Name: purification of the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction
Uploaded: 2019-05-02T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction at JoVE.com

We thank Shigeo Okabe and Hitomi Matsuno for the low-density culture of hippocampal neurons, Masayoshi Mishina for TLCN-deficient mice, Sachiko Mitsui and Momoko Shiozaki for technical assistance, and members of the Yoshihara laboratory for helpful discussions. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Nos. JP20700307, JP22700354, and JP24500392 and MEXT KAKENHI Grant Nos. JP23123525 to YF and JP20022046, JP18H04683, and JP18H05146 to YY.

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of RIKEN Wako.
1. Culture of Hippocampal Neurons
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of culture medium
	<ol>
		<li>Preparation of 200x Vitamin mix. Dissolve 100 mg of D-pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt, 100 mg of choline chloride, 100 mg of folic acid, 180 mg of i-inositol, 100 mg of niacinamide, 100 mg of pyridoxal HCl, and 100 mg of thiamine HCl in 500 mL of ultrapure water using a magnetic...

<ol>
	<li>Fiala, J. C., Feinberg, M., Popov, V., Harris, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptogenesis+via+dendritic+filopodia+in+developing+hippocampal+area+CA1.">Synaptogenesis via dendritic filopodia in developing hippocampal area CA1.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (21), 8900-8911 (1998).</li><li>Portera-Cailliau, C., Pan, D. T., Yuste, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-regulated+dynamic+behavior+of+early+dendritic+protrusions:+evidence+for+different+types+of+dendritic+filopodia.">Activity-regulated dynamic behavior of early dendritic protrusions: evidence for different types of dendritic filopodia.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (18), 7129-7142 (2003).</li><li>Ziv, N. E., Smith, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+a+role+of+dendritic+filopodia+in+synaptogenesis+and+spine+formation.">Evidence for a role of dendritic filopodia in synaptogenesis and spine formation.</a> Neuron. 17 (1), 91-102 (1996).</li><li>Lohmann, C., Bonhoeffer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+local+calcium+signaling+in+rapid+synaptic+partner+selection+by+dendritic+filopodia.">A role for local calcium signaling in rapid synaptic partner selection by dendritic filopodia.</a> Neuron. 59 (2), 253-260 (2008).</li><li>Yoshihara, Y., De Roo, M., Muller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+spine+formation+and+stabilization.">Dendritic spine formation and stabilization.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 19 (2), 146-153 (2009).</li><li>Bayes, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+human+and+mouse+postsynaptic+proteomes+finds+high+compositional+conservation+and+abundance+differences+for+key+synaptic+proteins.">Comparative study of human and mouse postsynaptic proteomes finds high compositional conservation and abundance differences for key synaptic proteins.</a> PLoS One. 7 (10), e46683 (2012).</li><li>Bayes, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+proteome,+diseases+and+evolution+of+the+human+postsynaptic+density.">Characterization of the proteome, diseases and evolution of the human postsynaptic density.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 14 (1), 19-21 (2011).</li><li>Furutani, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+telencephalin+and+ERM+family+proteins+mediates+dendritic+filopodia+formation.">Interaction between telencephalin and ERM family proteins mediates dendritic filopodia formation.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (33), 8866-8876 (2007).</li><li>Mao, Y. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Filopodia+Conduct+Target+Selection+in+Cortical+Neurons+Using+Differences+in+Signal+Kinetics+of+a+Single+Kinase.">Filopodia Conduct Target Selection in Cortical Neurons Using Differences in Signal Kinetics of a Single Kinase.</a> Neuron. 98 (4), 767-782 (2018).</li><li>Matsuno, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telencephalin+slows+spine+maturation.">Telencephalin slows spine maturation.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (6), 1776-1786 (2006).</li><li>Raemaekers, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARF6-mediated+endosomal+transport+of+Telencephalin+affects+dendritic+filopodia-to-spine+maturation.">ARF6-mediated endosomal transport of Telencephalin affects dendritic filopodia-to-spine maturation.</a> The EMBO Journal. 31 (15), 3252-3269 (2012).</li><li>Mori, K., Fujita, S. C., Watanabe, Y., Obata, K., Hayaishi, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telencephalon-specific+antigen+identified+by+monoclonal+antibody.">Telencephalon-specific antigen identified by monoclonal antibody.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (11), 3921-3925 (1987).</li><li>Yoshihara, Y., Mori, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telencephalin:+a+neuronal+area+code+molecule?.">Telencephalin: a neuronal area code molecule?.</a> Neuroscience Research. 21 (2), 119-124 (1994).</li><li>Annaert, W. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+with+telencephalin+and+the+amyloid+precursor+protein+predicts+a+ring+structure+for+presenilins.">Interaction with telencephalin and the amyloid precursor protein predicts a ring structure for presenilins.</a> Neuron. 32 (4), 579-589 (2001).</li><li>Furutani, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vitronectin+induces+phosphorylation+of+ezrin/radixin/moesin+actin-binding+proteins+through+binding+to+its+novel+neuronal+receptor+telencephalin.">Vitronectin induces phosphorylation of ezrin/radixin/moesin actin-binding proteins through binding to its novel neuronal receptor telencephalin.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (46), 39041-39049 (2012).</li><li>Nyman-Huttunen, H., Tian, L., Ning, L., Gahmberg, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=alpha-Actinin-dependent+cytoskeletal+anchorage+is+important+for+ICAM-5-mediated+neuritic+outgrowth.">alpha-Actinin-dependent cytoskeletal anchorage is important for ICAM-5-mediated neuritic outgrowth.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 119 (Pt 15), 3057-3066 (2006).</li><li>Esselens, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presenilin+1+mediates+the+turnover+of+telencephalin+in+hippocampal+neurons+via+an+autophagic+degradative+pathway.">Presenilin 1 mediates the turnover of telencephalin in hippocampal neurons via an autophagic degradative pathway.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 166 (7), 1041-1054 (2004).</li><li>Furutani, Y., Yoshihara, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+Analysis+of+Dendritic+Filopodia-Rich+Fraction+Isolated+by+Telencephalin+and+Vitronectin+Interaction.">Proteomic Analysis of Dendritic Filopodia-Rich Fraction Isolated by Telencephalin and Vitronectin Interaction.</a> Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience. 10, 27 (2018).</li><li>Lu, Z., Piechowicz, M., Qiu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simplified+Method+for+Ultra-Low+Density,+Long-Term+Primary+Hippocampal+Neuron+Culture.">A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (109), (2016).</li><li>Okabe, S., Miwa, A., Okado, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+splicing+of+the+C-terminal+domain+regulates+cell+surface+expression+of+the+NMDA+receptor+NR1+subunit.">Alternative splicing of the C-terminal domain regulates cell surface expression of the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (18), 7781-7792 (1999).</li><li>Okabe, S., Vicario-Abejon, C., Segal, M., McKay, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+synaptogenesis+of+hippocampal+neurons+without+NMDA+receptor+function+in+culture.">Survival and synaptogenesis of hippocampal neurons without NMDA receptor function in culture.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 10 (6), 2192-2198 (1998).</li></ol>

We developed a purification method for the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction using affinity between the cell adhesion molecule TLCN and the extracellular matrix protein vitronectin. Compared to PSD fraction, it could be possible to identify the synaptic proteins acting on the immature synapse from the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction. Thus, the constituents of the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction are different from those of the PSD fraction by 74%. Different from PSD fraction, we used cultured hippocampal neurons to ac...

Dendritic filopodia are thought to be precursors of spines. Actin filaments in the dendritic filopodia regulate their extension and retraction1,2,3. After contacting with an axon, selected dendritic filopodia begin their maturation into spines, and a synapse is formed4,5. Components of spines have been determined from comprehensive analysis of postsynaptic density fractions6,7, while components of dendritic filopodia remain largely unknown. It has been shown that telencephalin (TLCN), ERM, SynGAP, Ras, PI3 kinase, Akt, mTOR, polo-like kinase 2, CaMKII, syndecan-2, paralemin-1, ARF6, and EphB regulate dendritic filopodia formation5,8,9,10,11, while a method has not been developed for the comprehensive analysis of molecules present in the dendritic filopodia.
TLCN (ICAM-5) is specifically expressed by spiny neurons in the most rostral brain segment, the telencephalon12. TLCN has 9 Ig-like domains in its extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail13. TLCN binds to vitronectin (VN) and LFA-1 integrin in its extracellular region, to presenilin in its transmembrane region, and to phospho-ERM and &#945;-actinin in its cytoplasmic region5,8,14,15,16. TLCN binds to the actin cytoskeleton through phospho-ERM at the tips of dendritic filopodia and &#945;-actinin in spines and dendritic shafts8,16.
We showed that overexpression of TLCN enhanced dendritic filopodia formation and induced the reversion of spines to filopodia10. The constitutive active form of ezrin bound to the TLCN cytoplasmic region and enhanced dendritic filopodia formation8. Thus, TLCN regulates dendritic filopodia formation through actin-binding proteins. Esselens et al. demonstrated that microbeads induced TLCN accumulation on cultured neurons17. We showed that phagocytic cup structures were formed on neuronal dendrites around VN-coated microbeads in a TLCN-dependent manner15. Constituents of dendritic filopodia are similar to those of the phagocytic cup. It is difficult to collect dendritic filopodia, but it is relatively easier to collect the phagocytic cup using magnetic microbeads. Thus, we developed a method to purify the phagocytic cup instead of dendritic filopodia18. Here, we describe the purification method for the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.7 ml Low Binding MCT</td>
			<td>Sorenson BioScience</td>
			<td>39640T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 mM L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>2530149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35-mm plastic cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-actin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-5060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha-Actinin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-5044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha-tubulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T-9026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Ezrin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>clone3C12, SAB4200806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Galphaq</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>sc-393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-MAP2</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>clone AP20, MAB3418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Moesin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>clone 38/87, M7060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PLCbeta1</td>
			<td>Santacuz</td>
			<td>sc-5291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PSD95</td>
			<td>MA2</td>
			<td>ABR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Spectrin beta</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>MAB1622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>0080085SA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA protein assay kit</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.08122.0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chrolide, hydrous</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>038-19735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scraper</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Choline chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete EDTA free protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C-6645</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase-I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>DN-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DynaMag-2 Magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Reagent</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td>RPN2232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>e-PAGEL 5-20% SDS-PAGE gradient gel</td>
			<td>ATTO</td>
			<td>E-T520L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14175095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>111-035-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i-Inositol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAS-1000 mini</td>
			<td>Fuji Film</td>
			<td>LAS-1000 mini</td>
			<td>For detection of luminescence from WB membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic polystyrene microbeads</td>
			<td>Sperotech</td>
			<td>PM-20-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM amino acid solution</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11130-051</td>
			<td>30 mM L-Arginine hydrochloride, 5 mM L-Cystine, 10 mM L-Histidine hydrochloride-H2O, 20 mM L-Isoleucine, 20 mM L-Leucine, 19.8 mM L-Lysine hydrochloride, 5.1 mM L-Methionine, 10 mM L-Phenylalanine, 20 mM L-Threonine, 2.5 mM L-Tryptophan, 10 mM L-Tyrosine, and 20 mM L-Valine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-slab size electrophoresis system</td>
			<td>ATTO</td>
			<td>AE-6530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Niacinamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N0636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin / Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosSTOP phosphatase inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4906845001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Nacali</td>
			<td>28360-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridoxal HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Riboflavin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R9504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver Stain 2 Kit wako</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>291-5031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiamine HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot SD Semi-Dry Transfer Cell</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>1703940JA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra pure water</td>
			<td>MilliQ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For production of ultra pure water</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

purification of the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction

Dendritic filopodia are thin and long protrusions based on the actin filament, and they extend and retract as if searching for a target axon. When the dendritic filopodia establish contact with a target axon, they begin maturing into spines, leading to the formation of a synapse. Telencephalin (TLCN) is abundantly localized in dendritic filopodia and is gradually excluded from spines. Overexpression of TLCN in cultured hippocampal neurons induces dendritic filopodia formation. We showed that telencephalin strongly binds to an extracellular matrix molecule, vitronectin. Vitronectin-coated microbeads induced phagocytic cup formation on neuronal dendrites. In the phagocytic cup, TLCN, TLCN-binding proteins such as phosphorylated Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (phospho-ERM), and F-actin are accumulated, which suggests that components of the phagocytic cup are similar to those of dendritic filopodia. Thus, we developed a method for purifying the phagocytic cup instead of dendritic filopodia. Magnetic polystyrene beads were coated with vitronectin, which is abundantly present in the culture medium of hippocampal neurons and which induces phagocytic cup formation on neuronal dendrites. After 24 h of incubation, the phagocytic cups were mildly solubilized with detergent and collected using a magnet separator. After washing the beads, the binding proteins were eluted and analyzed by silver staining and Western blotting. In the binding fraction, TLCN and actin were abundantly present. In addition, many proteins identified from the fraction were localized to the dendritic filopodia; thus, we named the binding fraction as the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction. This article describes details regarding the purification method for the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction.

In cultured hippocampal neurons, TLCN was abundantly localized to the dendritic filopodia, shaft, and soma and colocalized with F-actin (Figure 1A, B). When polystyrene microbeads were added to cultured hippocampal neurons, the beads were automatically coated with vitronectin (VN) derived from fetal bovine serum (FBS) in the culture medium; they were mainly bound to dendrites, and they induced the formation of phagocytic cups (<strong class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction at JoVE.com

Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction

In this protocol, we introduce a method for purifying the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction from the phagocytic cup-like protrusion structure on cultured hippocampal neurons by taking advantage of the specific and strong affinity between a dendritic filopodial adhesion molecule, TLCN, and an extracellular matrix molecule, vitronectin.

Dendritic filopodia are thin and long protrusions based on the actin filament, and they extend and retract as if searching for a target axon. When the ...

Compared to PSD fraction, it can be possible to identify the synaptic protein acting on the immature synapse around the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction. We used live neuron to induce phagocytic cap formation. The main advantage of this technique is that active protein in artificial genesis could be identified from the dendritic filopodia rich fraction.To begin, prepare 200x Vitamin Mix by dissolving 100 mg of Vitamin B5, 100 mg of Choline Chloride, 100 mg of Folic Acid, 180 mg of I-inositol, 100 mg of Vitamin B3, 100 mg of Vitamin B6 hydrochloride, and 100 mg of thiamine hydrochloride in 500 ml of ultrapure water using a magnetic stirrer. Carefully mix aliquot in 50 ml tubes and store it at 20 degrees Celsius. To prepare riboflavin solution, dissolve 100 mg of riboflavin in 500 mg of ultrapure water using a magnetic stirrer.Carefully mix aliquot in 50 ml tubes and store at 20 degrees Celsius. To prepare one molar calcium dichloride dissolve 7.35 grams of calcium chloride dihydrate in 50 ml of ultrapure water using a magnetic stirrer. For Minimum Essential Medium preparation dissolve 400 mg of potassium chloride 6, 800 mg of sodum chloride, 2, 200 mg of sodium bicarbonate, 158 mg of sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, 7, 000 mg of D-glucose, and 200 mg of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, and 950 ml of ultrapure water, using a magnetic stirrer.Next, use a 1 ml pipette with a constant agitation on a magnetic stirrer to add 1.8 ml of 1 molar calcium dichloride to the MEM in a drop by drop manner. Then add hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH of the MEM to pH 7.25. Then, add 5 ml of 200x vitamin mix and 200 microliters of riboflavin solution to the MEM.Adjust the volume the volume of the solution to 1000 ml with ultrapure water. Filter the solution using a 0.22 micron filter system and store it at 4 degrees Celsius. To prepare 10x DNase-1 stock solution dissolve 100 mg of Dnase-1 in 12.5 ml of HBSS.Filter through a 0.22 micron filter, aliquot in 1.5 ml tubes, and store the tubes at 20 degrees Celsius. For Ara-C stock solution preparation dissolve 25 mg of Ara-C in 8.93 ml of ultrapure water. Filter through a 0.22 micron filter, aliquot in 1.5ml tubes, and store at 20 degrees Celsius.To prepare the Plating Medium, mix 1 ml of MEM Amino Acid Solution, 750 microliters of 1 molar HEPES, 1 ml of B27, 125 microliters of 200 millimolar glutamine, 250 microliters of penicillin-streptomycin, 2.5 ml of Fetal Bovine Serum, and 44.375 ml of MEM in a 50 ml tube. To prepare the stop medium, mix 1 ml of MEM amino acid solution, 750 microliters of 1 molar HEPES, 5 ml of FBS, and 43.25 ml of MEM in a 50 ml tube. To prepare HBSS, supplemented with 15 millimolar HEPES, mix 49.25 ml of HBSS, and 750 microliters of 1 molar HEPES.For poly-l-lysine coated dishes preparation, coat 35 mm plastic cell culture dishes with 0.2 mg per ml of poly-l-lysine hydrobromide for one day at 25 degrees Celsius. Next, wash the dishes with 2 ml of ultrapure water three times and incubate them with 1.5 ml of Stop Medium at 25 degrees Celsius until use. Incubate the dissected hippocampi in a mixture containing 500 microliters each of 2.5%trypsin and 10X Dnase-1 in HBSS supplemented with 15 millimolar HEPES, pH 7.2, at 37 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes with agitation every 3 minutes.Then, transfer the hippocampi to 10 ml of the Stop Medium and incubate at 4 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes to inactivate trypsin. Next, incubate the dissected hippocampi in 10 ml of fresh stop medium at 4 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes. Move hippocampi into 10 ml of fresh stop medium and incubate at 4 degrees Celsius for another 5 minutes.Then, move the hippocampi into 900 microliters of the stop medium and 100 microliters of 10X Dnase-1 in a 15 ml tube. Use a 1 ml pipette to dissociate the hippocampi into isolated neurons by pipetting 20 times. Add 9 ml of plating medium, and filter through a 70 micron cell strainer, into a a 50 ml tube.Count the number of cells using a hemocytometer and a adjust to 3.5 times 10 to the fourth cells per milliliter in plating medium. Next, aspirate the stop medium from the poly-l-lisine coated dishes. Plate 2 ml per dish of the cells on the coated dishes and incubate under 5%carbon dioxide at 37 degrees Celsius for 60-64 hours.After the incubation, add 2 microliters of Ara-C stock solution to the neurons and shake the dish slowly. Keep the culture dishes in a humidified box without changing the culture medium under 5%carbon dioxide at 37 degrees Celsius. Purify the dendritic filopodia rich fraction after 13 days in vitro by first adding three million magnetic polystyrene microbeads per dish to 20 dishes containing the cultured neurons.After one day, wash the neurons in 1 ml of PBS with agiation three times to remove the medium and unbound microbeads. After removing PBS, lyse the neurons with 500 microliters per dish of the lysis buffer. Next, collect the lysate with a cell scraper and transfer the lysate into 10 low protein binding microtubes.Set the tubes on a magnet separater and wait for one minute. Collect the supernatant and use it as the unbound fraction for silver staining and Western blot analysis. Next, transfer the beads to a new low protein binding microtube and set on a magnetic separater for one minute.Completely remove the supernatant, and add 500 microliters of the lysis buffer. Wash the beads using a Vortex mixer for 15 seconds. Repeat the washing of the beads 10 times and remove the supernatant.Elute proteins down to the beads by the addition of 50 microliters of 1X SDS sample buffer and boil the tube at 98 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes. Centrifuge the tube at 860xG 3000 RPM for 10 seconds and set the tube on a magnetic separater for one minute. Collect the supernatant and use it as the bound fraction.Measure concentrations of the unbound and bound protein fractions by the BCA protein assay. Visualize protien solutions with bromophenyl blue and adjust the concentration to 5 nanograms per microliter for SDS page. Separate the bound and unbound fractions by SDS page using a 5-20%gradient gel.Silver stain the gel. Finally, Western blot using appropriate primary and secondary antibodies according to the manuscript. In cultured hippocampal neurons, TLCN was abundantly localized to the dendritic filopodia, shaft, and soma and co-localized with F-actin.The encoded beads were mainly bound to dendrites and induce the formation of phagocytic cups by accumulation of TLCN and F-actin on neuronal dendrites. Thorecense images showed that phagocytic cup formation was crucially dependent on the presence of TLCN in dendrites. The phagocytic cups were only formed on wild type hippocampal neurons, but not on TLCN defficient hippocampal neurons.SDS page results showed that the protein band patterns were almost the same for the unbound and bound fractions but the intensities at at 50 and 70 kilodalton, in the bound fraction were lower than those in the unbound fraction. However, the band intensity was not obviously different between the unbound and bound fractions prepared from TLCN defficient culture hippocampal neurons. Western blot analysis of the unbound and bound fractions showed that TLCN and VN were mainly detected in the bound fraction.Actin, Ezrin, G alpha q, PLC beta 1, MAP-2, and Spectrin, were detected in both the bound and unbound fractions. Moesin, PSD-95, alpha-Actinin, and alpha-Tubulin were detected in the unbound fraction. If coating protein of the microbeads change, this procedure can be applied to identify assay interaction.This technique could identify the protein working on artificial substances. So we believe that mechanism artificial genesis can be quantified. We believe that new protein associated with mental disorder can be identified from the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction.And can be extended to the therapy.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Analysis of Dendritic Spine Morphology in Cultured CNS Neurons

Dendritic spines are the sites of the majority of excitatory connections within the brain, and form the post-synaptic 
compartment of synapses. These ...

Inducing Dendritic Growth in Cultured Sympathetic Neurons

The shape of the dendritic arbor determines the total synaptic input a neuron can receive 1-3, and influences the types and distribution of these inputs ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and ...

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and ...

Assessment of Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity in Aged Mice Using the Golgi-Cox Method

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching ...

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. ...