with ball point sipper tubes&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Ball point tubes, 1.5&#34; length</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#TD-99</td>
			<td>Inserted in stoppers, enables rats to drink from water bottles and graduated cylinders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Water bottles</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#FSPC8HT</td>
			<td>473 ml (16 oz) capacity, needs to be occluded with stopper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Graduated cylinders, 100ml</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#0300741</td>
			<td>To contain ethanol during alcohol exposure in the home cage; spouted end needs to be cut off to enable occlusion with stoppers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Mettler scale</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#MS6001S</td>
			<td>For weighing water bottles and ethanol cylinders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Polyethylene tubing, 1/32&#34; inner diameter,&#160; 1/32&#34; wall thickness, 3/32&#34; outside diameter</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#14-169-1A</td>
			<td>To connect 20 ml ethanol syringe to fluid port</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Needle, 18g, 1.5&#34; length</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#B305199</td>
			<td>To connect polyethylene tubing to ethanol syringes; needs to be filed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Syringes, 20ml, Luer-Lok non-sterile</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#1482316J</td>
			<td>To contain ethanol on the fluid pumps; needs to be connected to the polyethylene tubing by a 18g 1 1/2 needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Syringes, 60ml, Luer-Lok non-sterile</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#14-820-11</td>
			<td>To flush polyethylene tubing after PDT sessions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Single speed syringe pump, 3.33 rpm</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-018MD</td>
			<td>To hold 20 ml ethanol syringes and deliver ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Fluid port</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-254-CB</td>
			<td>To enable ethanol delivery during PDT sessions; connected to ethanol syringes with polyethylene tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Port entry infrared detector</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-215M</td>
			<td>Fixed on both sides of&#160; fluid port; need 2 per fluid port</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Houselight, 28V, 100mA</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-135M</td>
			<td>Provides general lighting in conditioning chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Clicker module</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-225SM</td>
			<td>Auditory stimulus for conditioning chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">White noise generator with speaker</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#PHM-100</td>
			<td>Auditory stimulus for conditioning chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Bar floor</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-009A-GF</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">To go with modular test chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Bench coat, absorbant</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#89126-790</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">Absorbant paper to put in metal tray, needs to be cut to fit the metal tray</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Polycarbonate sheet, 1/8&#34; thick, 12-5/8&#34;x10&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Johnston Plastics</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#30102515</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">To make smooth transparent floor insert used for context 1. Needs to be cut in 11.5&#34;x12.25&#34; pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Aluminium sheet perforated, 0.063&#34;thick, 48&#34;x96&#34;, 0.250&#34; holes x 0.375&#34; centers</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Anica Steel</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">To make perforated floor insert used for context 2. Needs to be cut in 11.5&#34;x12.25&#34; pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:603px;">Black cardboard, 0.053&#34; thick, 28&#34;x44&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Omer DeSerres</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#P1909</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">To construct panels covering the ceiling, door and back wall of the conditioning chamber in context 1. Needs to be cut to size. Each chamber needs three panels measuring approximately 11.5&#34;x13.25&#34;. The panels can be joined by the narrower side using duct tape.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">All-purpose strength duct tape, 1.88&#34;x45yd.</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Duck Tape</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">Adhesive material to connect the black cardboard panels used to cover the back wall, ceiling and door in context 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Modular test chamber</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-009A</td>
			<td>Conditioning chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Sound attenuating cubicles</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-200R3AM</td>
			<td>Comes with installed 28V DC fan (#ENV-025F)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#08748B</td>
			<td>Bottom only, to contain the sprayed solution that provides the odor stimulus; needs to be centered in the metal tray in conditioning chambers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">PCI interface package</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#DIG-700P2-R2</td>
			<td>Connects tabletop interface cabinet to computer; includes 1 interface card, 1 Decode card, 1 ribbon cable and 1 28V DC power cable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Large tabletop cabinet and power supply</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#SG-6510D</td>
			<td>Used to contain the 12 cards included in the SmartCrtrl 8 Input, 16 Output package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">SmartCtrl 8 Input, 16 Output package</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#DIG-716P2</td>
			<td>Used to connect and control the devices in the conditioning chamber. The package includes all the cables, the interface module and the connection panel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Med PC IV software</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#SOF-735</td>
			<td>Software to run programs. Needs to be installed on the computer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Monitor LG, 19&#34; LCD</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Concordia computer store</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#W1942TQ-BF</td>
			<td>Computer monitor; to go with computer running Med PC IV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">HP Z200 tower workstation</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Concordia computer store</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#BZ788US#ABA</td>
			<td>Computer on which Med PC IV is run</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:603px;">Benzaldehyde, &#8805;99%</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Les produits chimiques OMEGA Chemical Company Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#B37-50</td>
			<td>Dilute in tap water for almond context odor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Lemon oil, cold pressed, California</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#W262528-1KG-K</td>
			<td>Dilute in tap water for lemon context odor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Ethyl alcohol, 95%</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Commercial Alcohols</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">-</td>
			<td>Dilute in tap water to desired concentration</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a procedure to observe context-induced renewal of pavlovian-conditioned alcohol-seeking behavior in rats

Contextos ambientales en los que las drogas de abuso se consumen pueden desencadenar el deseo, una respuesta pavloviana acondicionado subjetiva que puede facilitar la conducta de búsqueda de drogas y la recaída puntual en los usuarios de drogas en abstinencia. Hemos desarrollado un procedimiento para estudiar los procesos conductuales y neuronales que median el impacto del contexto en el comportamiento de búsqueda de alcohol en ratas. Después de la aclimatación al gusto y los efectos farmacológicos de etanol al 15% en la jaula de alojamiento, ratas macho Long-Evans reciben entrenamiento en discriminación pavloviano (PDT) en cámaras de acondicionamiento. En cada sesión diaria (lunes a viernes) PDT, se producen 16 ensayos cada uno de los dos estímulos diferentes auditivo 10 seg acondicionado. Durante un estímulo, el CS +, 0,2 ml de etanol al 15% se entrega a un puerto de fluido para el consumo oral. El segundo estímulo, el CS, no se empareja con etanol. A través de sesiones, entradas en el puerto de fluido durante el aumento de CS +, mientras que las entradas durante el CS se estabilizan a un nivel más bajo, lo que indica que un predictive asociación entre el CS + y etanol se adquiere. Durante PDT cada cámara está equipada con una configuración específica de estímulos contextuales visuales, olfatorias y táctiles. Después de PDT, la extinción de formación se lleva a cabo en la misma cámara que ahora está equipado con una configuración diferente de los estímulos contextuales. El CS + y CS se presentan como antes, pero el etanol se retira ésta, lo que provoca una disminución gradual de entradas de puerto durante el CS +. En la prueba, las ratas se colocan de nuevo en el contexto PDT y presentan con las CS + y CS-como antes, pero sin etanol. Esta manipulación provoca un aumento robusto y selectivo en el número de entradas de puerto realizadas durante el alcohol predictivo CS +, sin ningún cambio en la respuesta durante el CS. Este efecto, conocido como la renovación inducida contexto-, ilustra la capacidad poderosa de contextos asociados con el consumo de alcohol para estimular el comportamiento de búsqueda de alcohol en respuesta a señales de Pavlov alcohol.

Acceso etanol intermitente en la jaula de alojamiento: El consumo de etanol (g / kg) y aumento de la preferencia de etanol a través de sesiones de acceso etanol intermitente en la jaula de alojamiento, por lo general alcanzar niveles estables dentro de 8 a 12 sesiones (Figura 1). En el conjunto de datos se muestra en la Figura 1, el consumo estable etanol promediado en las dos últimas sesiones de acceso etanol jaula varió desde 1,33 hasta 6,44 g / kg para las ratas individuales. La fase de consumo de etanol jaula del experimento se puede detener una vez que el g / kg Consumo ha estabilizado, y las ratas se mantuvo a este nivel estable de beber durante un número de sesiones. Para analizar los datos de esta fase, realizar el análisis por separado de medidas repetidas de la varianza (ANOVA) a través del factor de la sesión para el consumo de etanol (g / kg) y la preferencia de etanol en un mismo sujeto. Esquema de procedimiento de renovación inducida contexto: Cada fase de laprocedimiento experimental (PDT, extinción, prueba de la renovación) se ilustra en la Figura 2. Ver el pie de figura para obtener más detalles. Medidas y datos de respuesta de análisis: En todas las fases de comportamiento se describen a continuación, las respuestas de entrada del puerto realizadas durante el CS + y CS se normalizan con referencia a pre-CS respuestas de entrada de puerto de línea de base. Para crear las medidas normalizadas CS, restar el número de entradas de puerto realizadas durante el intervalo de la línea de base pre-CS (el 10 segundos inmediatamente antes de la aparición CS) a partir del número de entradas de puerto hechas durante las presentaciones de la CS + y CS. El normalizado CS + y CS-medidas normalizadas sirven como indicadores de comportamiento suscitó específicamente por presentaciones CS, elevado por encima de los niveles basales. Realizar medidas repetidas ANOVA separados con los factores sujetos dentro-repetidas de sesión y tipo CS (CS + vs CS) para el PDT y fases de extinción. Para las comparaciones entre fase (PDT, extinción, renovaral test), los datos de uso promediado en las dos últimas sesiones de TFD y la extinción y la sesión de datos de prueba de renovación en medidas repetidas ANOVA. Para el seguimiento de los efectos significativos principales e interacciones, uso post hoc pruebas t para muestras independientes o apareadas que se corrigen para comparaciones múltiples. Criterio de significación se fijó en α = 0,05. PDT: respuestas de entrada a puerto a los aumentos de CS + a través de sesiones de TFD, mientras que las respuestas de entrada del puerto de la CS-permanecen bajos y estables, en general. Tenga en cuenta que las respuestas de entrada a puerto a la CS puede aumentar ligeramente en las primeras sesiones de entrenamiento PDT; sin embargo, entradas de puerto hechas en respuesta a la CS se estabilizan a un nivel mucho más bajo que las hechas en respuesta a la CS +. Discriminación éxito se evidencia por una elevación estadísticamente significativa en entradas de puerto durante el CS + en comparación con el CS (Figura 3). Este resultado indica que-pavloviano acondicionado comportamiento de búsqueda de alcohol tiene seres establecido para el CS +, pero no el CS. Extinción: respuestas de entrada a puerto a la CS + disminuyen gradualmente a través de sesiones de extinción. Respuestas de entrada a puerto a la CS-siguen siendo bajos y estables a través de sesiones de extinción. Idealmente, discriminado responder es abolida a finales de entrenamiento de extinción, como lo demuestra la falta de una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre entradas de puerto a la CS + y CS. Sin embargo, no es raro que un cierto grado de discriminación de responder a permanecer, incluso al final de la formación extinción. En este caso, es importante verificar que las respuestas de entrada a puerto a la CS + al final del entrenamiento de extinción son estadísticamente más baja que las respuestas de entrada del puerto de la CS + en el inicio de la extinción, así como al final de la terapia fotodinámica (Figura 3) . Este patrón de resultados indica que-pavloviano acondicionado comportamiento de búsqueda de alcohol se haya extinguido significativamente. Inducida Contexto-examen de renovación: Portrespuestas de entrada a los aumentos de CS + en la prueba de la renovación inducida contexto, en relación con entradas de puerto CS + observadas al final del entrenamiento de extinción. Este aumento es selectivo para el CS +, como entradas de puerto de la CS se mantienen inalterados. Además, las entradas de puerto a la CS + son estadísticamente elevada en comparación con entradas de puerto de la CS en el examen de renovación inducida contexto-(Figura 4). Confirmación estadística de las comparaciones de entradas de puerto CS + entre la extinción y prueba, así como comparaciones de CS + y CS-entradas de puerto dentro de prueba, indica una renovación selectiva de la conducta de búsqueda de alcohol-pavloviano acondicionado inducida por el contexto alcohol asociado a prueba. <img alt="Figura 1" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig1highres.jpg" width="400" /> Figura 1 La escalada del consumo de etanol y la preferencia inducida por etanol acceso intermitente en la jaula. Media y# 177; SEM (A) el consumo de etanol (g / kg) y (B) de preferencia etanol a través de 12 sesiones de acceso etanol intermitente en la jaula hogar. Ambas medidas suelen aumentar a través de sesiones y luego se estabilizan. Consumo estable etanol promediado en las dos últimas sesiones de acceso etanol jaula oscilado 1,33-6,44 g / kg para las ratas individuales. Estos datos se obtuvieron utilizando ratas macho Long-Evans potable 15% (v / v) de etanol. <img alt="Figura 2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig2highres.jpg" width="400" /> . Figura 2 un esquema del procedimiento experimental El procedimiento consta de tres fases: entrenamiento en discriminación pavloviano (PDT), la extinción, y la prueba de la renovación inducida contexto-. Durante cada sesión de TFD, las ratas reciben 16 ensayos de un estímulo condicionado auditivo (CS +) que señala la entrega de etanol y 16 ensayos deun segundo estímulo auditivo (CS) que no está asociado con la entrega de etanol. Sesiones de TFD se llevan a cabo en Contexto A, compuesto por una configuración específica de visual, olfativa, y los estímulos táctiles. Durante sesiones de extinción, que se realizan en el Contexto B, integrado por un conjunto diferente de los estímulos visuales, olfativos, táctiles y, el CS + y CS se presentan, pero el etanol no serán revelados. Para el examen de renovación inducida contexto, las ratas se volvieron a Contexto A, y el CS + y CS se presentan sin etanol. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 3" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig3highres.jpg" width="400" /> Figura 3. Adquisición y extinción de discriminados-pavlovianas respuesta condicionada para el etanol. Media ± SEM entradas de puerto normalizado made durante el CS + y CS a través de PDT (sesiones de 1 - 18) en el Contexto A y extinción (sesiones 19 - 26) en el Contexto B. Estos datos se obtuvieron utilizando ratas Long-Evans machos, se entrenó con 10% (v / v) etanol como el estímulo incondicionado (EI) que fue presentada en asociación con el + CS durante la TFD. * P &lt;0,05, CS + CS frente. Figura publicado originalmente en Chaudhri, Sahuque, y Janak (2008). Usado con permiso de Elsevier. <img alt="Figura 4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> Figura 4. renovación de ± SEM entradas-pavlovianas respuesta condicionada para el etanol. Media normalizada portuarias realizadas durante el CS + y CS en sesiones de TFD en Contexto A, sesiones de extinción en Contexto B, y la prueba de la renovación en el Contexto A. Los datos son inducidos Context- promedio durante las dos últimas sesiones de TFD y extinción; la prueba de la renovación es una sola sesión. Estoslos datos se obtuvieron usando ratas macho Long-Evans, formados con 10% (v / v) de etanol como el estímulo no condicionado (US), que fue presentada en asociación con el CS + durante la TFD. * P &lt;0,05; ** P &lt;0,001, CS + CS frente. #p &lt;0,05, CS + TFD frente al CS + extinción. ^ P &lt;0,05, CS + extinción frente a test CS +. Figura publicado originalmente en Chaudhri, Sahuque, y Janak (2008). Usado con permiso de Elsevier.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats at JoVE.com

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Un procedimiento para el estudio de la capacidad de un contexto ambiental de alcohol asociado a desencadenar la renovación de la conducta de búsqueda de alcohol en ratas se describe.

Un procedimiento para observar inducida Contexto-Renovación-pavloviano acondicionado Alcohol comportamiento de búsqueda en ratas

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.7K vistas.  Concordia University.  Un procedimiento para el estudio de la capacidad de un contexto ambiental de alcohol asociado a desencadenar la renovación de la conducta de búsqueda de alcohol en ratas se describe. 

Video: A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

Un procedimiento para estudiar el efecto de la prolongada restricción de alimentos en heroína Buscando en ratas abstinentes

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

Un nuevo procedimiento para la evaluación de las propiedades reforzantes de estimulantes del gusto en las ratas de laboratorio: operante intraoral autoadministración

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied.
To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.

Dietary fat content influences both energy intake and body fat composition in mammals. By examining rats&#8217; preference for high fat food in a series of choice experiments, it is possible to test genetic differences and pharmacological interventions on their preference for high fat food.

Preferencia grasa: Un Modelo de Novela de la conducta alimentaria en ratas

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

La Junta Agujero Modificado - Medición de Comportamiento, Cognición e interacción social en ratones y ratas

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the attribution of incentive salience, or the transformation of neutral stimuli into attractive, &#34;wanted&#39; stimuli capable of motivating behavior. Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) develops after the response-independent presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., a lever) that predicts the delivery of an unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a food pellet) and can be used to measure incentive salience. During training, three patterns of conditioned responses (CRs) can develop: sign-tracking behavior (CS-directed CR), goal-tracking behavior (US-directed CR), and an intermediate response (both CRs). Sign-trackers attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and are more vulnerable to cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking as well as other addiction-related behaviors, making PCA a potentially valuable procedure for studying addiction vulnerability. Here, we describe materials and methods used to elicit PCA behavior from rats as well as analyze and interpret PCA behavior in individual experiments.

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

Pavloviano Formación Enfoque acondicionado en ratas

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

La prueba de roedores psicomotor Vigilancia (rPVT): Un método para evaluar el rendimiento neuroconductual en ratas y ratones

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

Detección de déficits conductuales en ratas después de la lesión cerebral traumática

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

Un nuevo método para la inducción de un depresión-como comportamiento en ratas

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

Pruebas para responder metacognitivas usando un olor basado en diferido partido-a-Sample Test en ratas

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

The present protocol describes a novel conflict task as a model of inhibitory control in rats. In this model, a natural rewarding stimulus (sexual stimulus) that represents a high-value reward, and the aversive stimuli (pins), are concurrently presented. The male rats have to climb or jump over the obstacle full of pins to approach and investigate the sexual partner. If the animal persists in their approaching behavior regardless of the aversive stimuli, it is considered as a maladaptive or risky reward-seeking behavior. The conflict task permits the evaluation of deficit in inhibitory control resulting from exposure to abused drug, such as morphine, or a stressful event. 
The main advantage of this model is that it provides a simple and quick way to discover the deficit in inhibitory control after exposure to opiate drugs or other stressful events. In addition to opiates, this behavioral model would also be useful for quickly discovering the inhibitory control deficits induced by other addictive drugs. However, the limitation is that the male rats' performance may be subject to exercising effects with repeated testing under this conflict task. In the future, one can hope that the individuals with the compulsive phenotype of reward-seeking behavior after exposure to opiates will be identified based on modifying this conflict model.

This conflict model is used to measure the impairment of inhibitory control after exposure to addictive drugs, or other factors that may influence inhibitory control. A sexual stimulus and an aversive obstacle are concurrently presented, thus male rats have to conquer the obstacle to approach the sexual reward.