Name: isolation of active caenorhabditis elegans nuclear extract and reconstitution for in vitro transcription
Uploaded: 2021-08-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Active Caenorhabditis elegans Nuclear Extract and Reconstitution for In Vitro Transcription at JoVE.com

This work was supported by an NIH MIRA grant (R35GM124678 to J. S.).

1. Media preparations
<ol>
	<li>Prepare sterile lysogeny broth (LB) agar plates and liquid media following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions.</li>
	<li>Streak Escherichia coli (E. coli)&#160;strain OP50 on a LB agar plate. Incubate the bacteria streak at 37 &#176;C overnight.</li>
	<li>Store the E. coli OP50 streak plate at 4 &#176;C after incubation. The E. coli OP50 plate can safely be stored at 4 &#176;C for 2 weeks if wrapped in parafilm to prevent moisture loss.</li>
	<li>Prep...

<ol>
	<li>Corsi, A. K., Wightman, B., Chalfie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Transparent+window+into+biology:+A+on+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">A Transparent window into biology: A on Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 200 (2), 387-407 (2015).</li><li>Blackwell, T. K., Walker, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+mechanisms.">Transcription mechanisms.</a> WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology. , 1-16 (2006).</li><li>Page, A. P., Johnstone, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cuticle.">The cuticle.</a> WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology. , 1-15 (2007).</li><li>Lichtsteiner, S., Tjian, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+and+properties+of+the+Caenorhabditis+elegans+TATA-box-binding+protein.">Cloning and properties of the Caenorhabditis elegans TATA-box-binding protein.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (20), 9673-9677 (1993).</li><li>Lichtsteiner, S., Tjian, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+activation+of+transcription+by+UNC-86+and+MEC-3+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+embryo+extracts.">Synergistic activation of transcription by UNC-86 and MEC-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans embryo extracts.</a> EMBO Journal. 14 (16), 3937-3945 (1995).</li><li>Shan, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotope-labeled+immunoassays+without+radiation+waste.">Isotope-labeled immunoassays without radiation waste.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (6), 2445-2449 (2000).</li><li>Voss, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel,+non-radioactive+eukaryotic+in+vitro+transcription+assay+for+sensitive+quantification+of+RNA+polymerase+II+activity.">A novel, non-radioactive eukaryotic in vitro transcription assay for sensitive quantification of RNA polymerase II activity.</a> BMC Molecular Biology. 15, 7 (2014).</li><li>Wibisono, P., Liu, Y., Sun, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+in+vitro+Caenorhabditis+elegans+transcription+system.">A novel in vitro Caenorhabditis elegans transcription system.</a> BMC Molecular and Cell Biology. 21 (1), 87 (2020).</li><li>Stiernagle, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+C.+elegans.">Maintenance of C. elegans.</a> WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology. , 1-11 (2006).</li><li>Zbacnik, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+buffers+in+protein+formulations.">Role of buffers in protein formulations.</a> Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 106 (3), 713-733 (2017).</li></ol>

C. elegans is an appealing model organism to study the eukaryotic transcription system because of its low-cost maintenance and the ease of genetic manipulation. Here a protocol for consistent isolation of functionally active nuclear extract from L4 C. elegans is described. Although this protocol focused on visualizing transcription activity, the cDNA produced post-transcriptionally can be quantified using RT-qPCR to obtain a more precise measurement of the transcription activity8...

The small, free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple yet powerful model organism for addressing a wide range of biological questions. Since its introduction in 1963, the nematodes have been invaluable to answering questions in neurobiology, metabolism, aging, development, immunity, and genetics1. Some of the animal&#39;s many characteristics that make it an ideal model organism include short generation time, the effectiveness of RNA interference, transparent body, and the completed maps of both its cellular lineage and nervous system.
While the nematode&#39;s contributions to science are vast, they have been under-utilized to elucidate the eukaryotic transcription system, with most of our understanding about these mechanisms coming from studies using nuclear extract from yeast, fruit fly, and mammalian cell culture2. The biggest hurdle that dissuades researchers from extracting functional nuclear extract is the nematode&#39;s tough outer cuticle. This exoskeleton comprises cross-linked collagens, cuticlins, glycoproteins, and lipids, making C. elegans from larval stage to adulthood resistant to protein extraction via chemical or mechanical forces3. An in vitro transcription system using C. elegans nuclear extract was once developed but not widely adopted due to the system&#39;s limited scope, and the use of Dounce homogenizer for preparing the extract could lead to protein instability4,5.
Unlike the previous protocol for nuclear extract isolation which utilized a Dounce homogenizer to break C. elegans, this protocol uses a Balch homogenizer. The Balch homogenizer consists of two main components: a tungsten carbide ball and a stainless-steel block with a channel bored through from one end to another. The Balch homogenizer is loaded with the tungsten carbide ball and capped on either side to seal the grinding chamber. Syringes can be loaded on the two vertical ports leading into the grinding chamber. As the material is passed from one syringe to the other through the grinding chamber, the pressure from the syringes forces the material through a narrow gap between the ball and the wall of the chamber. This slow and constant pressure breaks the material until it reaches a consistent size that is able to pass through the narrow gap easily. Forcing C. elegans through the narrow gap via a constant yet gentle pressure breaks the animals open, releasing their content into the surrounding buffer. Switching ball sizes further tightens the gap, breaking the newly released cells and frees the nuclei into the buffer. Multiple instances of centrifugation separate the nuclei from the rest of the cell debris, allowing for the collection of a clean nuclear extract. The Balch homogenizer is preferred over the Dounce homogenizer for several reasons: the system can handle a large number of animals, making it possible to extract a high amount of active proteins in a single attempt; the precise machining of the balls and the steel block allows for consistent grinding between multiple samples; the heavy steel block act as a heat sink, uniformly drawing heat away from the grinding chamber, preventing denaturing.
After isolation, the nuclear extract transcriptional activity must be verified before being used in any biochemical experiments. Traditionally, transcription activity was measured using radiolabeled nucleotides to track and visualize the newly synthesized RNA. However, radioactive labeling can be burdensome as it requires precaution during use and disposal6. Technological advancements allow researchers today to use much less harmful or troublesome methods to measure even small RNA quantities using techniques such as quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)7. Here, the protocol describes a method to isolate active nuclear extract from larval stage 4 (L4) C. elegans and visualize transcription activity in an in vitro system.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumables and reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 mL 8-Strip Tubes &#38; Flat Strip Caps, Clear</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;24-706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 mL Individual PCR tubes</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;24-153G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.7 mL sterile microtubes</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>24-282S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% absolute molecular grade ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;BP2818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol, Koptec</td>
			<td>Decon Labs</td>
			<td>&#160;V1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL serological pipet</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>&#160;89130-898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150 mm petri plates</td>
			<td>Tritech Research</td>
			<td>&#160;T3325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;28-103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 mL plastic syringes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14955460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Norm-Ject syringes</td>
			<td>Henke-Sass Wolf GmbH</td>
			<td>4020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 mL vacuum filter cup 0.22 &#181;m PES, Stericup Millipore Express Plus</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>SCGPU10RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>339652</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL serological pipet</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>&#160;89130-902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL serological pipet</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>&#160;89130-896</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar, Criterion</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;C7432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;CA3510-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol proof marker</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;52877-310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto peptone</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;90000-264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caenorhabditis elegans</td>
			<td>CGC</td>
			<td>N2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium dichloride</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;C4901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;C8667</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control DNA temple cloning primers, Forward 5&#8217;- ctc atg ttt gac agc tta tcg atc cgg gc -3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control DNA temple cloning primers, Forward 5&#8217;- aca gga cgg gtg tgg tcg cca tga t -3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>&#160;15508-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA gel stain, SYBR safe</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>&#160;S33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA ladder mix, O&#8217;gene ruler</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;SM1173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Loading Dye, 6x TriTrack</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;FERR1161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase, Baseline-ZERO</td>
			<td>Lucigen</td>
			<td>&#160;DB0715K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli OP50 strain</td>
			<td>CGC</td>
			<td>OP50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;A38</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;G6279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa nuclear extract in vitro transcription system, HeLaScribe</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>&#160;E3110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes Solution, 1 M Gibco</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid 37%</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P0662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypochlorite bleach</td>
			<td>Clorox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB Broth</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;L3022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium dichloride</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;M7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium weigh dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;02-202-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope slides, Vista vision</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>16004-368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>molecular grade water, Hypure</td>
			<td>Hyclone Laboratories</td>
			<td>&#160;SH30538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nystatin</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;N1638</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR system, FailSafe with premix A</td>
			<td>Lucigen</td>
			<td>&#160;FS99100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P39111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P3786</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P0662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor, Halt single use cocktail 100x</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>78430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>protein assay kit, Qubit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;Q33211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>reverse transcription kit, Sensiscript</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>205211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA extraction kit RNeasy micro kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>&#160;N8080119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;BDH9286-12KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;1-09137</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile syringe filter with 0.2 &#181;m Polyethersulfone membrane</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>28145-501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>&#160;200-334-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transcription primers, Forward 5&#8217;- gcc ggg cct ctt gcg gga tat -3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transcription primers, Reverse 5&#8217;- cgg cca aag cgg tcg gac agt-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;BP152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween20</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;P2287</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-20 &#176;C incubator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 &#176;C incubator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37 &#176;C incubator</td>
			<td>Forma Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 &#176;C refrigerator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-80 &#176;C freezer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balch homogenizer, isobiotec cell homogenizer</td>
			<td>Isobiotec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benchtop Vortexer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2215365</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge, Eppendorf 5418 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5401000013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge, VWR Clinical 50</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>82013-800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope, Leica M80</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorometer, Qubit 2.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q32866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel imaging system, iBright FL1500</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;A44241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel system</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat block</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>12621-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuges, Eppendorf 5424</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22620401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIPETBOY acu 2</td>
			<td>Integra</td>
			<td>155017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette L-1000 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette L-10 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette L-200 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette L-20 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocking platform</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocycler, Eppendorf Mastercycler Pro</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>950030010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of active caenorhabditis elegans nuclear extract and reconstitution for in vitro transcription

Caenorhabditis elegans has been an important model system for biological research since it was introduced in 1963. However, C. elegans has not been fully utilized in the biochemical study of biological reactions using its nuclear extracts such as in vitro transcription and DNA replication. A significant hurdle for using C. elegans in biochemical studies is disrupting the nematode&#39;s thick outer cuticle without sacrificing the activity of the nuclear extract. While several methods are used to break the cuticle, such as Dounce homogenization or sonication, they often lead to protein instability. There are no established protocols for isolating active nuclear proteins from larva or adult C. elegans for in vitro reactions. Here, the protocol describes in detail the homogenization of larval stage 4 C. elegans using a Balch homogenizer. The Balch homogenizer uses pressure to slowly force the animals through a narrow gap breaking the cuticle in the process. The uniform design and precise machining of the Balch homogenizer allow for consistent grinding of animals between experiments. Fractionating the homogenate obtained from the Balch homogenizer yields functionally active nuclear extract that can be used in an in vitro method for assaying transcription activity of C. elegans.

Following the outlined steps should yield functional nuclear extract (Figure 1), deviation in the grinding or wash steps can lead to poor activity or low yields. If functional C. elegans nuclear extract is obtained, it will transcribe the region downstream of the CMV promoter on the DNA template when added to the previously described in vitro assay. The resulting RNA transcript can be purified from the nuclear proteins and DNA template usin...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Active Caenorhabditis elegans Nuclear Extract and Reconstitution for In Vitro Transcription at JoVE.com

Isolation of Active Caenorhabditis elegans Nuclear Extract and Reconstitution for In Vitro Transcription

Here, we describe a detailed protocol for isolating active nuclear extract from larval stage 4 C. elegans and visualizing transcription activity in an in vitro system.

Isolation of Active Caenorhabditis elegans Nuclear Extract and Reconstitution for In Vitro Transcription

Caenorhabditis elegans has been an important model system for biological research since it was introduced in 1963. However, C. elegans has not been fully ...

This protocol fills a technical gap for the biochemical study of C.elegans and expands their usefulness as a model organism. This technique is both simple and robust, allowing for consistent isolation of functionally active C.elegans nuclear extract. Begin by placing the synchronized L1 animals on 10 150-millimeter nematode growth media-containing plates seeded with Escherichia coli OP50, and allow the animals to grow for 48 hours at 20 degrees Celsius until they reach the L4 stage.Once the hypotonic and hypertonic buffers are prepared, clean the Balch homogenizer by flooding the grinding chamber with 70%ethanol. Then rinse the chamber with deionized water to remove the excess ethanol. Insert the tungsten carbide ball into the grinding chamber.Cap the ends of the Balch homogenizer's barrel, and secure the caps with the provided thumbscrews. Then prepare five milliliters of the complete hypotonic and hypertonic buffers per sample as described in the text manuscript. Next fill a sterile, two-milliliter syringe with one milliliter of complete hypotonic buffer, and gently flush the grinding chamber of the Balch homogenizer, leaving approximately 500 microliters of complete hypotonic buffer in the chamber.Store the flushed homogenizer on ice, and let it cool for 30 minutes. Collect the well-fed L4 animals with M9 buffer in a 15-milliliter conical tube, and centrifuge the animals at 1, 000 times g for three minutes. Remove the supernatant, and continue washing the animal pellet until the supernatant is clear.Next wash the animals with three milliliters of cold hypotonic buffer, and centrifuge again as demonstrated. After removing the supernatant hypotonic buffer, add one milliliter of complete hypotonic buffer to the animal pellet, and transfer the animal suspension to a new sterile, two-milliliter syringe. For homogenizing the animals kept on ice, gently push the animals through the grinding chamber of the Balch homogenizer loaded with the tungsten ball.Then collect the animals back in the syringe, and repeat this procedure 30 times. After 30 cycles of homogenization, collect maximum animal suspension from the Balch homogenizer, and store the syringe with the tip positioned downward inside a 1.7-milliliter microtube. Remove the tungsten ball, and clean the grinding chamber with deionized water.Dry and return the ball to the respective labeled tube. Then insert the tungsten ball with 7.9880-millimeters diameter and 12-micrometer gap clearance into the grinding chamber, and reseal the homogenizer. Flush the grinding chamber again with one milliliter of ice-cold complete hypotonic buffer.Grind the suspension 25 times as demonstrated. Transfer the animal suspension into a clean, 1.7-milliliter microtube, and store the suspension on ice. Pellet down the animal bodies and debris by centrifugation.Pipette 40 microliters of the supernatant to a tube labeled as input fraction, and store the fraction on ice. Transfer the remaining supernatant to a new 1.7-milliliter tube without disturbing the pellet, and centrifuge to pellet the nuclei. Then transfer the supernatant without disturbing the pelleted nuclei to a new 1.7-milliliter tube labeled as cytosolic fraction.To wash the nuclei pellet, add 500 microliters of complete hypotonic buffer to the pellet, suspend the pellet, and centrifuge at 4, 000 times g at four degrees Celsius for five minutes. At the end of the centrifugation, resuspend the nuclear pellet in 500 microliters of fresh complete hypotonic buffer, and again centrifuge the sample as demonstrated. Then dissolve the pellet in 40 microliters of complete hypertonic buffer.Transfer the nuclear suspension to a new 1.7-milliliter tube labeled nuclear fraction, and store it on ice. Determine the protein concentration of three fractions using a fluorescent quantification kit. Aliquot the nuclear fractions into single-use tubes containing six micrograms of the nuclear protein, and snap freeze in dry ice and ethanol bath.Store the samples at minus 80 degrees Celsius until further use. The representative gel image shows the transcription products of Caenorhabditis elegans L4 larvae nuclear extract using the CMV promoter DNA template. The successful isolation of active nuclear proteins resulted in a 132 base pair band after an in vitro transcription, and unsuccessful isolation resulted in a weak band or the absence of a band.Remember to clearly label the complete buffers. Inappropriate buffers can harm the functionality of the nuclear proteins. Also, keep the homogenizer ice cold to prevent denaturing of the proteins.Developing this technique allowed researchers to measure the rate of RNA transcription of C.elegans during stressful conditions, showing that the animal's transcription rate can change depending on environmental conditions.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in numerous metabolic pathways in plants, most notably the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from ...

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis

Polymodal ion channels transduce multiple stimuli of different natures into allosteric changes; these dynamic conformations are challenging to determine ...

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Lactate and pyruvate are key intermediates of intracellular energy metabolic pathways. Monitoring the lactate/pyruvate ratio in cells helps to determine ...

Plate-based Large-scale Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans: Sample Preparation for the Study of Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes

Plate-based Large-scale Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans: Sample Preparation for the Study of Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in a large-scale manner on agar plates can be time-consuming and difficult. This protocol describes a simple ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Self-Organizing Protein Patterns on Supported Lipid Bilayers

In Vitro Reconstitution of Self-Organizing Protein Patterns on Supported Lipid Bilayers

Many aspects of the fundamental spatiotemporal organization of cells are governed by reaction-diffusion type systems. In vitro reconstitution of such ...

Isolation of Physiologically Active Thylakoids and Their Use in Energy-Dependent Protein Transport Assays

Chloroplasts are the organelles in green plants responsible for carrying out numerous essential metabolic pathways, most notably photosynthesis. Within ...

Application of Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

Application of Biolayer Interferometry BLI for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

A transcription factor&#160;(TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA ...

Synthesis of a Deuterated Standard for the Quantification of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Caenorhabditis elegans

Synthesis of a Deuterated Standard for the Quantification of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Caenorhabditis elegans

This work presents a method to prepare an analytical standard to analyze 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) qualitatively and quantitatively by liquid ...

In Vivo Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting for the Study of Protein Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

In Vivo Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting for the Study of Protein Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

Fast oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) method used to study protein structure, protein-ligand interactions, ...