Name: testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice
Uploaded: 2015-05-05T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 41 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice at JoVE.com

This work is supported by a Baylor University Research Council grant and by a research grant from the Epilepsy Foundation.

Los ratones machos adultos utilizados en el experimento siguiente se generaron y se alojaron en la Universidad de Baylor en una temperatura ambiente de 22 ° C, con una luz de 14 horas y 10 horas oscuridad (20:00-6:00 hr) ciclo diurno. Los ratones tuvieron acceso ad libitum a comida y agua. Todos los procedimientos a los ratones estaban en el cumplimiento de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio y el protocolo de animales fue aprobado por la Universidad de Baylor Cuidado de Animales y el empleo Comisión. Los ratones se pusieron a prueba en el final de la mañana / tarde. Para todos los procedimientos a continuación el investigador debe usar guantes para eliminar olores y evitar la contaminación. 1. Preparación de olores no sociales <ol><li> Preparar los olores no sociales frescas cada día de la prueba. Nota: El investigador debe utilizar guantes para preparar los olores. <ol><li> Rellene 3 tubos de centrífuga con 10 ml de agua cada uno. </li><li> Pipetear 100 l de extracto de plátano en un 15 ml &amp; #160; tubo cónico y 100 l de extracto de almendra en un segundo tubo cónico de 15 ml para una dilución 1: 100. Nota: El tercer tubo 15 ml sólo contendrá agua. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparación de los olores Sociales <ol><li> Preparar olores sociales frescas en las pruebas de la mañana va a producir. Obtener olores sociales a partir de dos jaulas que no han sido limpiados por lo menos durante tres días, y contener un número igual de ratones. Obtener olores sociales de los ratones del mismo sexo que el sujeto de la prueba. Nota: Estos son para ser almacenado a temperatura ambiente y se deben utilizar dentro de 4-6 horas para mantener el olor fuerte y consistente. <ol><li> Determinar cuántos se va a crear el olor sociales hisopos de algodón necesitan: cada ratón está probando se presentará con tres hisopos de olor sociales 1, y tres de olor sociales 2. </li><li> Preparar olores sociales frotando un hisopo de algodón en forma de zigzag a través de la parte inferior de una jaula sucia. Agitar el exceso de ropa de cama de aferrarse a la punta. </li><li> Hisopos de las tiendas en grandes frascos de vidrio con tapa o en vasos cubiertos con parafilm. Designar un contenedor para el olor sociales 1 y un segundo para el olor sociales 2. </li></ol></li><li> Mantener las jaulas de origen olor fuera de la sala de pruebas experimentales. </li></ol> 3. Aclimatación del ratón de prueba <ol><li> Póngase los guantes y pesar el ratón para ser probado y colocar individualmente en una jaula limpia con una tapa de alambre en la parte superior y la botella de agua eliminada. </li><li> Deje que el ratón para aclimatarse a la nueva jaula durante 45 minutos en una habitación aparte de la sala de pruebas. Asegúrese de que no hay olores extraños o ruidos en la habitación. </li><li> Como prueba dura aproximadamente 45 minutos, escalonar los tiempos de aclimatación al poner el ratón junto a ensayar en una jaula limpia para aclimatarse a la derecha antes de probar el ratón actual. </li></ol> 4. Preparación de la sala de pruebas <ol><li> Coloque los hisopos de algodón fresco, cinta de laboratorio, las botellas que contienen hisopos de olores sociales, los tubos de nin sociales olores, una micropipeta, dos temporizadores, y una botella de residuos con una tapa en la sala de pruebas. </li><li> Asegúrese de que la sala de pruebas está razonablemente libre de olores, ruidos fuertes, y de luz brillante. No use colonias o lociones perfumadas. Nota: El observador no debe ser la goma de mascar o caramelos durante el período de pruebas y debe tratar de limitar su exposición a fuertes alimentos de olor. </li></ol> 5. Procedimiento de prueba <ol><li> Traiga el ratón ambientada en su jaula en la sala de pruebas y colocar la jaula en el mostrador a una altura que sea cómoda para su visualización mientras está sentado. </li><li> Presentar cada olor 3 veces seguidas durante 2 minutos cada vez. Utilice el orden de presentación que se pueden encontrar en la Tabla 1. <ol><li> Pipeta 50 l de odorizante en el olor a ensayar a la punta del hisopo de algodón y re-cap la fuente de olor. Levante la parte superior de la jaula de alambre e inserte el extremo sin perfume, de madera de la torunda en la abertura de la botella de agua, empujandog la longitud a través de la parte inferior del cable a la parte superior. Evite tocar la punta de algodón para cualquier cosa, incluyendo los dedos, de modo que se evite la contaminación de olores. </li><li> Continuar para dibujar el hisopo a través de la abertura de la botella de agua hasta aproximadamente 1 pulgada del extremo de algodón cuelga hacia abajo en la jaula. Colocar el extremo de madera de la torunda hacia un lado de la jaula usando cinta de laboratorio. Nota: Tenga cuidado de no dejar caer la tapa de nuevo en la jaula, provocando un fuerte ruido que perturbe el ratón prueba. </li><li> Inmediatamente comenzará la sincronización durante 2 min. Use un temporizador para medir el tiempo de la presentación de 2 minutos. Registre el tiempo acumulado pasado oler el olor durante el juicio 2 min. Cuente comportamiento inhalación del animal utilizando un cronómetro separado. Sniffing activo se define cuando la nariz del animal se orienta hacia la punta de algodón con su nariz ~ 2 cm o más cerca de la punta. </li><li> Tras la finalización de cada ensayo, levantar la tapa de alambre y retire el hisopo de algodón tirando de él hacia abajo a través de la ONUlado inferior de la tapa (esto evita la contaminación de olores mediante la prevención de la punta de algodón de tocar el cable). Sellar el hisopo utilizado en botella de residuos de 500 ml. </li><li> Preparar e insertar la siguiente hisopo y comenzar la sincronización. Deje aproximadamente 1 minuto entre cada intervalo entre ensayos. Continúe hasta que cada aroma se ha presentado tres veces seguidas, durante 2 minutos cada vez. </li></ol></li><li> Una vez que el ratón se ha completado todos los ensayos, vaciar la botella de residuos que contienen los hisopos de algodón usados ​​en un bote de basura fuera de la sala de ensayo. Devuelva el ratón a su jaula. </li></ol> 6. Análisis <ol><li> Analizar los datos para cada grupo por condición olor usando ANOVA de dos vías seguido de Newman-Keuls o una prueba post hoc similar para determinar la habituación significativa (menos tiempo olfateando sucesivas mismos olores), y dishabitutation (más tiempo olfateando un nuevo olor). </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Los resultados proporcionados en este documento son óptimas para los ratones. Los ratones muestran una fuerte respuesta a un nuevo olor, a continuación, se habitúan rápidamente. Uno de los pasos clave en este método es la preparación de los olores. El investigador tiene que tener mucho cuidado para aislar los olores entre sí para evitar la contaminación. Otro aspecto clave es la presentación de la esponja de algodón. El investigador tiene que solucionar la mejor ubicación de la punta de algodón por lo que el...

Los ratones son dependientes de olfato para navegar nuevos entornos, la búsqueda de alimentos, para el reconocimiento de otras personas, y el comportamiento sexual 1-3. Es esencial que los investigadores determinar si o no los animales experimentales tienen un sentido del olfato funcionamiento antes de la administración de las pruebas de comportamiento que implican la comida, la interacción social, o cualquier olor destinadas a provocar una respuesta desde el ratón. La anosmia o la incapacidad para distinguir entre diferentes olores, podría dar lugar a falsos positivos o negativos en una amplia variedad de paradigmas de comportamiento, por lo que la capacidad de un ratón para detectar y distinguir los olores se deben establecer antes de realizar otros tipos de pruebas de comportamiento. La prueba de habituación / deshabituación olfativa fue descrita por primera vez en la década de 1980 4. La prueba ha sido adaptado para su uso en los ratones por los Dres. Mu Yang y Jacqueline Crawley 5. Esta es una prueba sencilla y de bajo costo que permite al investigador thisblecer que un ratón puede detectar y diferenciar entre los olores. Además de probar el olfato, esta prueba permite al investigador para observar el comportamiento general del ratón y debe hacerse temprano en un régimen de pruebas. Observaciones cualitativas respecto a la locomoción del ratón, los signos de ansiedad, nivel de actividad, y la respuesta a los olores sociales frente a los olores de los alimentos puede ser señal de nuevas áreas en las que la prueba podría llevarse a cabo. En esta prueba, hisopos de algodón humedecido en varios olores se presentan a un ratón de tres veces seguidas. Con cada presentación repetida de un olor, el ratón se habitúan a la esponja de algodón, gastando menos tiempo a investigar con cada presentación posterior. Cuando se presenta un nuevo olor, deshabituación ocurre, y un ratón típico pasar más tiempo investigando el hisopo, lo que indica que puede discriminar entre los olores actuales y los anteriores 5. Esta prueba se administra a un ratón en un momento e incluye un acc 45 minperiodo limation seguido por 45 min de la prueba. Aunque esta prueba es fácil de llevar a cabo que se puede utilizar para investigar cuestiones sofisticadas sobre el sistema olfativo del ratón. Otras pruebas populares del olfato, como la prueba de alimentos enterrados, simplemente establecer la presencia o ausencia de la anosmia. Sin embargo, la prueba de discriminación y la habituación olfativa permite al investigador determinar que un ratón no sólo tiene la capacidad de detectar olores pero puede discriminar entre diferentes olores. El patrón de habituación y deshabituación se ha utilizado para establecer que los nuevos mutantes pueden discriminar entre los olores 6,7. En un estudio sorprendente, Fadool y sus colegas utilizaron mezclas complejas de olores para mostrar que los ratones con deleción del gen de orientación del canal Kv1.3 son &quot;súper smellers&quot; que pueden discriminar olores muy similares mejor que los ratones normales 8. Al examinar un nuevo modelo de ratón knockout es útil establish la presencia de un comportamiento normal para tareas sensoriales básicos. Cuando se hace temprano en un régimen de pruebas, la discriminación de olores y prueba de habituación da un investigador la oportunidad de observar cualquier comportamiento inusual. Estas observaciones podrían evitar resultados positivos o falsos negativos en las pruebas posteriores que son atribuibles a la confusión características del mutante. Como investigadores continúan investigando el comportamiento social la necesidad de verificar la función olfativa básico será cada vez más importante. Además de examinar el olfato en líneas mutantes, esta prueba se puede utilizar para abordar cuestiones específicas, como si un tratamiento farmacológico aumenta específicamente la respuesta de un animal a los estímulos de olor sociales o si aumenta su respuesta a todos los estímulos de olor.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mouse cage</td><td>Allentown</td><td>Standard mouse cage</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wire lid</td><td>Allentown</td><td>BCU Mouse WBL 2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bedding</td><td>Harlan</td><td>7090 Sani-Chips</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton swabs</td><td>VWR</td><td>89031-270</td><td>6&amp;rdquo; wooden handle</td></tr><tr><td>Banana extract</td><td>McCormick</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Almond extract</td><td>McCormick</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laboratory tape</td><td>VWR</td><td>89098-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stop watch</td><td>VWR</td><td>62374-000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile gloves</td><td>VWR</td><td>82026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Timing device</td><td>VWR</td><td>61161-350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>89003-294</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 L beakers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>1003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Parafilm</td><td>PM-992</td><td>4&amp;rdquo; x 250&amp;rsquo;</td></tr><tr><td>1 L bottle with cap</td><td>VWR</td><td>89000-240</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

Siguiendo el protocolo descrito, los resultados se registraron utilizando diez adultos (día postnatal 90-120) macho C57BL / 6J y ocho macho cepa FVB mixta de fondo (día postnatal 50-70). La prueba se llevó a cabo por un solo investigador a través de múltiples días. Cada punto en los gráficos representa el tiempo medio dedicado a investigar un olor. Cuando el hisopo de algodón humedecido en agua se introdujo por primera vez, los ratones pasan una gran cantidad de tiempo investigando e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice at JoVE.com

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

Las pruebas para detectar olor Discriminación y habituación en ratones

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

testing-for-odor-discrimination-and-habituation-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

17.6K vistas.  Baylor University. This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor. 

Video: Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

El Grupo atencional Set Shifting: una medida de la flexibilidad cognitiva en ratones

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

Simple y asistida por ordenador de pruebas olfativas para Ratones

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

Una operante intra / extra-dimensional Conjunto de cambio de tareas para ratones

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible circuitry. In addition, this area's unique ability to generate new neurons throughout an organism's lifetime makes it an attractive system for developmental and regenerative biologists alike. Such interest necessitates a means for a quick, yet reliable assessment of olfactory function. Many tests of olfactory ability are complex, variable or not specifically designed for mice. Also, some tests are sensitive to memory deficits as well as defects in olfactory abilities, confounding obtained results.
Here, we describe a simple battery of tests designed to identify defects in olfactory sensitivity and preference. First, an initial general health assessment allows for the identification of animals suitable for further testing. Second, mice are exposed to various dilutions of scents to ascertain whether there is a threshold difference. Third, mice are presented with various scents, both attractive and aversive, that allow for the assessment of olfactory preference. These simple studies should make the initial characterization of olfactory behavior accessible for labs of varied resources and expertise.

Fundamental, yet unique properties of the rodent olfactory system have led to its increasing study among biologists. A relatively simple assessment of its function is then also needed. Here we describe sensitive tests for the characterization of mouse olfactory sensitivity and preference.

Pruebas del comportamiento olfativo en el ratón adulto

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible ...

Biología

A Low-Cost, Odor-Reward Association Task for Tests of Learning and Memory

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory. In this paper, an effective and low-cost mouse behavioral protocol is described for examining the effects of physiological manipulation (such as the infusion of pharmacological agents) on the learning rate and duration of odor-reward memory. Representative results are provided from a study examining the differential role of tyrosine kinase receptor activity in short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Male mice were conditioned to associate a reward (sugar pellet) with one of the two odors, and their memory for the association was tested 2 or 48 h later. Immediately prior to the training, a tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptor inhibitor or vehicle infusions were delivered into the olfactory bulb (OB). Although there was no effect of the infusion on the learning rate, blockade of the Trk receptors in the OB selectively impaired LTM (48 h), and not short-term memory (STM; 2 h). The LTM impairment was attributed to the diminished odor selectivity as measured by the length of the digging time. The culmination of the results of this experiment showed that Trk receptor activation in the OB is the key in olfactory memory consolidation.

An odor-reward, associative learning task was used to investigate the differential effects of physiological manipulation on long-term and short-term memory.

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of ...

Evaluación del deterioro olfativo en ratones debido a la inhalación de contaminantes ambientales

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental pollutants exposure may impair olfaction; thereby, there is an urgent need for methods to evaluate the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfaction. Mice are ideal models for olfactory experiments because of their highly developed olfactory system and behavioral characteristics. To assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice, a detailed buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment is provided, including the experiment preparation, the selection and construction of experimental facilities, the testing process, and indexes of time. Meanwhile, timekeeping equipment, operational details, and the experimental environment are discussed to ensure the success of the assay. Zinc sulfate is used as the treatment to demonstrate the feasibility of the experimental approach. The protocol provides a simple and clear operational process for assessing the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants on olfactory function in mice.

Autor destacado: Evaluación de los efectos olfativos de los contaminantes en el aire: alimentos enterrados y pruebas de olor social

This paper provides a detailed description of the buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment to assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice.

Estudio de los efectos de los contaminantes ambientales inhalados sobre la función olfativa en ratones

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental ...

Medio ambiente

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

Evaluación del sesgo de juicio del ratón a través de una tarea de excavación olfativa

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process and may be a useful behavioral marker for early detection. Earlier detection in neurodegenerative disease is a major goal in the field because this is when neuroprotective therapies have the best potential to be effective. Therefore, in preclinical studies testing novel neuroprotective strategies in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease, olfactory assessment could be highly useful in determining therapeutic potential of compounds and translation to the clinic. In the present study we describe a battery of olfactory assays that are useful in measuring olfactory function in mice. The tests presented in this study were chosen because they measure olfaction abilities in mice related to food odors, social odors, and non-social odors. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of Parkinson&#8217;s disease as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Impairment in olfactory function is a common feature in many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. In the present article, we describe a set of tests for assessing olfaction discrimination and detection in mice that can be used to measure olfactory abilities in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Los ensayos olfativos para modelos de ratón de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

Las pruebas para detectar olor Discriminación y habituación en ratones

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