Name: a mass spectrometry-based approach to identify phosphoprotein phosphatases and their interactors
Uploaded: 2022-04-29T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach to Identify Phosphoprotein Phosphatases and their Interactors at JoVE.com

A.N.K. acknowledges support from NIH R33 CA225458 and R35 GM119455. We thank the Kettenbach and Gerber labs for their helpful discussion.

NOTE: The generation of PIBs is done as described by Moorhead et al., where 1 mg of microcystin and about 6 mL of sepharose are coupled to generate PIBs with a binding capacity of up to 5 mg/mL17.
1. Sample preparation
NOTE: A typical starting amount for PIB-MS is 1 mg of total protein per condition. For this experiment, approximately 2.5 x 106 HeLa cells were used to extract 1 mg of protein. This calculation should ...

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PIB-MS is a chemical proteomics approach used to quantitatively profile the PPPome from various sample sources in a single analysis. Much work has been done using kinase inhibitor beads to study the kinome and how it changes in cancer and other disease states10,11,12,13. Yet, the study of the PPPome lags behind. We anticipate that this approach is able to fill this gap and shed light on the reg...

Protein phosphorylation controls most cellular processes, including but not limited to the response to DNA damage, growth factor signaling, and the passage through mitosis1,2,3. In mammalian cells, the majority of proteins are phosphorylated at one or more serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues at some point in time, with phosphoserines and phosphothreonines comprising approximately 98% of all phosphorylation sites2,3. While kinases have been extensively studied in cellular signaling, the role of PPPs in the regulation of dynamic cellular processes is still emerging.
Phosphorylation dynamics are controlled by the dynamic interplay between kinases and phosphatases. In mammalian cells, there are more than 400 protein kinases that catalyze serine/threonine phosphorylation. Over 90% of these sites are dephosphorylated by phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs), a small family of enzymes that consists of PP1, PP2A, PP2B, PP4-7, PPT, and PPZ2,3. PP1 and PP2A are responsible for the majority of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine dephosphorylation within a cell2,3,4. The notable difference in number between kinases and phosphatases and the lack of specificity of PPP catalytic subunits in vitro led to the belief that kinases are the main determinant of phosphorylation2,3. However, multiple studies have shown phosphatases to establish substrate specificity through the formation of multimeric holoenzymes5,6,7,8,9. For example, PP1 is a heterodimer that consists of a catalytic subunit and, at a given time, one out of the more than 150 regulatory subunits6,7,8. Conversely, PP2A is a heterotrimer that is formed of a scaffolding (A), a regulatory (B), and a catalytic (C) subunit2,3,9. There are four distinct families of PP2A regulatory subunits (B55, B56, PR72, and striatin), each with multiple genes, splice variants, and localization patterns2,3,9. The multimeric nature of PPPs fills the gap in the number of kinases and PPP catalytic subunits. However, it creates analytical challenges for studying PPP signaling. To comprehensively analyze PPP signaling, it is critical to investigate the various holoenzymes within a cell or tissue. Great advances have been made in studying the human kinome through the use of kinase inhibitor beads, termed multiplex inhibitor beads or kinobeads, a chemical proteomic strategy where kinase inhibitors are immobilized on beads and mass spectrometry is used to identify enriched kinases and their interactors10,11,12,13.
We have established a similar approach to study PPP biology. This technique involves affinity capture of PPP catalytic subunits using beads with an immobilized, non-selective PPP inhibitor called microcystin-LR (MCLR) termed phosphatase inhibitor beads (PIBs)14,15. Unlike other methods that require the endogenous tagging or expression of exogenous PPP subunits that could alter protein activity or localization, PIB-MS allows for the enrichment of endogenous PPP catalytic subunits, their associated regulatory and scaffolding subunits, and interacting proteins (termed the PPPome) from cells and tissues at a given time point or under specific treatment conditions. MCLR inhibits PP1, PP2A, PP4-6, PPT, and PPZ at nanomolar concentrations, making PIBs highly effective at enriching for the PPPome16. This method can be scaled for use on any starting material from cells to clinical samples. Here, we describe in detail the use of PIBs and mass spectrometry (PIB-MS) to efficiently capture, identify, and quantify the endogenous PPPome and its modification states.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63805/63805fig1v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Visual summary of the PIB-MS protocol. In a PIB-MS experiment, samples can be obtained in various forms, from cells to tumors. The sample is collected, lysed, and homogenized prior to PPP enrichment. To enrich for PPPs, the lysate is incubated with PIBs with or without a PPP-inhibitor, such as MCLR. The PIBs are then washed, and PPPs are eluted in denaturing conditions. The samples are prepared for mass spectrometry analysis by the removal of detergents through SP3 protein enrichment, tryptic digestion, and desalting. Samples can then be optionally TMT-labeled prior to mass spectrometry analysis. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/63805/63805fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
PIB-MS involves lysis and clarification of cells or tissues, incubation of the lysate with PIBs, elution, and analysis of the eluate via western blotting or mass spectrometry-based approaches (Figure 1). The addition of free MCLR can be used as a control to distinguish specific PIB binders from non-specific interactors. For most applications, a label-free approach can be used to directly identify proteins in eluates. In cases where greater precision in quantification or the identification of low-abundance species is needed, further processing with tandem mass-tag (TMT) labeling can be used to increase coverage and decrease input.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (ACN)</td>
			<td>Honeywell</td>
			<td>AH015-4</td>
			<td>CAUTION: ACN is flammable and toxic; wear gloves, and work in a chemical fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>271004-100ML</td>
			<td>CAUTION: ACN is flammable and toxic; wear gloves, and work in a chemical fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benchtop centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>model no. 5424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beta-glycerophosphoric acid, disodium salt pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>410991000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>model no. 5810 R 15 amp version</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP231-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dounce tissue grinder</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand Pellet Pestles</td>
			<td>12-141-363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Empore solid phase extraction disk, C18</td>
			<td>CDS Analytical</td>
			<td>76333-132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22363204</td>
			<td>CRITICAL: Other tubes may leach polymer into sample, contaminating the analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes, 2 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22363352</td>
			<td>CRITICAL: Other tubes may leach polymer into sample, contaminating the analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extraction plate manifold</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>WAT097944</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon tubes, 50 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>21008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Generic blunt end needle and plunger</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Generic magnetic separation rack</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen chloride (HCl)</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals BDH</td>
			<td>BDH3028</td>
			<td>CAUTION: HCl is corrosive; wear gloves and work in a chemical fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydroxylamine solution 50% (wt/vol)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>467804</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator, 65 &#176;C</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>model no. 1380FM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Koptec Pure Ethanol, 200 Proof</td>
			<td>Decon Labs</td>
			<td>V1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol for HPLC (MeOH)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34860-4L-R</td>
			<td>CAUTION: MeOH is flammable and toxic; wear gloves, and work in a chemical fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcystin LR (MCLR)</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>10007188</td>
			<td>CAUTION: MCLR is toxic; wear gloves when handling and avoid skin contact.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, 1&#215; without calcium and magnesium, pH 7.4 &#177; 0.1</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>&#160;21-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH test strips, such as MilliporeSigma MColorpHast pH test strips and indicator papers</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M1095310001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIBs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For protocol for the generation of PIBs, see Moorhead et al., 2007.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips, 10 &#956;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22491504</td>
			<td>CRITICAL: Other tips may leach polymer into samples, contaminating the analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips, 1000 &#956;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22491555</td>
			<td>CRITICAL: Other tips may leach polymer into samples, contaminating the analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips, 200 &#956;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22491539</td>
			<td>CRITICAL: Other tips may leach polymer into samples, contaminating the analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic syringe, 10 mL</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail III</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>P50700-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Q Exactive Plus Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer, Oribtrap Fusion, Orbitrap Fusion Lumos, or Orbitrap Eclipse Tribrid Mass Spectrometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated benchtop centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>model no. 5424 R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotator (Labquake Shaker Rotisserie)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>13-687-12Q</td>
			<td>8 rpm rotation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sample collection plate, 96- well, 1 mL</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>WAT058957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1311-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sequencing grade modified trypsin</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V511C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>SX0299-1</td>
			<td>CAUTION: Sodium azide is explosive and toxic; wear gloves, work in a chemical fume hood and avoid contact with metals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>S27110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator (Branson digital sonifier)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>model no. SFX 250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPE C18 desalting plate</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>186001828BA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SpeedBeads magnetic carboxylate modified particles (SP3 beads)</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>6.51521E+13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermomixer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>model no. 5350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMT10plex Isobaric Label Reagent Set plus TMT11-131C Label Reagent, 3 &#215; 0.8 mg per tag</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A37725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)</td>
			<td>Honeywell</td>
			<td>T6508-25ML</td>
			<td>CAUTION: TFA is corrosive and will irritate skin on contact. Wear gloves and eye protection, and work in a chemical fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>T60040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum centrifuge and vapor trap</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>model nos. SpeedVac SPD120 and RVT5105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortexer (Vortex-Genie 2)</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water LC-MS</td>
			<td>Honeywell</td>
			<td>LC365-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a mass spectrometry-based approach to identify phosphoprotein phosphatases and their interactors

Most cellular processes are regulated by dynamic protein phosphorylation. More than three-quarters of proteins are phosphorylated, and phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs) coordinate over 90% of all cellular serine/threonine dephosphorylation. Deregulation of protein phosphorylation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Despite their widespread activity, the molecular mechanisms controlling PPPs and those controlled by PPPs are poorly characterized. Here, a proteomic approach termed phosphatase inhibitor beads and mass spectrometry (PIB-MS) is described to identify and quantify PPPs, their posttranslational modifications, and their interactors in as little as 12 h using any cell line or tissue. PIB-MS utilizes a non-selective PPP inhibitor, microcystin-LR (MCLR), immobilized on sepharose beads to capture and enrich endogenous PPPs and their associated proteins (termed the PPPome). This method does not require the exogenous expression of tagged versions of PPPs or the use of specific antibodies. PIB-MS offers an innovative way to study the evolutionarily conserved PPPs and expand our current understanding of dephosphorylation signaling.

<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63805/63805fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Identification of specific PIBs binders. (A) A variety of tissue types or cells can be analyzed via PIB-MS. HeLa cells in biological triplicate were either treated with DMSO or the PPP-inhibitor MCLR, incubated with PIBs, and analyzed via LC-MS/MS. (B) Volcano plot of PIB-MS anal...

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A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach to Identify Phosphoprotein Phosphatases and their Interactors

Here, we present a protocol for the enrichment of endogenous phosphoprotein phosphatases and their interacting proteins from cells and tissues and their identification and quantification by mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

Most cellular processes are regulated by dynamic protein phosphorylation. More than three-quarters of proteins are phosphorylated, and phosphoprotein ...

PIB-MS is a novel technique used to enrich for endogenous phosphorprotein phosphatases and they're interacting proteins from cells and tissues. It involves the identification and quantification of these proteins using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. This technique does not require the exogenous expression of tagged versions of phosphorprotein phosphatases that could alter protein activity or localization.Also, it does not use antibodies that might be non-specific or unable to distinguish between specific isoforms. This method for investigating the PPPM can be scaled for use on everything from cells to clinical samples. To begin, collect cell pellet by centrifugation at 277 times g for two minutes at room temperature.Remove media and wash the cells with five milliliters of PBS. Prepare lysis buffer as described in the text protocol and keep on ice. Add one milliliter of chilled lysis buffer to the samples, then homogenize the samples by sonification and keep the cells on ice between pulses.Transfer the lysates to fresh 1.5-milliliter tubes. Centrifuge the sonicated sample at 21, 130 times g for 15 minutes at 4 degrees Celsius. Use an aliquot of the lysate to quantify the total protein concentration using a bicinchoninic acid assay.This step is essential to ensure equal protein concentration in each sample. For a phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor control, prepare two aliquots of equal protein concentration for each sample. Lysis buffer can be used to dilute the samples so that each tube has equal protein concentration.Add one micromolar of free microcystin-LR to one aliquot and an equal volume of DMSO to the other. Vortex the samples and incubate them on ice for 15 minutes. Preparation of the phosphatase inhibitor beads should be carried out ahead of time or during the incubation steps described in the sample preparation section.Use 10 microliters of solid phosphatase inhibitor beads, or PIB resin, for one milligram of protein and add them to a 1.5-milliliter tube. Wash the PIBs thrice with 0.5 milliliters of lysis buffer by vortexing followed by centrifugation at 376 times g for 30 seconds at room temperature. Add an appropriate amount of lysis buffer to the washed PIBs to make 50%by volume PIB buffer solution.Mix by gently pipetting and swirl the pipette tip and the slurry to resuspend the PIBs. Transfer 20 microliters of the slurry to a 1.5-milliliter tube containing 0.5 milliliters of lysis buffer. Spin the tubes at 376 times g for 30 seconds.Each tube contains equal volumes of PIBs in it. Discard the supernatant while leaving only the solid resin and up to 50 microliters of lysis buffer in each tube. Transfer the lysates to the appropriately labeled tubes containing PIBs.Incubate the lysate with the PIBs for one hour at 4 degrees Celsius with rotation at 8 rpm. After incubation with the lysate, centrifuge the PIBs at 376 times g for 30 seconds at 4 degrees Celsius and remove the supernatant. Wash the beads by adding 0.5 milliliters of lysis buffer and inverting the tubes Collect the beads by centrifugation and remove the supernatant.Repeat this step for a total of three washes. After the final wash, remove the lysis buffer as much as possible without pipetting up the PIBs. Prepare elution buffer containing 2%SDS and add the elution buffer four to five times the volume of PIBs.Incubate at 65 degrees Celsius for one hour to elute the phosphoprotein phosphatases from the beads. Centrifuge the tubes at 376 times g for 30 seconds at room temperature. Collect the eluate into a separate tube and proceed for mass spectrometry analyses or western blotting.To regenerate the PIBs, incubate them in 2%SDS solution with rotation at 8 rpm for one hour at room temperature. Wash the beads three to five times in 25 millimolar Tris-HCl pH 7.5 with rotation for 30 minutes per wash. Store PIBs in 25 millimolar Tris HCL pH 7.5 with sodium azide.For mass spectrometry analysis, methods of data filtering and analysis vary and may be performed by the researcher or a core facility. After searching the raw data against a species-specific proteome database, filter the search results and export it as a Microsoft Excel worksheet. Analyze the data in triplicates.For label-free quantification, use MS1 peak area measurements to quantify the data. To identify PPP subunits and their interactors de novo, compare biological triplicates of microcystin-LR-inhibited and DMSO-treated samples. Filter the data so that only proteins with a total peptide count of more than one in at least two of the three DMSO control-treated samples are present.To filter out proteins that non-specifically bind to the resin, remove the proteins in which the total peptide count in the microcystin-LR-treated condition is higher than that for any PPP catalytic subunit. Exclude common contaminants such as keratin, collagen, ribosomal proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins from the analysis. A CSV file is essential for importing the data into Perseus.Import filtered data into Perseus by clicking Generic matrix upload in the Load section. Transform the data by going to Basic Transform, selecting the data and specifying the transformation function as log base 2 of x. Impute missing values from a normal distribution by going to Imputation, Replace missing values from normal distribution, selecting the data and specifying the width and the downshift for the calculation.Perform quantile normalization by going to Normalize, Quantile normalization. Annotate the data by going to Annot rows, Categorical annotation rows. Perform the student's T test by going to Tests, Two-sample tests, selecting the groups, the test to perform and the method for multiple hypothesis testing correction as used for truncation.This function also calculates the log 2 ratios. Phosphoprotein phosphotates and their interactors were identified in the HeLa cells using a PIB pull-down experiment, followed by label-free quantification of protein abundance in DMSO-treated and microcystin-LR-treated samples. Volcano plot of mass spectrometry analysis identified specific PIB binders shown in red, catalytic subunits in blue, and new candidate PPP subunits, or interacting proteins, in white.Non-specific binders were shown in gray. Scatter plot of log2 area from the DMSO-treated HeLa cell lysate showed that the abundances were highly correlated, indicating reproducibility of the data. Network analysis of all phosphorprotein phosphatase subunits and interacting proteins showed that these proteins were specific interactors in the PIB pull-down.Global proteomics analyses could be performed and the results compared with the PIB analysis to determine if the PPPome composition is driven by PPP abundance or regulated by post translational mechanisms. PIB-MS is a broadly applicable tool that has allowed us to identify differences in PPP expression patterns under various conditions such as interphase versus mitotic samples or differences between cancer cell lines.

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