Name: flow cytometric analysis of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and mll-af9 driven leukemia
Uploaded: 2019-09-05T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometric Analysis of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Murine Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and MLL-AF9 Driven Leukemia at JoVE.com

This work was supported by The Fox Chase Cancer Center Board of Directors (DDM), the American Society of Hematology Scholar Award (SMS), American Cancer Society RSG (SMS) and the Department of Defense (Award#: W81XWH-18-1-0472).

All of the animal procedures described in this protocol have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use committee (IACUC) at Fox Chase Cancer Center.
NOTE: The protocol workflow is divided into 4 parts as presented in Figure 1 and the required reagents are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Bone Marrow (BM) Isolation
NOTE: MLL-AF9 leukemia mice we...

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Fluorogenic dyes that have been developed for the detection of ROS are frequently evaluated in fixed cells by microscopy or in live cells by flow cytometry22. Flow cytometric evaluation of mitochondrial ROS in BM cells using mitochondrial ROS fluorogenic dyes has two major advantages: 1) It is a fast and simple technique that is suitable for live cell analysis and 2) it allows for distinguishing and analyzing rare populations at the single-cell level in the BM using surface marker staining. The st...

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules derived from molecular oxygen. The most well-defined cellular location of ROS production is the mitochondria, where electrons that pass through the electron transport chain (ETC) during oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are absorbed by molecular oxygen leading to the formation of a specific type of ROS called superoxides1. Through the actions of a series of enzymes, called superoxide dismutases or SODs, superoxides are converted into hydrogen peroxides, which are subsequently neutralized into water by enzymes such as catalase or glutathione peroxidases (GPX). Perturbations in ROS-regulatory mechanisms can lead to the excess production of ROS, often referred to as oxidative stress, which have harmful and potentially lethal cellular consequences such as macromolecule damage (i.e., DNA, protein, lipids). Moreover, oxidative stress is related to several pathologies, such as diabetes, inflammatory diseases, aging and tumors2,3,4. To maintain redox homeostasis and prevent oxidative stress, cells possess a variety of ROS-regulating mechanisms5.
Physiological levels of certain ROS are necessary for proper embryonic and adult hematopoiesis6. However, excess ROS is associated with DNA damage, cellular differentiation and exhaustion of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor pool. There is also evidence that alterations in redox biology may differ between leukemia and healthy cells. For example, ROS levels tend to be higher in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells relative to their healthy counterparts and other studies have suggested that leukemia stem cells maintain a low steady-state level of ROS for survival7,8. Importantly, strategies for therapeutically capitalizing on these redox differences have shown promise in several human cancer settings9,10. Therefore, assays that allow for the assessment of ROS levels in mouse models may improve our understanding of how these species contribute to cellular physiology and disease pathogenesis as well as potentially provide a platform for assessing the effectiveness of novel redox-targeting anti-cancer therapies.

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flow cytometric analysis of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and mll-af9 driven leukemia

We present a flow cytometric approach for analyzing mitochondrial ROS in various live bone marrow (BM)-derived stem and progenitor cell populations from healthy mice as well as mice with AML driven by MLL-AF9. Specifically, we describe a two-step cell staining process, whereby healthy or leukemia BM cells are first stained with a fluorogenic dye that detects mitochondrial superoxides, followed by staining with fluorochrome-linked monoclonal antibodies that are used to distinguish various healthy and malignant hematopoietic progenitor populations. We also provide a strategy for acquiring and analyzing the samples by flow cytometry. The entire protocol can be carried out in a timeframe as short as 3-4 h. We also highlight the key variables to consider as well as the advantages and limitations of monitoring ROS production in the mitochondrial compartment of live hematopoietic and leukemia stem and progenitor subpopulations using fluorogenic dyes by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we present data that mitochondrial ROS abundance varies among distinct healthy HSPC sub-populations and leukemia progenitors and discuss the possible applications of this technique in hematologic research.

Presented is a method for analyzing ROS in the mitochondria of multiple healthy and MLL-AF9-expressing leukemia progenitor populations. Figure 1 displays a schematic view of the protocol workflow, which consists of 4 major steps: 1) BM isolation from mice; 2) Staining BM cells with a fluorogenic dye that recognizes mitochondrial ROS, particularly superoxides; 3) Surface marker antibody staining to delineate various healthy and leukemia hematopoietic populations; and 4) Flow cytometry acquisi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometric Analysis of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Murine Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and MLL-AF9 Driven Leukemia at JoVE.com

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Murine Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and MLL-AF9 Driven Leukemia

We describe a method for using multiparameter flow cytometry to detect mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in murine healthy hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and leukemia cells from a mouse model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) driven by MLL-AF9.

We present a flow cytometric approach for analyzing mitochondrial ROS in various live bone marrow (BM)-derived stem and progenitor cell populations from ...

Reactive oxygen species or ROS, are highly reactive oxygen species that are produced by cells, and influences their behavior. Though excess ROS can also cause widespread cellular havoc, and in severe cases, cell death. Thus, the maintenance of ROS homeostasis is of fundamental importance to cellular function and survival.The protocol presented here, focuses on measuring a specific type of ROS, that is generated by mitochondria, mainly as a metabolic by-product in live, normal, or healthy hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations, as well as in leukemia cells from the mouse model of blood cancer, Acute Myeloid Leukemia or AML. This protocol can also be used to evaluate how genetic manipulation, such as gene deletion or overexpression, impacts mitochondrial ROS in several healthy and malignant hematopoietic populations. And as a result, potentially provide insightful information about redux state and possibly the metabolism of the cells.This technique authorizes flow settle metric analysis of a protogenic probe to monitor mitochondrial ROS production in live healthy and malignant hematopoietic stem and progenitor sub-populations. This protocol is straightforward and can be completed in a few hours. Moreover, it is suitable for live cell analysis and allows for distinguishing and analyzing mitochondrial ROS in stem cell population in the bone marrow, using surface mark of staining.After collecting mononuclear bone marrow cells from wild tight mice and leukemic MLL-AF9 mice, according to the manuscript, aliquot 200 microliters of the cell suspension into each of nine single color control tubes. Aliquot the remaining cells into other experimental tubes, 200 microliters each. Then place into a centrifuge two experimental tubes containing bone marrow cells and leukemic cells respectively, and one control tube.Centrifuge at 300 times G for five minutes. Next, decant the supernatant, and re-suspend the cells in room temperature F-PBS with a live/dead cell stain, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Incubate on ice for 30 minutes.Afterwards, add 1 milliliter of room temperature F-PBS to the three live/dead stained tubes, and one single color control tube for mitochondrial ROS dye staining. Place the tubes into the centrifuge at 300 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Then, obtain a 5 millimolar mitochondrial ROS dye stock solution by re-suspending 50 micrograms of mitochondrial ROS dye in 13 microliters of DMSO.Then add 13 milliliters of room temperature F-PBS to the 13 microliter mitochondrial ROS dye to dilute to a final concentration of five micromolar. If necessary, add 13 microliters of 50 millimolar Verapamil to the solution to inhibit mitochondrial efflux pumps. Obtain the tubes from the centrifuge and aspirate off the wash of the live/dead cell stain.Add 200 microliters of F-PBS in the live/dead staining control and keep it in ice until ready to start the analysis. Add 200 microliters of the mitochondrial ROS dye stain containing Verapamil, to each experimental tube, as well as the mitochondrial ROS staining control tube. Vortex to mix and incubate for 10 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius in the dark.Then add 1 milliliter of room temperature F-PBS to the control and experimental tubes. Centrifuge five minutes at 300 times G at room temperature. Aspirate off the supernatent and wash the cells with an additional one milliliter of room temperature F-PBS.Centrifuge again for five minutes at 300 times G, at room temperature. First, prepare two antibody cocktails for healthy and leukemia bone marrow cells. Aspirate the supernatant from the experimental tube containing healthy bone marrow cells, and add 200 microliters of the antibody cocktail number one to the tube.Vortex to mix. Also prepare the single color control tubes by adding 200 microliters of F-PBS and one microliter of the corresponding antibody. Incubate for 60 minutes on ice in the dark.Aspirate the supernatant from the experimental tube containing leukemia bone marrow, and add 200 microliters of the antibody cocktail number two, to the tube. Vortex to mix. Incubate for 60 minutes on ice in the dark.After that, wash all the tubes with 1 milliliter of cold F-PBS and centrifuge for five minutes at 300 times G at room temperature. Re-suspend the cells in 500 microliters of cold F-PBS. Transfer the cell suspension into each flow cytometer tube with a 40 micrometer filter for excluding aggregates.First, insert one no stain control tube into the flow cytometry machine and start the acquisition to compensate the flow cytometry machine. Repeat for other control tubes. Afterwards, read the experimental tubes to set up the gates.To analyze the size and complexity of the cell population, first for healthy HSPC, set the forward scatter area and side scatter area plots populations. Press the Square Gate button, to gate out extraneous debris from the forward and side scatter plot. Then, on a forward scatter area and height plot, use a double discriminator to gate out doublets.Select live cells, lineage low cells, and the various healthy HSPC. For each population of interest, analyze the median fluorescence intensity of the TRPE channel in a histagram plot, to evaluate differences in the mitochondrial ROS signal. Repeat the same procedure of size analysis, gating and histogram plotting for leukemia populations.Bone marrow cells isolated from healthy mice were stained with a live/dead dye and a mitochondrial ROS dye, and subsequently stained with antibodies recognizing lineage markers:plus CD48, C-kit, Sca-1, CD34 and CD150. In addition, bone marrow cells from leukemia mice were also stained with CD45.2 to discriminate between MLL-AF9 leukemia cells from healthy recipient bone marrow cells stained with CD45.1. A comparison of mitochondrial ROS staining, between healthy CD48 negative LSK, and myeloid progenitors, shows that myeloid progenitors display significantly higher levels of mitochondrial ROS staining.Moreover, c-Kit high leukemia progenitors display significantly higher levels of mitochondrial ROS staining, compared to c-Kit intermediate low leukemia cells, healthy CD48 negative LSK and myeloid progenitors. C-Kit intermediate low leukemia cells, also displayed a significantly higher value compared to CD48 negative LSK cells, but not to myeloid progenitors. Mitochondrial ROS dyes are highly reactive and appropriate wash steps are needed to ensure that any excess of the dye has been removed before starting the following steps.There are several chemically distinct ROS fluorogenic dyes that can be used in this protocol, to achieve a bit of knowledge of the redux status in live hematopoietic cells. This technique has been extensively used in the literature, and may provide useful insights on the metabolic and signaling pathways that are differentially regulated in leukemia cells, if compared with their normal counterparts.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Comprehensive Protocol to Sample and Process Bone Marrow for Measuring Measurable Residual Disease and Leukemic Stem Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Response criteria in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has recently been re-established, with morphologic examination utilized to determine whether patients ...

Flow Cytometry to Estimate Leukemia Stem Cells in Primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia and in Patient-derived-xenografts, at Diagnosis and Follow Up

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous, and if not treated, fatal disease. It is the most common cause of leukemia-associated mortality in ...

Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation

During B cell maturation, the complex process of immunoglobulin (IG) gene V(D)J recombination coupled with somatic hypermutation (SHM) gives rise to a ...

Assessment of the Metabolic Profile of Primary Leukemia Cells

The metabolic requirement of cancer cells can negatively influence survival and treatment efficacy. Nowadays, pharmaceutical targeting of metabolic ...

Flow Cytometric Detection of Newly-formed Breast Cancer Stem Cell-like Cells After Apoptosis Reversal

Cancer recurrence has long been studied by oncologists while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, we and others found that a phenomenon ...

Spatial and Temporal Control of Murine Melanoma Initiation from Mutant Melanocyte Stem Cells

Cutaneous melanoma is well known as the most aggressive skin cancer. Although the risk factors and major genetic alterations continue to be documented ...

Evaluating Cell Death Using Cell-Free Supernatant of Probiotics in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Colorectal Cancer Cells

This manuscript describes a protocol to evaluate cancer cell deaths in three dimensional (3D) spheroids of multicellular types of cancer cells using ...

Two Flow Cytometric Approaches of NKG2D Ligand Surface Detection to Distinguish Stem Cells from Bulk Subpopulations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Within the same patient, absence of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) surface expression was shown to distinguish leukemic subpopulations with stem cell properties ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Apoptotic Biomarkers in Actinomycin D-Treated SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells

Apoptosis biomarkers were investigated in actinomycin D-treated SiHa cervical cancer cells using a benchtop flow cytometer. Early biomarkers (Annexin V ...

Orthotopic Implantation of Patient-Derived Cancer Cells in Mice Recapitulates Advanced Colorectal Cancer

Over the last decade, more sophisticated preclinical colorectal cancer (CRC) models have been established using patient-derived cancer cells and 3D ...