Name: streamlined single cell tcr isolation and generation of retroviral vectors for in vitro and in vivo expression of human tcrs
Uploaded: 2017-09-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs at JoVE.com

This study was funded by JDRF 1-FAC-2014-243-A-N, ADA 7-14-JF-07, NIH 5 P30 DK079638-05 PILOT PJ, and The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation.
We thank Sandra Pena and Andrene McDonald for patient recruitment, Samuel Blum for technical assistance, Dr. George Makedonas for the gift of antibodies and control DNA used for PCR optimization.

1. Identify the T cell population of interest.
NOTE: Antigen specific proliferation in combination with cell division dye (like Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester, CFSE) can be used to isolate T cells based on their proliferation in response to antigenic stimulation. If starting from PBMCs, a 7-day in vitro expansion should be sufficient to identify an antigen specific CFSE low population12.
<ol>
	<li>Mix PBMCs 1:1 with MHC-matched feeder cells, and label ...

<ol>
	<li>Germain, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-cell+development+and+the+CD4-CD8+lineage+decision.">T-cell development and the CD4-CD8 lineage decision.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 2 (5), 309-322 (2002).</li><li>Singer, A., Adoro, S., Park, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lineage+fate+and+intense+debate:+myths,+models+and+mechanisms+of+CD4-+versus+CD8-lineage+choice.">Lineage fate and intense debate: myths, models and mechanisms of CD4- versus CD8-lineage choice.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 8 (10), 788-801 (2008).</li><li>Tubo, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+naive+CD4++T+cells+from+a+diverse+repertoire+produce+different+effector+cell+types+during+infection.">Single naive CD4+ T cells from a diverse repertoire produce different effector cell types during infection.</a> Cell. 153 (4), 785-796 (2013).</li><li>Sprouse, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+identification+and+expression+of+human+TCRs+in+retrogenic+mice.">Rapid identification and expression of human TCRs in retrogenic mice.</a> J Immunol Methods. , (2016).</li><li>Lennon, G. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+islet+accumulation+in+type+1+diabetes+is+a+tightly+regulated,+cell-autonomous+event.">T cell islet accumulation in type 1 diabetes is a tightly regulated, cell-autonomous event.</a> Immunity. 31 (4), 643-653 (2009).</li><li>Dash, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paired+analysis+of+TCRalpha+and+TCRbeta+chains+at+the+single-cell+level+in+mice.">Paired analysis of TCRalpha and TCRbeta chains at the single-cell level in mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 121 (1), 288-295 (2011).</li><li>Kobayashi, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+cloning+and+expression+system+yields+and+validates+TCRs+from+blood+lymphocytes+of+patients+with+cancer+within+10+days.">A new cloning and expression system yields and validates TCRs from blood lymphocytes of patients with cancer within 10 days.</a> Nat Med. 19 (11), 1542-1546 (2013).</li><li>Szymczak, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correction+of+multi-gene+deficiency+in+vivo+using+a+single+'self-cleaving'+2A+peptide-based+retroviral+vector.">Correction of multi-gene deficiency in vivo using a single 'self-cleaving' 2A peptide-based retroviral vector.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 22 (5), 589-594 (2004).</li><li>Szymczak, A. L., Vignali, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+2A+peptide-based+strategies+in+the+design+of+multicistronic+vectors.">Development of 2A peptide-based strategies in the design of multicistronic vectors.</a> Expert Opin Biol Ther. 5 (5), 627-638 (2005).</li><li>Bettini, M. L., Bettini, M., Vignali, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-cell+receptor+retrogenic+mice:+a+rapid,+flexible+alternative+to+T-cell+receptor+transgenic+mice.">T-cell receptor retrogenic mice: a rapid, flexible alternative to T-cell receptor transgenic mice.</a> Immunology. 136 (3), 265-272 (2012).</li><li>Holst, J., Vignali, K. M., Burton, A. R., Vignali, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+analysis+of+T-cell+selection+in+vivo+using+T+cell-receptor+retrogenic+mice.">Rapid analysis of T-cell selection in vivo using T cell-receptor retrogenic mice.</a> Nat Methods. 3 (3), 191-197 (2006).</li><li>Mannering, S. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive+method+for+detecting+proliferation+of+rare+autoantigen-specific+human+T+cells.">A sensitive method for detecting proliferation of rare autoantigen-specific human T cells.</a> J Immunol Methods. 283 (1-2), 173-183 (2003).</li><li>James, E. A., LaFond, R., Durinovic-Bello, I., Kwok, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+antigen+specific+CD4++T+cells+using+MHC+class+II+tetramers.">Visualizing antigen specific CD4+ T cells using MHC class II tetramers.</a> J Vis Exp. (25), (2009).</li><li>Corthay, A., Nandakumar, K. S., Holmdahl, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+percentage+of+peripheral+T+cells+with+two+different+T+cell+receptor+alpha-chains+and+of+their+potential+role+in+autoimmunity.">Evaluation of the percentage of peripheral T cells with two different T cell receptor alpha-chains and of their potential role in autoimmunity.</a> J Autoimmun. 16 (4), 423-429 (2001).</li><li>Lee, T., Shevchenko, I., Sprouse, M. L., Bettini, M., Bettini, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retroviral+Transduction+of+Bone+Marrow+Progenitor+Cells+to+Generate+T-cell+Receptor+Retrogenic+Mice.">Retroviral Transduction of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells to Generate T-cell Receptor Retrogenic Mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (113), (2016).</li><li>Bettini, M. L., Bettini, M., Nakayama, M., Guy, C. S., Vignali, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+T+cell+receptor-retrogenic+mice:+improved+retroviral-mediated+stem+cell+gene+transfer.">Generation of T cell receptor-retrogenic mice: improved retroviral-mediated stem cell gene transfer.</a> Nat Protoc. 8 (10), 1837-1840 (2013).</li><li>Cohen, C. J., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Z., Rosenberg, S. A., Morgan, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+antitumor+activity+of+murine-human+hybrid+T-cell+receptor+(TCR)+in+human+lymphocytes+is+associated+with+improved+pairing+and+TCR/CD3+stability.">Enhanced antitumor activity of murine-human hybrid T-cell receptor (TCR) in human lymphocytes is associated with improved pairing and TCR/CD3 stability.</a> Cancer Res. 66 (17), 8878-8886 (2006).</li></ol>

In the current protocol, we describe an efficient method for single cell TCR amplification and subsequent sub-cloning of paired TCR alpha and beta chains into a template retroviral expression vector. Although, several single cell PCR protocols have been developed, none so far have been compatible with immediate sub-cloning into an expression vector. In most cases, a partial sequence encompassing the highly variable CDR3 regions is amplified, with enough sequence to extrapolate the variable region. This smaller PCR produc...

The T cell receptor (TCR) dictates T cell fate decision during development, steady state/homeostasis, and antigenic stimulation in periphery1,2,3. Recent expansion of deep sequencing technologies has uncovered a previously underappreciated TCR diversity within antigen specific T cell responses. TCR diversity suggests a potential for functionally broad T cell responses. In order to integrate the TCR sequence repertoire analysis with TCR functional assays, the sequencing approaches should be designed to be compatible with experimental systems and in vivo models utilized for subsequent functional analysis of select TCRs. We have developed an efficient approach for human TCR sequence isolation and streamlined sub-cloning into a chimeric human/mouse TCR template vector compatible with TCR expression in HLA-humanized mice4. Isolation of corresponding alpha and beta chains of heterodimeric TCRs requires PCR amplification of both chains from a single cell. Although, several single-cell TCR cloning protocols have been developed and utilized, none so far have been easily compatible with high-throughput streamlined direct cloning of unknown V&#945;/V&#946; TCRs into retroviral vectors necessary for re-expression in vivo4,5,6,7. Previous studies have utilized two major approaches, either to selectively amplify a limited portion of the TCR sufficient to extrapolate the sequence, or to amplify the entire TCR sequence4,5,6,7. Downstream functional analysis of TCR sequences obtained via the first approach requires costly in silico assembly and de novo construction of the TCR. While the second approach provides the complete TCR sequence, the human constant region is not compatible with in vivo expression of the cloned TCRs in mouse models. Our approach is specifically designed to be compatible with in vivo functional analysis of TCRs in mouse models. We developed an efficient and streamlined single cell PCR protocol that allows for direct sub-cloning of PCR fragments into the template expression vector.
Our approach utilizes a highly sensitive multiplex-nested PCR reaction that is performed in two steps. In the first multiplex reaction step a pool of 40 primers specific for all the V-beta chains and a pool of 44 primers specific for all the V-alpha chains are used to amplify the TCR-alpha or TCR-beta without the prior knowledge of the sequence (Table 1). The forward primer has an adaptor sequence, which is incorporated into the 5&#39; of the PCR product. The reverse primer is based on the constant region of the TCR. We have identified unique restriction sites that are absent from human variable or junction TCR regions, and incorporated these into newly redesigned TCR&#945; and TCR&#946; primers (Figure 1). In the second nested reaction, a primer specific for the adaptor sequence and a nested reverse primer within the constant region are used to further amplify the TCR chains with increased specificity (Table 1, Figure 1). After single cell isolation, two rounds of PCR (first reaction with a pool of both V&#945; and V&#946; primers, and second with adaptor primers) result in a PCR product that can be directly sub-cloned into the template retroviral vector. The final TCR construct will encode, in a single open reading frame (ORF), human variable regions combined with mouse constant regions connected by the &#39;self-cleaving&#39; protein sequence, P2A (hV&#945;-mC&#945;-P2A-hV&#946;-mC&#946;)8. The P2A sequence has been used in multiple systems, and has been extensively tested specifically for the expression of TCRs8,9,10,11. Although, after translation most of the P2A sequence remains attached to the C-terminus of the alpha chain connected by a flexible linker, while the beta chain signal sequence has an additional proline, this modification has no detrimental effect on TCR function. The mouse constant region is used in the construct instead of human to avoid potential altered interactions with downstream signaling components when re-expressed in mouse cells. The single ORF will result in stoichiometric separate expression of alpha and beta chains9,11. The current protocol is based on reagents and approaches that are widely available, and is designed to be performed in a streamlined and efficient fashion. Although we have specifically used this technique to assay TCRs from self-reactive T cells implicated in autoimmune diabetes, we anticipate that this protocol can be widely applicable for identification and functional assessment of human TCRs specific for autoimmune epitopes, cancer epitopes, or responses to pathogens and vaccines.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="815">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">CFSE&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">eBioscience&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">65-0850-84</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">5 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-human CD4 (OKT4) BV421</td>
			<td>Biolegend&#160;</td>
			<td>317433</td>
			<td>2 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-human CD3 (OKT3) PerCP/Cy5.5</td>
			<td>Biolegend&#160;</td>
			<td>317336</td>
			<td>2 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-mouse CD3 AF647</td>
			<td>Biolegend&#160;</td>
			<td>100322</td>
			<td>2.5 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Recombinant RNAse inhibitor biotech grd 2.5KU&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97068-158</td>
			<td>0.7 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Applied Biosystems High capaity cDNA RT kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Invirtogen&#160;</td>
			<td>4368814</td>
			<td>9 U (RT enzyme)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NF-H2O: Nuclease-free water 1000mL</td>
			<td>Invirtogen&#160;</td>
			<td>AM9932</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gotaq DNA polymerase 2500U</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>PAM3008</td>
			<td>1 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">96 Well Half Skirt PCR Plate</td>
			<td>Phenix</td>
			<td>MPX-96M2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MicroAmp Clear Adhesive Film&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher&#160;</td>
			<td>4306311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UltraPure Agarose&#160;</td>
			<td>Invirtogen&#160;</td>
			<td>15510-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SnaBI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>R0130</td>
			<td>15 U (insert) 30 U (vector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SacII</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>R0157</td>
			<td>40 U (insert) 80 U (vector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MfeI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>R3589S</td>
			<td>40 U (insert) 80 U (vector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BstBI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>R0519</td>
			<td>40 U (insert) 80 U (vector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Calf Intestinal Phosphatase (CIP)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>M0290S</td>
			<td>10 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Quick ligase&#160;</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs&#160;</td>
			<td>M2200S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wizard Plus minipreps DNA purification systems&#160;</td>
			<td>Promega&#160;</td>
			<td>A1460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wizard Plus midipreps DNA purification systems&#160;</td>
			<td>Promega&#160;</td>
			<td>A7640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA clean &#38; concentrator-25 kit</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>11-304C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ZR-96 DNA clean &#38; concentrator-5 kit</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>11-306A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAquick gel extraction kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAquick PCR purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Subcloning Efficiency DH5a Competent Cells&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher&#160;</td>
			<td>18265017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transit LT-1 Reagent 1mL (transfection reagent)</td>
			<td>Mirus&#160;</td>
			<td>MIR2300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD FACS Aria II (sorter)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD Fortessa (flow cytometer)</td>
			<td>BD&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

streamlined single cell tcr isolation and generation of retroviral vectors for in vitro and in vivo expression of human tcrs

Although, several methods for sequencing of paired T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains from single T cells have been developed, none so far have been conducive to downstream in vivo functional analysis of TCR heterodimers. We have developed an improved protocol based on a two-step multiplex-nested PCR, which results in a PCR product that spans entire variable regions of a human TCR alpha and beta chains. By identifying unique restriction sites and incorporating them into the PCR primers, we have made the PCR product compatible with direct sub-cloning into the template retroviral vector. The resulting retroviral construct encodes a chimeric human/mouse TCR with a mouse intracellular domain, which is functional in mouse cells or in in vivo mouse models. Overall, the protocol described here combines human single cell paired TCR alpha and beta chain identification with streamlined generation of retroviral vectors readily adaptable for in vitro and in vivo TCR expression. The video and the accompanying material are designed to give a highly detailed description of the single cell PCR, so that the critical steps can be followed and potential pitfalls avoided. Additionally, we provide a detailed description of the cloning steps necessary to generate the expression vector. Once mastered, the whole procedure from single cell sorting to TCR expression could be performed in a short two-week period.

The efficiency of the multiplex-nested PCR reaction is checked in step 3.2.7 (Figure 2) by running out 5&#181;L of the second reaction on an agarose gel. On average the efficiency of TCR-beta amplification is expected to be around 80%, while the efficiency of the TCR-alpha reaction is usually lower, at around 50%4. Only paired TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains can be used for TCR expression; however, all PCR products could be sequenced to ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs at JoVE.com

Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs

The current protocol combines single cell paired human TCR alpha and beta chain sequencing with streamlined generation of retroviral vectors compatible with in vitro and in vivo TCR expression.

Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs

Although, several methods for sequencing of paired T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains from single T cells have been developed, none so far have ...

This method can help answer key questions in the immunology field, such as the TCR alpha and beta repertoire of an antigen's specific population, as well as the in vivo functionality of human TCRs. The main advantages of this technique are the relatively high efficiency of the PCR reaction as well as its compatibility with subsequent TCR cloning. This protocol uses a two-step PCR to amplify the TCR alpha and beta chains from a single cell without prior knowledge of the TCR sequence.The first PCR is a multiplex reaction using a pool of alpha or beta variable region-specific primers in conjunction with a primer specific for the constant region. The second PCR is a nested reaction that primes off of the adapter sequence incorporated at the five prime end of the PCR product as well as an internal constant region sequence. These primers also incorporate unique restriction sites into the five prime and three prime ends of the PCR product to facilitate subsequent cloning.Once cloned into the template vector, the encoded TCR sequence is chimeric, consisting of human variable regions with mirroring constant regions. The chimeric TCR construct allows for interaction between the TCR and the mirroring CD3 signaling complex, making this TCR cloning protocol compatible with subsequent functional studies in mirroring cell lines and in humanized mouse models. Set up for the single cell sorting by preparing the reverse transcription reagents in a clean, template-free area.Generally individuals new to the single-cell PCR method will struggle because of the low levels of template. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the multiplex nested PCR is sensitive to low levels of template contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the areas in which you will be setting up the PCR reactions.A mixture of three reverse primers specific for the constant region of the alpha and beta chains are used in this reaction. Prepare the reverse transcription master-mix by combining reagents in a pipetting reservoir. To account for pipetting error, make enough reaction mixture for ten extra wells.Use a multichannel to pipette six microliters per well into a 96-well PCR plate. Cover the plate loosely with a seal and keep the plate on ice. Prepare T cells for single cell sort by staining the cells with antibodies to cell surface markers.Sort T cells at once cell per well while leaving the twelve row empty, which will serve as a negative control. Seal the plate with adhesive film and spin down at 1000g for five minutes at four degrees Celsius. Immediately run the reverse transcription reaction.If possible, run the first PCR reaction the same day. To run the multiplex reaction, separately mix the V alpha and V beta PCR master mixes in pipetting reservoirs. Keep the plate with cDNA on ice or on a cold block.Transfer 22.5 microliters of TCR beta reaction into a new 96-well piece PCR plate. Then use a multichannel to transfer 2.5 microliters of cDNA into the PCR plate. Use a multichannel to pipette 22.5 microliters of TCR alpha reaction directly into the plate containing the remainder of the cDNA.Seal the plates with adhesive, gently vortex, and briefly spin down. Run the first PCR reaction. Plates can be stored at 20 degrees Celsius.The next day, prepare the second nested PCR reactions. Using a multichannel, pipette the master mixes for the TCR alpha and TCR beta reactions at 22.5 microliters per well into two new 96-well PCR plates. Add the multiplex PCR reaction template at 2.5 microliters per well.Seal the plates, gently vortex, and briefly spin down. The remaining first PCR reaction should be sealed and stored at 20 degrees Celsius to serve as a source of backup template. Perform the second PCR reaction.After the second nested PCR reaction is complete, run out five microliters of the reaction on a 1%agarose gel. Include the positive and negative control wells. The expected band should run at around 500 base pairs in size.Purify the remainder of the second reaction, twenty microliters, using a 96-well format PCR purification kit and perform Sanger sequencing. The obtained TCR sequences can be analyzed using online available immunogenetic software. The sequence information can be used to assess the repertoire and clonality of the T-cell population.Paired TCR alpha and beta sequences can be used in further functional analysis. Perform consecutive ligations of TCR beta and TCR alpha into the template vector. The template TCR beta and TCR alpha are replaced with the PCR amplified chains.In the first ligation, the template TCR beta is replaced with the PCR amplified beta chain. After successful insertion of TCR beta has been verified by test-digest insequencing, replace the template TCR alpha with the PCR amplified alpha chain. HEK293T cells are used to test successful TCR chain pairing and cell surface expression.HEK293T cells are co-transfected with the TCR vector marked by the ametrine fluorescent reporter and a vector encoding the CD3 complex marked by GFP. Surface expression of the chimeric TCR is verified by flow cytometry by staining the cells with anti-mouse CD3 antibody. The level of surface CD3 expression in cells transfected with the chimeric TCR construct should be comparable to those transfected with the fully mirroring control template vector.In summary, we have described an efficient PCR-based protocol for the identification and cloning of paired TCR chains from single cells. We anticipate that this will be valuable tool to study human T-cell responses in autoimmunity, tumor surveillance, and pathogen elimination. The main advantage of the PCR protocol described here is its compatibility with subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies.

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piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Human skin has an important barrier function and contains various immune cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis and protection from pathogens. As the ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

Quantifying Human Monocyte Chemotaxis In Vitro and Murine Lymphocyte Trafficking In Vivo

Quantifying Human Monocyte Chemotaxis In Vitro and Murine Lymphocyte Trafficking In Vivo

Chemotaxis is migration along a specific chemical gradient1. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that promote cellular trafficking with anatomic and ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...