Name: real-time imaging of axonal transport of quantum dot-labeled bdnf in primary neurons
Uploaded: 2014-09-15T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Imaging of Axonal Transport of Quantum Dot-labeled BDNF in Primary Neurons at JoVE.com

Nos gustaría dar las gracias a Yue (Pauline) Hu, Rachel Sinit por su asistencia técnica. El estudio está apoyado por el NIH subvención (PN2 EY016525) y por la financiación de Síndrome de Down y la Fundación de Investigación de Tratamiento y la Fundación Larry L. Hillblom.

Los procedimientos quirúrgicos y animales se llevan a cabo estrictamente de acuerdo con la Guía del NIH para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio. Todos los experimentos que implican el uso de animales son aprobados por UCSD Institucional Cuidado de Animales y el empleo Comisión. 1. plásmido de clonación, expresión y purificación de biotina-Mono BDNF (mBtBDNF) NOTA: Construir pre-proBDNFavi y cDNA BirA en el vector pcDNA3.1 y coexpresan en células HEK293FT 10. Purificar mBtBDNF utilizando perlas de Ni-NTA según el método publicado previamente de la producción de factor de crecimiento nervioso monobiotinylated madura y biológicamente activa (mBtNGF) 10. 2 Preparación de microfluidos Cámaras Dispositivo de cultivo de neuronas de microfluidos hace que sea posible para aislar de manera fluida los axones de los cuerpos celulares de las neuronas. Montar cámaras con cubreobjetos recubiertos recién justo antes de cada disección. Cámaras de microfluidos utilizadosen este protocolo se compran en el mercado (ver materiales y la mesa del equipo). Lavado a mano y reutilizados cámaras adquiridos comercialmente hasta 5-6 veces. <ol><li> Lavar a mano cámaras de microfluidos en 1% Alconox. Enjuague tres veces con agua Milli-Q durante 30 min cada uno. Cámaras de lavado a mano de nuevo en etanol al 70%. </li><li> Coloque cámaras a secar en Parafilm en la campana de flujo laminar. Irradiar y esterilizar ambos lados de las cámaras durante 20 min bajo UV. Tienda esterilizado en un recipiente estéril cámaras 15 cm plato de sellado con Parafilm a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Coloque 24 x 40 mm N º 1 cubreobjetos de vidrio en un recipiente de vidrio. Remojar los cubreobjetos en ácido clorhídrico al 35% durante la noche en un rotador. Al día siguiente, enjuagar los cubreobjetos tres veces durante 30 minutos cada uno con agua. </li><li> Esterilizar los cubreobjetos uno a uno por inmersión cada cubreobjetos en etanol al 100% y en llamas sobre un mechero Bunsen. Guarde cubreobjetos secos en una placa de Petri estéril y mantenerlo a temperatura ambiente hasta recubrimiento. </li><li> Coloque out los cubreobjetos en una placa de cultivo de 15 cm. Escudo cada cubreobjetos con 0,7 ml de 0,01% de poli-L-lisina (PLL) y se incuba en la campana a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Después de 1 hora, enjuague los cubreobjetos tres veces con agua estéril. Cubreobjetos secos con vacío y el lugar cada cubreobjetos en una placa de cultivo de 6 cm. </li><li> Para montar la cámara de microfluidos, coloque la cámara con el lado microsurco en la parte inferior en el cubreobjetos recubiertos PLL con precaución de no tocar los microsurcos. Presionado suavemente la cámara con una punta de pipeta para asegurar la cámara se cerró herméticamente. </li></ol> 3. Disección de cultivos neuronales y Placa en Cámaras <ol><li> Coloque dos hipocampos E17-E18 de rata (un cerebro) disecados en un tubo cónico de 15 ml que contiene 2 ml de tampón de disección (HBSS, sin calcio, magnesio no, con 1% penicilina / estreptomicina y HEPES 10 mM. Enjuagar los tejidos 3 veces con 5 ml disección tampón cada vez. eliminar el tampón de disección tanto como sea posible y añadir 900 l de di frescatampón ssection. </li><li> Para digerir el tejido, se añaden 100 l de 10x tripsina (2,5%) en el tampón de disección para hacer concentración de trabajo 1x. Coloque el tubo cónico en un baño a 37 ° C. Después de 10 min de la digestión, añadir 100 l de 10 mg / ml de DNasa I a una concentración final de alrededor de 1 mg / ml. </li><li> Utilizando una pipeta Pasteur de vidrio pulida al fuego, se tritura suavemente los tejidos pipeteando arriba y abajo 5-10x. Justo después de la trituración, se extingue la tripsina con 2 ml chapado medio (Neurobasal con 10% de FBS, 2 mM de GlutaMax, 2% B27). </li><li> Deja la muestra en la campana durante 5 minutos para permitir que todos los residuos de los tejidos para establecerse en la parte inferior. Retire cuidadosamente 2 ml de sobrenadante en un tubo limpio y estéril 15 ml cónico y centrifugar a 200 xg durante 5 min para sedimentar las células. Resuspender el precipitado en 50 l chapado medios </li><li> Contar las células con un hemocitómetro. Load 15-20 l de suspensión de células (~ 40.000 células) en un compartimiento de la cámara de microfluidos. Coloque la cámaraen la incubadora durante 10 minutos para permitir que las células se unan a la cubreobjetos. Después de 10 minutos, agregue los medios más chapado a llenar los dos compartimentos de la cámara. </li><li> En el segundo día de la disección, reemplazar completamente los medios de comunicación de placas con medio de mantenimiento (Neurobasal con 2 mM de GlutaMax, 2% B27) tanto en el cuerpo de la célula y el compartimento del axón. Los axones de las neuronas del hipocampo empiezan a cruzar los microsurcos en el día 3 y alcanzar el compartimiento axón entre los días 5-7. Durante este período de tiempo, reemplace la mitad de los medios de cultivo con medio de mantenimiento fresco cada 24 ~ 48 hr. </li></ol> 4. Axonal Transporte de QD-BDNF <ol><li> Antes de imagen en directo de QD-BDNF transporte axonal, agotar BDNF tanto desde el cuerpo celular y el axón compartimentos de la cámara de microfluidos por enjuague a fondo ambos compartimentos con BDNF-libres, suero libre de los medios de comunicación Neurobasal cada 30 min durante 2 horas. </li><li> Durante el agotamiento de BDNF, preparar los conjugados QD-BDNF. Mezclar 50 nM de mono-biotina BDDímero NF con 50 nM conjugados de estreptavidina-QD655 en medios Neurobasal e incubar en hielo durante 60 min. </li><li> Retire el medio en el compartimiento de axón y añadir 300 l QD-BDNF con una concentración final de 0,25 nM durante 4 horas a 37 ° C. Para minimizar el difusora de QD-BDNF en el compartimento de cuerpo celular, es muy importante mantener siempre un nivel más alto de los medios en el compartimiento de cuerpo de la célula que en el compartimiento de axón. Lavar sin unir QD-BDNF después de la incubación antes de imágenes en directo. </li><li> Llevar a cabo formación de imágenes en vivo de transporte QD-BDNF usando un microscopio invertido equipado con un aceite lente objetivo 100X. Calentar el alcance y la cámara ambiental que se le atribuye a una temperatura constante (37 ° C) y CO 2 (5%). Utilice un conjunto de cubos de Texas excitación rojo / emisión de visualizar la señal QD655. </li><li> Adquirir y capturar imágenes con lapso de tiempo dentro de los axones media a la velocidad de 1 fotograma / seg para un total de 2 min usando una cámara CCD. Use microsurcos sin axones that no tienen QD y por lo tanto no hay señal como un control para la infiltración. </li><li> Analizar transporte BDNF usando cualquier software de análisis de imagen o NIH ImageJ. </li></ol>

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No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

En este estudio, se presenta el desarrollo de una nueva técnica para producir biológicamente activa, monobiotinylated BDNF (mBtBDNF) que se puede utilizar para rastrear el transporte axonal de BDNF. Por la conjugación de la proteína a la estreptavidina punto cuántico, y el uso de una cámara de microfluidos, el método permite una para detectar el transporte axonal de BDNF en las neuronas primarias con sensibilidad única molécula, en tiempo real y con las resoluciones espaciales y temporales. Las herramientas uti...

Las neuronas son células altamente cuyos procesos de largo ya menudo muy elaborado, son fundamentales para el establecimiento y mantenimiento de la estructura y función de los circuitos neuronales polarizados. El axón juega un papel vital en el que transporten cargas desde y hacia las sinapsis. Las proteínas y orgánulos sintetizados en el soma celular necesitan ser transportados a través de los axones para llegar a la terminal presináptica para apoyar la función neuronal. Correspondientemente, señales recibidas en los axones distales necesitan ser transducidas y se transportan a la soma. Estos procesos son esenciales para la supervivencia neuronal, diferenciación y mantenimiento. En que el transporte axonal en algunas neuronas debe llevarse a cabo a través de distancias más de 1000 veces el diámetro del cuerpo celular, la posibilidad se prevé fácilmente que incluso pequeños déficits podrían afectar notablemente la función neuronal y el circuito. Brain-factor neurotrófico derivado (BDNF), un miembro de la familia de las neurotrofinas de factores de crecimiento, está presente en maregiones del cerebro ny, incluyendo el hipocampo, corteza cerebral, y el cerebro anterior basal. BDNF juega un papel crucial en la formación de la cognición y la memoria mediante el apoyo a la supervivencia, diferenciación y función de las neuronas que participan en circuitos cognitivos. BDNF se une a su receptor, el TrkB tirosina quinasa, en el axón terminal donde activa vías de señalización mediada por TrkB, incluyendo la proteína quinasa activada por mitógeno / regulada por señal extracelular de la proteína quinasa (MAPK / ERK), fosfatidilinositol-3-quinasa (PI3K) y la fosfolipasa C-gamma (PLCγ). Las proteínas que participan en estas vías de señalización están empaquetados en estructuras vesiculares endocítica para formar el BDNF / TrkB señalización endosoma 1-6 que luego son retrógradamente transportado al soma neuronal. La cámara de cultivo de microfluidos es una plataforma muy útil para estudiar la biología axonal en condiciones normales, así como en el ajuste de la lesión y la enfermedad 7,8. Por axones de aislamientoa partir de los cuerpos celulares, el dispositivo ha permitido uno para estudiar el transporte específicamente en los axones 8-10. Las plataformas de microfluidos PDMS base con 450 micras barreras microsurco utilizados en este estudio fueron adquiridos comercialmente (ver Tabla de Materiales). Para examinar el transporte BDNF, hemos desarrollado una nueva tecnología para producir BDNF monobiotinylated (mBtBDNF). Aprovechamos el péptido aceptor de biotina, AP (también conocido como AviTag). Es una secuencia de 15 aminoácidos que contiene un residuo de lisina que puede ligarse específicamente a una biotina por la enzima ligasa de biotina coli Escherichia, BirA. Hemos fusionado el AviTag a la C-terminal de la pre-ratón proBDNF ADNc mediante PCR (Figura 1A). La construcción se clonó en el vector de expresión de mamífero, pcDNA3.1-myc su vector. También clonado el ADN bacteriana BirA en el pcDNA3.1-myc su vector. Los dos plásmidos se co-transfectaron transitoriamente en células HEK293FT para expresar ambas proteínas. BirA catalizó la ligadura de Bioten concreto a la lisina residen dentro del AviTag en el C-terminal de BDNF en una proporción de 1: 1 para producir monómero monobiotinylated BDNF. Biotinilado, BDNF maduro con una masa molecular de ~ 18 kDa fue recuperado y purificado a partir de los medios de comunicación utilizando resina de Ni-(Figura 1C). La biotinilación de BDNF era completa, como se juzga por la incapacidad de detectar sin modificar BDNF por inmunotransferencia (Figura 1D). Puntos cuánticos conjugados con estreptavidina, QD 655, se utilizan para etiquetar mBtBDNF hacer QD-BDNF. La presencia de la AviTag no interfiera con la actividad del BDNF como la mBtBDNF fue capaz de activar TrkB fosforilado (Figura 1E) y estimular el crecimiento de neuritas (Figura 1F) en la medida de BDNF humano recombinante (rhBDNF). Inmunotinción demostró que QD-BDNF colocalized con TrkB en los axones del hipocampo, lo que indica que QD-BDNF es bioactivo (Figura 1G). Para estudiar el transporte BDNF, QD-BDNF fue añadido al compartimento de axón distalculturas de microfluidos que contienen rata E18 neuronas del hipocampo (Figura 2A). QD-BDNF transporte retrógrado dentro de los axones fue capturado por el tiempo real de imágenes en vivo de la etiqueta fluorescente de color rojo (con soporte para vídeos S1, S2). Mediante el análisis de la quimógrafo generado, QD-BDNF se observó para ser transportado retrógradamente a una velocidad de movimiento de alrededor de 1,06 m / seg (Figura 3A). GFP o marcado con mCherry BDNF se han utilizado para seguir el movimiento axonal de BDNF. Los principales inconvenientes son que no son lo suficientemente brillantes para los estudios de una sola molécula. Además, la presencia de tanto anterógrada y retrógrada movimientos de BDNF hace que sea difícil evaluar si o no el BDNF retrógradamente transportado estaba en un complejo neurotrofina / receptor. En este video, nos demuestran las técnicas que se utilizan para examinar el tráfico directo de QD-BDNF en las cámaras de microfluidos que utilizan las neuronas primarias. El ultrabrightness y excelente fotoestabilidad de los puntos cuánticos MAKes posible realizar el seguimiento a largo plazo del transporte BDNF. Estas técnicas pueden ser explotados para mejorar estudios de la función axonal en AD, HD, y otros trastornos neurodegenerativos.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Platinum pfx DNA polymerase&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11708021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EcoRI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fermentas</td><td>FD0274</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BamHI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fermentas</td><td>FD0054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEK293FT cells</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>R70007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM-high glucose media</td><td>Mediatech</td><td>10-013-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-biotin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>B4639</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TurboFect&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fermentas</td><td>R0531</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMSF&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P7626</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aprotinin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A6279</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ni-NTA resins</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>30250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease inhibitors cocktail</td><td>Sigma</td><td>&amp;nbsp;S8820</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver staining kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>G-Biosciences</td><td>786-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human recombinant BDNF</td><td>Genentech</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microfluidic chambers</td><td>Xona</td><td>SND450</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 x 40 mm No. 1 glass coverslips&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VWR</td><td>48393-060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-Lysine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cultrex</td><td>3438-100-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HBSS</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14185-052</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNase I</td><td>Roche</td><td>10104159001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15090-046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurobasal&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Gibco</td><td>21103-049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FBS&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>16000-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GlutaMax&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>35050-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17504-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QD655-streptavidin conjugates</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Q10121MP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Avi tag antibody</td><td>GenScript</td><td>A00674</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>streptavidin-agarose beads&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technology</td><td>&amp;nbsp;SA100-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trichloroacetic acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T6399</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HRP-streptavidin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>N100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-pTrkB antibody</td><td>a generous gift from Dr M. Chao of NYU</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-TrkB antibody</td><td>BD Science</td><td>610101</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

real-time imaging of axonal transport of quantum dot-labeled bdnf in primary neurons

BDNF juega un papel importante en varias facetas de la supervivencia neuronal, la diferenciación, y la función. Déficits estructurales y funcionales en los axones se consideran cada vez más como una característica temprana de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, incluyendo la enfermedad de Alzheimer (AD) y la enfermedad de Huntington (HD). Hasta el momento no está claro es el mecanismo (s) por el cual se induce lesión axonal. Se presenta el desarrollo de una nueva técnica para producir biológicamente activo, monobiotinylated BDNF (mBtBDNF) que se puede utilizar para rastrear el transporte axonal de BDNF. BDNF marcado con puntos cuánticos (QD-BDNF) fue producido por la conjugación de punto cuántico 655 a mBtBDNF. Un dispositivo de microfluidos se utilizó para aislar los axones de los cuerpos celulares de las neuronas. La adición de QD-BDNF al compartimiento axonal permite imágenes en vivo de transporte BDNF en los axones. Hemos demostrado que QD-BDNF movido esencialmente exclusivamente retrógradamente, con muy pocas pausas, a una velocidad de movimiento de alrededor de 1,06 m / seg. Este sistema se puede utilizar para investigar memecanis- de la función axonal alterada en la EA o HD, así como otros trastornos degenerativos.

Producción y purificación de biológicamente activos BDNF Mono-biotina El vector de expresión de BDNF fusionado con una secuencia de AviTag (GGGLNDIFEAQKIEWHE) fue creado de acuerdo con un protocolo previamente publicado 10. La masa molecular de la proteína de fusión de longitud completa se predijo a ser ~ 32 kDa ( <a href="http://ca.expasy.org/tools/pi_tool.html" target="_blank">http://ca.expasy.org/tools/pi_tool.html</a> ) fue producido Monobiotinylated BDNF maduro con una ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Imaging of Axonal Transport of Quantum Dot-labeled BDNF in Primary Neurons at JoVE.com

Real-time Imaging of Axonal Transport of Quantum Dot-labeled BDNF in Primary Neurons

El transporte axonal de BDNF, un factor neurotrófico, es crítico para la supervivencia y la función de varias poblaciones neuronales. Algunos trastornos degenerativos están marcadas por disrupción de la estructura y la función axonal. Hemos demostrado las técnicas utilizadas para examinar el tráfico directo de QD-BDNF en las cámaras de microfluidos que utilizan las neuronas primarias.

Imágenes en tiempo real de Axonal Transporte de Quantum Dot-etiquetado BDNF en las neuronas primarias

BDNF plays an important role in several facets of neuronal survival, differentiation, and function. Structural and functional deficits in axons are ...

real-time-imaging-axonal-transport-quantum-dot-labeled-bdnf-primary

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.1K vistas.  University of California, San Diego.  El transporte axonal de BDNF, un factor neurotrófico, es crítico para la supervivencia y la función de varias poblaciones neuronales. Algunos trastornos degenerativos están marcadas por disrupción de la estructura y la función axonal. Hemos demostrado las técnicas utilizadas para examinar el tráfico directo de QD-BDNF en las cámaras de microfluidos que utilizan las neuronas primarias. 

Video: Real-time Imaging of Axonal Transport of Quantum Dot-labeled BDNF in Primary Neurons

Live Imaging of Dense-core Vesicles in Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Observing and characterizing dynamic cellular processes can yield important information about cellular activity that cannot be gained from static images.  Vital fluorescent probes, particularly green fluorescent protein (GFP) have revolutionized cell biology stemming from the ability to label specific intracellular compartments and cellular structures. For example, the live imaging of GFP (and its spectral variants) chimeras have allowed for a dynamic 
analysis of the cytoskeleton, organelle transport, and membrane dynamics in a multitude of organisms and cell types [1-3].  Although live imaging has become prevalent, this approach still poses many technical challenges, particularly in primary cultured neurons.  One challenge is the expression of GFP-tagged proteins in post-mitotic neurons; the other is the ability to capture fluorescent images while minimizing phototoxicity, photobleaching, 
and maintaining general cell health.  Here we provide a protocol that describes a lipid-based transfection method that yields a relatively low transfection rate (~0.5%), however is ideal for the imaging of fully polarized neurons.  A low transfection rate is essential so that single axons and dendrites can be characterized as to their orientation to the cell body to confirm directionality of transport, i.e., anterograde v. retrograde.  Our approach to imaging 
GFP expressing neurons relies on a standard wide-field fluorescent microscope outfitted with a CCD camera, image capture software, and a heated imaging chamber. We have imaged a wide variety of organelles or structures, for example, dense-core vesicles, mitochondria, growth cones, and actin without any special optics or excitation requirements other than a fluorescent light source. Additionally, spectrally-distinct, fluorescently 
labeled proteins, e.g., GFP and dsRed-tagged proteins, can be visualized near simultaneously to characterize co-transport or other coordinated cellular events.  The imaging approach described here is flexible for a variety of imaging applications and can be adopted by a laboratory for relatively little cost provided a microscope is available.

Live cell imaging is of particular utility when studying the dynamics of organelle trafficking. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of dense-core vesicles in cultured neurons using wide-field fluorescence microscopy. This protocol is flexible and can be adapted to image other organelles such as mitochondria, endosomes, and peroxisomes.

Imágenes en vivo del denso núcleo de vesículas en la Primaria neuronas del hipocampo cultivadas

Observing and characterizing dynamic cellular processes can yield important information about cellular activity that cannot be gained from static images.  ...

Investigación

Biología

Time-lapse Live Imaging and Quantification of Fast Dendritic Branch Dynamics in Developing Drosophila Neurons

Highly motile dendritic filopodia are widely present in neurons at early developmental stages. These exploratory dynamic branches sample the surrounding environment and initiate contacts with potential synaptic partners. Although the connection between dendritic branch dynamics and synaptogenesis is well established, how developmental and activity-dependent processes regulate dendritic branch dynamics is not well understood. This is partly due to the technical difficulties associated with the live imaging and quantitative analyses of these fine structures using an in vivo system. We established a method to study dendrite dynamics using Drosophila larval ventral lateral neurons (LNvs), which can be individually labeled using genetic approaches and are accessible for live imaging. Taking advantage of this system, we developed protocols to capture branch dynamics of the whole dendritic arbor of a single labeled LNv through time-lapse live imaging. We then performed post-processing to improve image quality through drift correction and deconvolution, followed by analyzing branch dynamics at the single-branch level by annotating spatial positions of all branch terminals. Lastly, we developed R scripts (Supplementary File) and specific parameters to quantify branch dynamics using the coordinate information generated by the terminal tracing. Collectively, this protocol allows us to achieve a detailed quantitative description of branch dynamics of the neuronal dendritic arbor with high temporal and spatial resolution. The methods we developed are generally applicable to sparsely labeled neurons in both in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Time-lapse Live Imaging and Quantification of Fast Dendritic Branch Dynamics in Developing Drosophila Neurons

Here, we describe the method we employed to image highly motile dendritic filopodia in a live preparation of the Drosophila larval brain, and the protocol we developed to quantify time-lapse 3D imaging datasets for quantitative assessments of dendrite dynamics in developing neurons.

Imágenes en vivo de lapso de tiempo y cuantificación de la dinámica de ramas dendríticas rápidas en el desarrollo de neuronas drosophila

Highly motile dendritic filopodia are widely present in neurons at early developmental stages. These exploratory dynamic branches sample the surrounding ...

Neurociencias

3D Particle Tracking for Noninvasive In Vivo Analysis of Synaptic Microtubule Dynamics in Dendrites and Neuromuscular Junctions of Drosophila

Microtubules (MTs) play critical roles in neuronal development, but many questions remain about the molecular mechanisms of their regulation and function. Furthermore, despite progress in understanding postsynaptic MTs, much less is known about the contributions of presynaptic MTs to neuronal morphogenesis. In particular, studies of in vivo MT dynamics in Drosophila sensory dendrites yielded significant insights into polymer-level behavior. However, the technical and analytical challenges associated with live imaging of the fly neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have limited comparable studies of presynaptic MT dynamics. Moreover, while there are many highly effective software strategies for automated analysis of MT dynamics in vitro and ex vivo, in vivo data often necessitate significant operator input or entirely manual analysis due to inherently inferior signal-to-noise ratio in images and complex cellular morphology. &#160;To address this, this study optimized a new software platform for automated and unbiased in vivo particle detection. Multiparametric analysis of live time-lapse confocal images of EB1-GFP labeled MTs was performed in both dendrites and the NMJ of Drosophila larvae and found striking differences in MT behaviors. MT dynamics were furthermore analyzed following knockdown of the MT-associated protein (MAP) dTACC, a key regulator of Drosophila synapse development, and identified statistically significant changes in MT dynamics compared to wild type. These results demonstrate that this novel strategy for the automated multiparametric analysis of both pre- and postsynaptic MT dynamics at the polymer-level significantly reduces human-in-the-loop criteria. The study furthermore shows the utility of this method in detecting distinct MT behaviors upon dTACC-knockdown, indicating a possible future application for functional screens of factors that regulate MT dynamics in vivo. Future applications of this method may also focus on elucidating cell type and/or compartment-specific MT behaviors, and multicolor correlative imaging of EB1-GFP with other cellular and subcellular markers of interest.&#160;

This study presents a noninvasive intravital neuronal imaging strategy combined with a new software strategy to achieve automated, unbiased tracking and analysis of in vivo microtubule (MT) plus-end dynamics in the sensory dendrites and the neuromuscular junctions of Drosophila.

Microtubules (MTs) play critical roles in neuronal development, but many questions remain about the molecular mechanisms of their regulation and function. ...

An Improved Protocol to Purify and Directly Mono-Biotinylate Recombinant BDNF in a Tube for Cellular Trafficking Studies in Neurons

Recombinant BDNF containing an Avi sequence (BDNFAvi) is produced in HEK293 cells and then cost-effectively purified by affinity chromatography. A reproducible protocol was developed to directly&#160;mono-biotinylate BDNFAvi with the enzyme BirA in a tube. In this reaction, mono-biotinylated BDNFAvi retains its biological activity.
Neurotrophins are target-derived growth factors playing a role in neuronal development and maintenance. They require rapid transport mechanisms along the endocytic pathway to allow long-distance signaling between different neuronal compartments. The development of molecular tools to study the trafficking of neurotrophins has enabled the precise tracking of these proteins in the cell using in vivo recording. In this protocol, we developed an optimized and cost-effective procedure for the production of mono-biotinylated BDNF. A recombinant BDNF variant containing a biotinylable avi sequence (BDNFAvi) is produced in HEK293 cells in the microgram range and then purified in an easily scalable procedure using affinity chromatography. The purified BDNF can then be homogeneously mono-biotinylated by a direct in vitro reaction with the enzyme BirA in a tube. The biological activity of the mono-biotinylated BDNF (mbtBDNF) can be conjugated to streptavidin-conjugated to different fluorophores. BDNFAvi and mbtBDNF retain their biological activity demonstrated through the detection of downstream phosphorylated targets using western blot and activation of the transcription factor CREB, respectively. Using streptavidin-quantum dots, we were able to visualize mbtBDNF internalization concomitant with activation of CREB, which was detected with a phospho-CREB specific antibody. In addition, mbtBDNF conjugated to streptavidin-quantum dots was suitable for retrograde transport analysis in cortical neurons grown in microfluidic chambers. Thus, in tube produced mbtBDNF is a reliable tool to study physiological signaling endosome dynamics and trafficking in neurons.

Recombinant BDNF containing an Avi sequence (BDNFAvi) is produced in HEK293 cells in a cost-effective manner and is purified by affinity chromatography. BDNFavi is then directly mono-biotinylated with the enzyme BirA in a tube. BDNFavi and mono-biotinylated BDNFavi retain their biological activity when compared to commercially available BDNF.

Un protocolo mejorado para purificar y directamente monobiocalinato recombinante BDNF en un tubo para estudios de tráfico celular en neuronas

Recombinant BDNF containing an Avi sequence (BDNFAvi) is produced in HEK293 cells and then cost-effectively purified by affinity chromatography. A ...

Imaging and Analysis of Neurofilament Transport in Excised Mouse Tibial Nerve

Neurofilament protein polymers move along axons in the slow component of axonal transport at average speeds of ~0.35-3.5 mm/day. Until recently the study of this movement in situ was only possible using radioisotopic pulse-labeling, which permits analysis of axonal transport in whole nerves with a temporal resolution of days and a spatial resolution of millimeters. To study neurofilament transport in situ with higher temporal and spatial resolution, we developed a hThy1-paGFP-NFM transgenic mouse that expresses neurofilament protein M tagged with photoactivatable GFP in neurons. Here we describe fluorescence photoactivation pulse-escape and pulse-spread methods to analyze neurofilament transport in single myelinated axons of tibial nerves from these mice ex vivo. Isolated nerve segments are maintained on the microscope stage by perfusion with oxygenated saline and imaged by spinning disk confocal fluorescence microscopy. Violet light is used to activate the fluorescence in a short axonal window. The fluorescence in the activated and flanking regions is analyzed over time, permitting the study of neurofilament transport with temporal and spatial resolution on the order of minutes&#160;and microns, respectively. Mathematical modeling can be used to extract kinetic parameters of neurofilament transport including the velocity, directional bias and pausing behavior from the resulting data. The pulse-escape and pulse-spread methods can also be adapted to visualize neurofilament transport in other nerves. With the development of additional transgenic mice, these methods could also be used to image and analyze the axonal transport of other cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins in axons.

We describe fluorescence photoactivation methods to analyze the axonal transport of neurofilaments in single myelinated axons of peripheral nerves from transgenic mice that express a photoactivatable neurofilament protein.

Imágenes y análisis del transporte de neurofilamento en el nervio tibial de ratón extirpado

Neurofilament protein polymers move along axons in the slow component of axonal transport at average speeds of ~0.35-3.5 mm/day. Until recently the study ...

Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Arborization using Sparse Adeno-Associated Virus Labeling of Genetically Targeted Retinal Cell Populations

Discovering mechanisms that pattern dendritic arbors requires methods to visualize, image, and analyze dendrites during development. The mouse retina is a powerful model system for the investigation of cell type-specific mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis and connectivity. The organization and composition of retinal subtypes are well-defined, and genetic tools are available to access specific types during development. Many retinal cell types also constrain their dendrites and/or axons to narrow layers, which facilitates time-lapse imaging. Mouse retina explant cultures are well suited for live-cell imaging using confocal or multiphoton microscopy, but methods optimized for imaging dendrite dynamics with temporal and structural resolution are lacking. Presented here is a method to sparsely label and image the development of specific retinal populations marked by the Cre-Lox system. Commercially available adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) used here expressed membrane-targeted fluorescent proteins in a Cre-dependent manner. Intraocular delivery of AAVs in neonatal mice produces fluorescent labeling of targeted cell types by 4-5 days post-injection (dpi). The membrane fluorescent signals are detectable by confocal imaging and resolve fine branch structures and dynamics. High-quality videos spanning 2-4 h are acquired from imaging retinal flat-mounts perfused with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). Also provided is an image postprocessing pipeline for deconvolution and three-dimensional (3D) drift correction. This protocol can be used to capture several cellular behaviors in the intact retina and to identify novel factors controlling neurite morphogenesis. Many developmental strategies learned in the retina will be relevant for understanding the formation of neural circuits elsewhere in the central nervous system.

Here, we present a method for investigating neurite morphogenesis in postnatal mouse retinal explants by time-lapse confocal microscopy. We describe an approach for sparse labeling and acquisition of retinal cell types and their fine processes using recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors that express membrane-targeted fluorescent proteins in a Cre-dependent manner.

Imágenes de lapso de tiempo de arborización neuronal utilizando el etiquetado de virus adenoasociados dispersos de poblaciones de células retinianas genéticamente dirigidas

Discovering mechanisms that pattern dendritic arbors requires methods to visualize, image, and analyze dendrites during development. The mouse retina is a ...

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Axonal transport maintains neuronal homeostasis by enabling the bidirectional trafficking of diverse organelles and cargoes. Disruptions in axonal transport have devastating consequences for individual neurons and their networks, and contribute to a plethora of neurological disorders. As many of these conditions involve both cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms, and often display a spectrum of pathology across neuronal subtypes, methods to accurately identify and analyze neuronal subsets are imperative.
This paper details protocols to assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria in sciatic nerves of anesthetized mice. Stepwise instructions are provided to 1) distinguish motor from sensory neurons in vivo, in situ, and ex vivo by using mice that selectively express fluorescent proteins within cholinergic motor neurons; and 2) separately or concurrently assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria. These complementary intravital approaches facilitate the simultaneous imaging of different cargoes in distinct peripheral nerve axons to quantitatively monitor axonal transport in health and disease.

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Using transgenic fluorescent mice, detailed protocols are described to assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria within motor and sensory axons of the intact sciatic nerve in live animals.

Ampliación del kit de herramientas para imágenes in vivo del transporte axonal

Axonal transport maintains neuronal homeostasis by enabling the bidirectional trafficking of diverse organelles and cargoes. Disruptions in axonal ...

Measuring Axonal Cargo Transport in Mouse Primary Cortical Cultured Neurons

Neuronal cells are highly polarized cells that stereotypically harbor several dendrites and an axon. The length of an axon necessitates efficient bidirectional transport by motor proteins. Various reports have suggested that defects in axonal transport are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Also, the mechanism of the coordination of multiple motor proteins has been an attractive topic. Since the axon has uni-directional microtubules, it is easier to determine which motor proteins are involved in the movement. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the transport of axonal cargo is crucial for uncovering the molecular mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases and the regulation of motor proteins. Here, we introduce the entire process of axonal transport analysis, including the culturing of mouse primary cortical neurons, transfection of plasmids encoding cargo proteins, and directional and velocity analyses without the effect of pauses. Furthermore, the open-access software "KYMOMAKER" is introduced, which enables the generation of a kymograph to highlight transport traces according to their direction and allow easier visualization of axonal transport.

The present protocol describes the whole procedure of analysis for axonal transport. In particular, the calculation of transport velocity, not including the pausing, and the visualization method using open-access software "KYMOMAKER" are shown here.

Neuronal cells are highly polarized cells that stereotypically harbor several dendrites and an axon. The length of an axon necessitates efficient ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Visualización de proteínas en neuronas primarias del hipocampo mediante imágenes de células vivas

Using Live&#45;Cell Imaging to Measure the Effects of Pathological Proteins on Axonal Transport in Primary Hippocampal Neurons

Bidirectional transport of cargos along the axon is critical for maintaining functional synapses, neural connectivity, and healthy neurons. Axonal transport is disrupted in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, and projection neurons are particularly vulnerable because of the need to transport cellular materials over long distances and sustain substantial axonal mass. Pathological modifications of several disease-related proteins negatively affect transport, including tau, amyloid-&#946;, &#945;-synuclein, superoxide dismutase, and huntingtin, providing a potential common mechanism by which pathological proteins exert toxicity in disease. Methods to study these toxic mechanisms are necessary to understand neurodegenerative disorders and identify potential therapeutic interventions.
Here, cultured primary rodent hippocampal neurons are co-transfected with multiple plasmids to study the effects of pathological proteins on fast axonal transport using live-cell confocal imaging of fluorescently-tagged cargo proteins. We begin with the harvest, dissociation, and culturing of primary hippocampal neurons from rodents. Then, we co-transfect the neurons with plasmid DNA constructs to express fluorescent-tagged cargo protein and wild-type or mutant tau (used as an exemplar of pathological proteins). Axons are identified in live cells using an antibody that binds an extracellular&#160;domain of neurofascin, an axon initial segment protein, and an axonal region of interest is imaged to measure fluorescent cargo transport.
Using KymoAnalyzer, a freely available ImageJ macro, we extensively characterize the velocity, pause frequency, and directional cargo density of axonal transport, all of which may be affected by the presence of pathological proteins. Through this method, we identify a phenotype of increased cargo pause frequency associated with the expression of pathological tau protein. Additionally, gene-silencing shRNA constructs can be added to the transfection mix to test the role of other proteins in mediating transport disruption. This protocol is easily adaptable for use with other neurodegenerative disease-related proteins and is a reproducible method to study the mechanisms of how those proteins disrupt axonal transport.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor destacado: Comprender el impacto de las proteínas patológicas en el transporte axonal en enfermedades neurodegenerativas

Here, we demonstrate how to combine transfection of primary hippocampal rodent neurons with live-cell confocal imaging to analyze pathological protein-induced effects on axonal transport and identify mechanistic pathways mediating these effects.

Imágenes en tiempo real de Axonal Transporte de Quantum Dot-etiquetado BDNF en las neuronas primarias

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