המחברים מבקשים להודות לפול Ciszek וקית &#39;אמרי מהאנרגיה מתחדשים המעבדה הלאומית (NREL) למדידות JV מוסמכים, ריילי ברנדט (MIT) למדידות ספקטרוסקופיה Photoelectron, וג&#39;ף קאטר (ASU) להשראה לסעיף בדיקת השערות. עבודה זו נתמכת על ידי משרד אנרגיה האמריקאי באמצעות יוזמת SunShot תחת חוזה DE-EE0005329, ועל ידי רוברט בוש LLC דרך רשת חקר האנרגיה בוש תחת מענק 02.20.MC11. V. טיינמן, ר &#39;Jaramillo, וק הרטמן מכירים את התמיכה של, קרן אלכסנדר פון הומבולדט, דוקטורים פרס מחקר DOE EERE, ואינטל דוקטורט מלגה, בהתאמה. שימוש שנעשה עבודה זו של המרכז למערכות ננו באוניברסיטת הרווארד אשר נתמך על ידי הקרן הלאומית למדע תחת הפרס ECS-0335765.

<ol>
	<li>Woodhouse, M., Goodrich, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perspectives+on+the+pathways+for+cadmium+telluride+photovoltaic+module+manufacturers+to+address+expected+increases+in+the+price+for+tellurium.">Perspectives on the pathways for cadmium telluride photovoltaic module manufacturers to address expected increases in the price for tellurium.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 115, 199-212 (2013).</li><li>Ramakrishna Reddy, K. T., Koteswara Reddy, N., Miles, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photovoltaic+properties+of+SnS+based+solar+cells.">Photovoltaic properties of SnS based solar cells.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 90 (18-19), 3041-3046 (2006).</li><li>Sinsermsuksakul, P., Heo, J., Noh, W., Hock, A. S., Gordon, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+Layer+Deposition+of+Tin+Monosulfide+Thin+Films.">Atomic Layer Deposition of Tin Monosulfide Thin Films.</a> Advanced Energy Materials. 1 (6), 1116-1125 (2011).</li><li>Noguchi, H., Setiyadi, A., Tanamura, H., Nagatomo, T., Omoto, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+vacuum-evaporated+tin+sulfide+film+for+solar+cell+materials.">Characterization of vacuum-evaporated tin sulfide film for solar cell materials.</a> Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 35, 325-331 (1994).</li><li>Hartman, K., Johnson, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SnS+thin-films+by+RF+sputtering+at+room+temperature.">SnS thin-films by RF sputtering at room temperature.</a> Thin Solid Films. 519 (21), 7421-7424 (2011).</li><li>Tanusevski, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+and+photoelectric+properties+of+SnS+thin+films+prepared+by+chemical+bath+deposition.">Optical and photoelectric properties of SnS thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition.</a> Semiconductor Science and Technology. 18 (6), 501 (2003).</li><li>Sharma, R. C., Chang, Y. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+S&#8722;Sn+(Sulfur-Tin)+system.">The S&#8722;Sn (Sulfur-Tin) system.</a> Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams. 7 (3), 269-273 (1986).</li><li>Steinmann, V., Jaramillo, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3.88%+Efficient+Tin+Sulfide+Solar+Cells+using+Congruent+Thermal+Evaporation.">3.88% Efficient Tin Sulfide Solar Cells using Congruent Thermal Evaporation.</a> Advanced Materials. 26 (44), 7488-7492 (2014).</li><li>Sinsermsuksakul, P., Sun, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overcoming+Efficiency+Limitations+of+SnS-Based+Solar+Cells.">Overcoming Efficiency Limitations of SnS-Based Solar Cells.</a> Advanced Energy Materials. 4 (15), 1400496 (2014).</li><li>Hejin Park, H., Heasley, R., Gordon, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+layer+deposition+of+Zn(O,S)+thin+films+with+tunable+electrical+properties+by+oxygen+annealing.">Atomic layer deposition of Zn(O,S) thin films with tunable electrical properties by oxygen annealing.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 102 (13), 132110 (2013).</li><li>Scofield, J. H., Duda, A., Albin, D., Ballard, B. L., Predecki, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sputtered+molybdenum+bilayer+back+contact+for+copper+indium+diselenide-based+polycrystalline+thin-film+solar+cells.">Sputtered molybdenum bilayer back contact for copper indium diselenide-based polycrystalline thin-film solar cells.</a> Thin Solid Films. 260 (1), 26-31 (1995).</li><li>Malone, B. D., Gali, A., Kaxiras, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+principles+study+of+point+defects+in+SnS.">First principles study of point defects in SnS.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 16, 26176-26183 (2014).</li><li>Vaux, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+methods:+Know+when+your+numbers+are+significant.">Research methods: Know when your numbers are significant.</a> Nature. 492 (7428), 180-181 (2012).</li></ol>

יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

ניקוי בחירת מצע הוופלים Si חמצון משמשים כמצעים. מצעים הם התמיכה המכנית לתאים סולריים וכתוצאה מכך, והתכונות חשמליות שלהם אינן חשובות. הוופלים Si הם העדיפו לזכוכית, כי הוופלים Si לרכוש מסחרי הם בדרך כלל נקיים יותר מופלי זכוכי...

photovoltaics סרט הדק (PV) ממשיך למשוך עניין ופעילות מחקר משמעותי. עם זאת, הכלכלה של שוק PV הם נודדים במהירות ופיתוח PV סרט דק הצלחה מסחרית הפכו סיכוי מאתגר יותר. יתרונות עלות ייצור על פני טכנולוגיות מבוססות רקיק כבר לא יכולים להיות מובן מאליו, ושיפורים בשתי היעילות והעלות יש לחפש על בסיס שווה. 1,2 לאור מציאות זו שבחרנו לפתח SNS כחומר בולם ל PV סרט דק. יש SNS יתרונות מעשיים פנימיים שיכול לתרגם עלות ייצור נמוכה. אם ניתן להוכיח את יעילות גבוהה, זה יכול להיחשב כתחליף ירידה-לCdTe בPV סרט הדק המסחרי. כאן, הליך הייצור לתאי SNS שיא דיווחו לאחרונה השמש הפגין. אנו מתמקדים בהיבטים מעשיים כגון בחירת מצע, תנאים בתצהיר, פריסת מכשיר, ופרוטוקולי מדידה. SNS מורכב מאלמנטים שאינם רעילים, כדור הארץ-שפע ולא יקרים (פח וגופרית). SNS הוא (שם מינרלי Herzenbergite) אינרטי ולא מסיסים מוליכים למחצה מוצק עם bandgap עקיף של 1.1 eV, קליטת אור חזקה לפוטונים באנרגיה מעל 1.4 eV (α&gt; 10 4 סנטימטר -1), ומוליכות -type עמ פנימיות עם ריכוז ספק בטווח 15 אוקטובר - 17 אוקטובר סנטימטר -3 3 -. 7 חשוב לציין, SNS מתאדה congruently והוא עד 600 מעלות צלזיוס שלב יציב 8,9 משמעות הדבר היא כי SNS ניתן להפקיד על ידי אידוי תרמית (TE) והגבוה שלה. בת הדודה -Speed, סובלימציה הסגורה החלל (CSS), כפי שהועסקו בייצור של תאים סולריים CdTe. זה גם אומר ששליטת שלב SNS היא הרבה יותר פשוט עבור רוב חומרי PV סרט דקים, בעיקר כולל Cu (ב, Ga) (S, Se) 2 (סיגריות) וCu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS). לכן, EF התאficiency עומד כמכשול העיקרי למסחור של SNS PV, וSNS יכול להיחשב תחליף ירידה-לCdTe פעם יעילות גבוהה הם הפגינו בקנה מידת המעבדה. עם זאת מחסום יעילות זה לא יכול להיות מוגזם. אנו מעריכים כי יעילות השיא חייבת להגדיל בפקטור של ארבעה, מ~ 4% ל~ 15%, על מנת לעודד פיתוח מסחרי. פיתוח SNS כצמיחה הנפתחת בתחליף לCdTe גם ידרוש מסרטים דקים SNS באיכות הגבוהה על ידי CSS, והפיתוח של חומר שותף ברווחים מסוג n שבו SNS ניתן לגדל באופן ישיר. להלן מתואר הליך צעד-אחר-צעד לבודת SNS שיא תאים סולריים באמצעות שתי טכניקות שונות בתצהיר, תצהיר שכבה אטומי (ALD) וTE. אלד הוא שיטת צמיחה איטית אך עדכני הניב מכשירי היעילות הגבוהים ביותר. TE הוא מהיר יותר ותעשייתי להרחבה, אבל מפגר אלד ביעילות. בנוסף לשיטות תצהיר SNS השונות, TEותאים סולריים אלד שונים במקצת בחישול, פסיבציה פני השטח, וצעדי metallization. צעדי ייצור המכשיר מנויים באיור 1. לאחר שתאר את ההליך, תוצאות בדיקה עבור מכשירי השיא מוסמכים ודגימות קשורות מוצגות. תוצאות השיא כבר דווחו בעבר. כאן הדגש הוא על חלוקת תוצאות לריצת עיבוד טיפוסית.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Quartz wafer carrier</td>
			<td >AM Quartz, Gainesville, TX</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >bespoke design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sputtering system</td>
			<td >PVD Products</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>High vacuum sputtering system with load lock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >4% H2S in N2</td>
			<td >Airgas Inc.</td>
			<td>X02NI96C33A5626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >99.5% H2S</td>
			<td >Matheson Trigas</td>
			<td>G1540250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SnS powder</td>
			<td >Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>741000-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Effusion cell</td>
			<td >Veeco</td>
			<td>35-LT</td>
			<td>Low temperature, single filament effusion cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >diethylzinc (Zn(C2H5)2)</td>
			<td>Strem Chemicals</td>
			<td>93-3030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Laser cutter</td>
			<td>Electrox</td>
			<td >Scorpian G2</td>
			<td>Used for ITO shadow masks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >ITO sputtering target (In2O3/SnO2 90/10 wt.%, 99.99% pure)</td>
			<td >Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td>EJTITOX402A4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Metallization shadow masks</td>
			<td>MicroConnex</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>bespoke design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Electron Beam Evaporator</td>
			<td>Denton</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>High vacuum metals evaporator with load-lock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >AM1.5 solar simulator</td>
			<td >Newport Oriel</td>
			<td align="right">91194</td>
			<td>1300 W Xe-lamp using an AM1.5G filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td >Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>Lambda 950 UV-Vis-NIR</td>
			<td>150mm Spectralon-coated integrating sphere</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Calibrated Si solar cell</td>
			<td >PV Measurements</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>BK-7 window glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Double probe tips</td>
			<td >Accuprobe</td>
			<td >K1C8C1F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Souce-meter</td>
			<td >Keithley</td>
			<td align="right" >2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Quantum efficiency measurement system</td>
			<td >PV Measurements</td>
			<td>QEX7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Calibrated Si photodiode</td>
			<td >PV Measurements</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >High-throughput solar cell test station</td>
			<td >PV Measurements</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>bespoke design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Inert pump oil</td>
			<td >DuPont</td>
			<td >Krytox</td>
			<td>PFPE oil, grade 1514; vendor: Eastern Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H2S resistant elastomer o-rings</td>
			<td >DuPont</td>
			<td>Kalrez</td>
			<td>compound 7075; vendor: Marco Rubber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H2S resistant elastomer o-rings</td>
			<td >Marco Rubber</td>
			<td >Markez</td>
			<td>compound Z1028</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H2S resistant elastomer o-rings</td>
			<td>Seals Eastern, Inc.</td>
			<td >Aflas</td>
			<td>vendor: Marco Rubber</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

making record-efficiency sns solar cells by thermal evaporation and atomic layer deposition

גופרי פח (SNS) הוא חומר בולם מועמד לתאי כדור הארץ-שפע, שאינם רעילים שמש. SNS מציע שליטת שלב קלה וצמיחה מהירה על ידי אידוי תרמית חופף, והוא סופג אור הנראה בתוקף. עם זאת, במשך זמן רב את יעילות המרת הספק השיא של תאים סולריים SNS נשארה מתחת ל -2%. לאחרונה הפגינו שיא יעילות מוסמכת חדשה של 4.36% באמצעות SNS שהופקד על ידי תצהיר שכבה אטומי, ו3.88% באמצעות אידוי תרמית. הנה הליך הייצור לתאים סולריים שיא אלה מתואר, וההתפלגות הסטטיסטית של תהליך הייצור מדווחת. סטיית התקן של יעילות נמדדת על מצע יחיד היא בדרך כלל מעל 0.5%. כל הצעדים כוללים מבחר מצע וניקוי, מו מקרטעות למגע האחורי (קתודה), בתצהיר SNS, חישול, פסיבציה משטח, Zn (O, S) בחירת שכבת חיץ ותצהיר, מנצח שקוף בתצהיר (האנודה), וmetallization מתוארים. על כל מצע שאנו לפברק 11 מכשירים בודדים, כל אחד עם שטח פעיל 0.25 סנטימטר 2. יתר על כן, מערכת למדידת תפוקה גבוהה של עיקולים נוכחי מתח תחת אור השמש מדומה, ומדידת יעילות קוונטית חיצונית עם הטיה אור משתנה מתוארת. עם מערכת זו אנו מסוגלים למדוד ערכות נתונים מלאים על כל 11 המכשירים באופן אוטומטי ובזמן מינימאלי. תוצאות אלו ממחישות את הערך של לימוד קבוצות מדגם גדולים, במקום להתמקד באופן צר על מכשירי ביצועים הגבוהים ביותר. ערכות נתונים גדולות לעזור לנו להבחין ולתקן מנגנוני הפסד בודדים משפיעים המכשירים שלנו.

איורים 6-8 תוצאות מוצגות לשני מדגמים מייצגים &quot;בסיס&quot; גדלו-TE כפי שתוארו לעיל. J מואר - נתונים V לשתי דגימות אלה הוא להתוות איור 6 המדגם הראשון (&quot;SnS140203F&quot;) הניב את המכשיר ביעילות מוסמכת של 3.88% שדווחה בעבר 9 הפצות הנציג JV מוצגות גם ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition at JoVE.com

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

מה שהופך את התאים סולריים שיא יעילות SNS על ידי אידוי תרמי ואטומית שכבת הפקדת

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent ...

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42.6K Views.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

Video: Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

קצירת אנרגיה סולארית באמצעות תשלום פרדת Nanocrystals והמוצק שלהם

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

ייצור של ננו מהונדס תחמוצות שקופות לנהל בתצהיר ליזר פעם

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

שילוב של אור ננו-מבני כסף השמנה בתאים סולריים המוקשה Microcrystalline הסיליקון ידי העברת הדפסה

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. Conventionally reserved for the fabrication of metal thin films, thermal evaporation deposits bismuth into an array of vertical single crystalline nanowires over a flat thin film of vanadium held at RT, which is freshly deposited by magnetron sputtering or thermal evaporation. By controlling the temperature of the growth substrate the length and width of the nanowires can be tuned over a wide range. Responsible for this novel technique is a previously unknown nanowire growth mechanism that roots in the mild porosity of the vanadium thin film. Infiltrated into the vanadium pores, the bismuth domains (~ 1 nm) carry excessive surface energy that suppresses their melting point and continuously expels them out of the vanadium matrix to form nanowires. This discovery demonstrates the feasibility of scalable vapor phase synthesis of high purity nanomaterials without using any catalysts.

A protocol for seedless and high yield growth of bismuth nanowire arrays through vacuum thermal evaporation technique is presented.

צמיחה ללא גרעינים של מערך ביסמוט Nanowire באמצעות אידוי תרמי אבק

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

ייצור הדפסת תאים סולריים heterojunction הגורף<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; אפיון מורפולוגיה

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical properties. The possibility of doping was investigated by adding monovalent cation halides with similar ionic radii to Pb2+, including Cu+, Na+, and Ag+. A shift in the Fermi level and a remarkable decrease of sub-bandgap optical absorption, along with a lower energetic disorder in the perovskite, was achieved. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in the bulk hole mobility and a significant reduction of transport activation energy within an additive-based perovskite device was attained. The confluence of the aforementioned improved properties in the presence of these cations led to an enhancement in the photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell. An increase of 70 mV in open circuit voltage for AgI and a 2 mA/cm2 improvement in photocurrent density for NaI- and CuBr-based solar cells were achieved compared to the pristine device. Our work paves the way for further improvements in the optoelectronic quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and subsequent devices. It highlights a new avenue for investigations on the role of dopant impurities in crystallization and controls the electronic defect density in perovskite structures.

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we present a protocol to adjust the properties of solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 through the incorporation of monovalent cation additives in order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

חד ערכי חילוף קטיונים סימום של CH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; PBI<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; עבור תאים סולריים יעילים perovskite

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

בחיי עיר פיקוח על הפגיעה בביצועים מואצת של תאים סולריים מודולים: חקר מקרה של תאים סולריים2 Se Cu (ב, Ga)

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

היטב מיושר אנכית מונחה ZnO Nanorod מערכים ויישומם ב הפוך קטן מולקולה תאים סולריים

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

Production of Single Tracks of Ti-6Al-4V by Directed Energy Deposition to Determine the Layer Thickness for Multilayer Deposition

Directed Energy Deposition (DED), which is an additive manufacturing technique, involves the creation of a molten pool with a laser beam where metal powder is injected as particles. In general, this technique is employed to either fabricate or repair different components. In this technique, the final characteristics are affected by many factors. Indeed, one of the main tasks in building components by DED is the optimization of process parameters (such as laser power, laser speed, focus, etc.) which is usually carried out through an extensive experimental investigation. However, this sort of experiment is extremely lengthy and costly. Thus, in order to accelerate the optimization process, an investigation was conducted to develop a method based on the melt pool characterizations. In fact, in these experiments, single tracks of Ti-6Al-4V were deposited by a DED process with multiple combinations of laser power and laser speed. Surface morphology and dimensions of single tracks were analyzed, and geometrical characteristics of melt pools were evaluated after polishing and etching the cross-sections. Helpful information regarding the selection of optimal process parameters can be achieved by examining the melt pool features. These experiments are being extended to characterize the larger blocks with multiple layers. Indeed, this manuscript describes how it would be possible to quickly determine the layer thickness for the massive deposition, and avoid over or under-deposition according to the calculated energy density of the optimum parameters. Apart from the over or under-deposition, time and materials saving are the other great advantages of this approach in which the deposition of multilayer components can be started without any parameter optimization in terms of layer thickness.

In this research, a rapid method based on melt pool characterization is developed to estimate the layer thickness of Ti-6Al-4V components produced by directed energy deposition.

הפקה של רצועות יחיד של Ti-6Al-4V על-ידי האנרגיה התצהיר כדי לקבוע את עובי השכבה עבור התצהיר מרובת שכבות

Directed Energy Deposition (DED), which is an additive manufacturing technique, involves the creation of a molten pool with a laser beam where metal ...

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with wafer-scale uniformity and angstrom level control of thickness, the method of atomic-layer deposition was chosen. This ALD process enables high-quality, low-temperature (&#8804;150 &#176;C) growth of ultrathin films (100-1000 &#197;) of VO2. For this demonstration, the VO2 films were grown on sapphire substrates. This low temperature growth technique produces mostly amorphous VO2 films. A subsequent anneal in an ultra-high vacuum chamber with a pressure of 7x10-4 Pa of ultra-high purity (99.999%) oxygen produced oriented, polycrystalline VO2 films. The crystallinity, phase, and strain of the VO2 were determined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, while the stoichiometry and impurity levels were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and finally the morphology was determined by atomic force microscopy. These data demonstrate the high-quality of the films grown by this technique. A model was created to fit to the data for VO2 in its metallic and insulating phases in the near infrared spectral region. The permittivity and refractive index of the ALD VO2 agreed well with the other fabrication methods in its insulating phase, but showed a difference in its metallic state. Finally, the analysis of the films&#39; optical properties enabled the creation of a wavelength- and temperature-dependent model of the complex optical refractive index for developing VO2 as a tunable refractive index material.

Thin films (100-1000 &#197;) of vanadium dioxide (VO2) were created by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) on sapphire substrates. Following this, the optical properties were characterized through the metal-insulator transition of VO2. From the measured optical properties, a model was created to describe the tunable refractive index of VO2.

שכבות אטומיות בודדות בתצהיר של ונדיום דו חמצני ודגם אופטי תלוית טמפרטורה

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with ...