אנו מודים למרכז המניות של בלומינגטון תסיסנית עבור המניות זבוב; ג גאהר, ג &#39;ט Alkema, ו S. ואן Hasselt על הניסיון המוקדם שלהם בפיתוח assay האוויר בלחץ; ג &#39;ספר בוסמן על העצה על טיפוח שמרים; ואת רזה Athanchi ואת יואל לוין עבור במקור לפתח את זמן לשגות ניטור של תסיסנית הזדווגות התנהגות. JA Gorter נתמך על ידי מעבדה מחקר מדעי המוח BCN / NWO מענק תוכנית. עבודה זו נתמכה בחלקו על ידי הארגון ההולנדי למחקר מדעי (NWO) (הפניה: 821.02.020) ל- JC Billeter.

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למחברים אין אינטרסים מתחרים לחשוף.

פרוטוקול זה מתאר assay כדי לבדוק התנהגות ההזדווגות מעל 24 שעות תוך שליטה רציפה על רמזים סביבתיים כי זוג הזדווגות משוער להשתמש כדי לקבוע תדירות ההזדווגות. ניתן להגדיל את תדירות ההזדווגות בתגובה האוויר שמרים נמסר באמצעות מערכת אוויר בלחץ כאשר המדיום מכיל שמרים גם ( א?...

התנהגויות פוריות בדרך כלל יש עלויות אנרגיה גבוהות, במיוחד עבור הנקבות, אשר מייצרים gametes גדול יותר מאשר גברים חייב בזהירות בחר את התנאים להעלות את צאצאיהם המתפתחים. בגלל עלות האנרגיה, אין זה מפתיע כי רבייה קשורה לתנאים תזונתיים. זה נכון ברוב, אם לא כל, חיות כולל יונקים, התבגרות אשר יכול להתעכב על ידי תת תזונה, ואשר דחף מיני יכול להיות מושפעת לרעה על ידי מזון הגבלה 1. רפרודוקציה של אורגניזם מודל גנטי תסיסנית melanogaster מושפע גם בתנאים תזונתיים. גברים בבית המשפט ברמה גבוהה יותר בנוכחות מזון נדיפים 2 , ונקבה הם יותר מינית פתוח בנוכחות שמרים, מזין עיקרי לייצור ביצים וצאצאים הישרדות 3 , 4 , 5 . זֶהאבולוציונית משמרת התגובה הרבייה למזון מציעה הזדמנות ללמוד מנגנונים המחברים זמינות מזון סביבתי כדי רבייה מינית באורגניזם גנטית זמן יעיל. ואכן, עבודה ד melanogaster יש מעורבים את מסלול האינסולין כווסת חשוב של הקשר בין מזון התנהגות ההזדווגות 6 . זה הוכיח גם כי מעשה ההזדווגות עצמו משנה את העדפת המזון של הנקבות, כמו גם את הנוירונים chemosensory הקשורים 7 , 8 , 9 . ברור כי רמזים למזון משפיעים על התנהגויות הרבייה ב מלנוגאסטר . תופעות אלה נראים משפיעים בעיקר נשים, במיוחד לאלה שכבר הזדווגו 5. עם זאת, כדי לבדוק את ההשפעות האלה חריפה של תנאים סביבתיים assay בשימוש קלאסי עבור התנהגות ההזדווגות הנשי עשוילא להיות מתאים מאוד עקב הפרעות ארוכות בין פרקים ההזדווגות. ב assay remating קלאסי, נקבה בתולה הראשון mates עם זכר, והוא מבודד מיד ומוצג עם זכר חדש 24 עד 48 שעות מאוחר יותר. זה assay קלאסי שימש בהצלחה רבה כדי לזהות רכיבים של פליטה זכר לשנות את ההתנהגות הנשית ואת התגובה הנשית 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 . Assay ההזדווגות מתמשך הוכיח כאן, ולכן, בנוסף מבחני ההזדווגות הקלאסית שניתן להשתמש בהם כדי ללמוד את ההשפעה החריפה של תנאים סביבתיים על התנהגויות הרבייה. באמצעות assay מתמשך עבור התנהגות ההזדווגות מוסבר כאן, הראינו בעבר כי זוג זבובים חשופים שמרים יהיה remate sאי פעם על פני תקופת תצפית של 24 שעות 5 , 19 , 20 , 21 , בעוד זבובים לא חשופים למזון יהיה רק ​​פעם אחת 5 . ממצא זה יכול להיות תמוהה לאור חלק גדול של הספרות ד melanogaster המציין כי הנקבות לא remate עבור מספר ימים לאחר הזדווגות הראשונית (נסקרו הפניות 10 , 11 ). עם זאת, פער זה יכול בקלות להיות מוסבר על ידי תנאי assay, שבו נקבה מבודדת במשך יום עד כמה ימים לפני הזדמנות ההזדווגות החדשה מסופק. אם הצמד אינו מזדווג במהלך תקופת תצפית זו של שעה, הנקבה מאופיינת כבלתי פתוחה. יתר על כן, תדירות ההזדווגות גבוהה לא צריך להיות מפתיע בהתחשב בנתונים של זבובים נתפס בר להראות כי הנקבות מכילות זרע מ 4 עד 6 זכרים באברי האחסון שלהם; ובכךDicating כי הנקבות באופן טבעי remate מספר פעמים 22 , 23 . כאן, אנו מדגימים את השימוש זה assay הזדווגות מתמשך כדי לפענח כיצד זבובים לאסוף ולשלב מידע על תנאי הסביבה כדי לווסת את תדירות ההזדווגות. Assay זה מאפשר אחד לבחון מספר גדול יחסית של זוגות ההזדווגות עבור מחקרים גנטיים כדי לבדוק את ההשפעה של רמזים סביבתיים נדיפים ולא תנודתיים. Assay בדרך כלל פועל במשך 24 שעות, אבל יכול להיות המורחבת ל 48 שעות, המאפשר בדיקה של רמזים סביבתיים רכיבה כגון מחזור כהה (LD) אור. אנו מדגימים assay זה על ידי בדיקת ההשפעה של רמזים נדיפים מתרבות שמרים בתוך מערכת אוויר בלחץ בשילוב עם הזמינות של מזין שמרים בלתי נדיף מצע מזון. מערכת האוויר בלחץ ברציפות משאבות רמזים נדיפים לזירת ההזדווגות המכיליםמזון מצע זוג הבדיקה (אשר התנהגות ההזדווגות שלו מנוטר). כדי לקבוע עוד יותר את הפרטים באמצעותם השמרים משפיע על ההזדווגות, אנו בוחנים תרכובת נדיפה גדולה של שמרים, כלומר חומצה אצטית 24 , בשילוב עם חומצת אמינו תוכן המתאים לזה של שמרים במצע מזון, בצורה של פפטון (אמינו חומצות הנובעות מעיכול אנזימטי של חלבונים מן החי). יחד אלה ניסויים להדגים כיצד ההשפעה של רמזים סביבתיים על התנהגות ההזדווגות של ד melanogaster ניתן לבדוק עם assay זה.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cabinet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel kitchen cabinet</td>
			<td>Horecaworld</td>
			<td>7412.0105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White LEDs</td>
			<td>Lucky Light</td>
			<td>ll-583wc2c-001</td>
			<td>Cold white, 20 mAmp and 2 V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red LEDs</td>
			<td>Lucky Ligt</td>
			<td>ll-583vc2c-v1-4da</td>
			<td>Wavelength between 625 nm, 20 mAmp and 6 V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resistor</td>
			<td>Royal Ohm</td>
			<td>CFR0W4J0561A50</td>
			<td>560 ohm, 0.25 W, 250 V and 5 % tolerance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smartphone light meter app</td>
			<td>Patrick Giudicelli</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Light/Lux Meter FREE, version 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power timer</td>
			<td>Alecto</td>
			<td>TS-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal brackets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sharp angle 5 by 5 mm,&#160; 2 x 5450 and 1 x 1100 mm long</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Frosted glass plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1190 x 545 x 5 mm</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper sheets</td>
			<td>LEE filters</td>
			<td>220</td>
			<td>White frost</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small fan</td>
			<td>Nanoxia Deep silence</td>
			<td>4260285292828</td>
			<td>80 mm Ultra-Quiet PC Fan, 1200 RPM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Big fan</td>
			<td>Nanoxia Deep silence</td>
			<td>4260285292910</td>
			<td>120 mm Ultra-Quiet PC Fan, 650-1500 RPM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Webcam camera</td>
			<td>Logitech</td>
			<td>950270</td>
			<td>B910 HD WEBCAM OEM, Angle: 78-degree, resolution: 5-million-pixel&#160;&#160;</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Camera software</td>
			<td>DeskShare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Security monitor pro</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly rearing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Fly rearing bottles</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>32-130</td>
			<td>6oz Drosophila stock bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flypad</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>59-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wild-type flies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Canton-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly rearing vials</td>
			<td>Dominique Dutscher</td>
			<td>789008</td>
			<td>Drosophila tubes narrow 25x95 mm</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>MIR-154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic hot plate</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>505-20000-00</td>
			<td>MR Hei-Standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Caldic Ingredients B.V.</td>
			<td>010001.26.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Gezond&#38;wel</td>
			<td>1019155</td>
			<td>Dextrose/Druivensuiker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Van Gilse</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Granulated sugar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cornmeal</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>62-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wheat germ</td>
			<td>Gezond&#38;wel</td>
			<td>1017683</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soy flour</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>62-115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molasses</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>62-117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Active dry yeast</td>
			<td>Red Star</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tegosept</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>20-258</td>
			<td>100%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone (bacto)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1000631000</td>
			<td>Glacial, 100%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small petridish</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>627102</td>
			<td>35 x 10 mm with vents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin film</td>
			<td>Bemis NA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast and pressurised air set-up</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Big petridish</td>
			<td>Gosselin</td>
			<td>BP140-01</td>
			<td>140 x 20.6 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure water</td>
			<td>Millipore corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MiliQ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar (pure)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>214530</td>
			<td>bacto</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose (0(+)-glucose monohydrate)&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>18270000004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Open caps</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>29 240 28&#160;</td>
			<td>GL45</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone septum</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>548-0662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barbed bulkhead fittings</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>6149-0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large PVC tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diameter: outer 1.2 cm and inner 0.9 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small PVC tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diameters: outer 0.8 cm and inner 0.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aquarium pump</td>
			<td>Sera precision</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sera air 110 plus, AC 220-240 V, 50/60 Hz, 3 W and pressure &#62;100 mbar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activated charcoal</td>
			<td>Superfish</td>
			<td>A8040400</td>
			<td>Norit activated carbon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposible filter unit</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>10462100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipettes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>612-1600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>300013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot glue</td>
			<td>Pattex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FP 30/pore size 0.45 mm CA-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Statistics software</td>
			<td>R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>lme4 package</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method to test the effect of environmental cues on mating behavior in drosophila melanogaster

הדחף המיני של האדם מושפע מגנוטיפ, מניסיון ותנאי סביבה. איך גורמים אלה אינטראקציה כדי לווסת התנהגויות מיניות נשאר מובן. ב תסיסנית melanogaster , רמזים סביבתיים, כגון זמינות מזון, משפיעים על פעילות ההזדווגות המציע מערכת דקדנית לחקור את מנגנונים modulating מינית התנהגות. ב ד melanogaster , רמזים סביבתיים הם חשו לעתים קרובות באמצעות chemosensory gustatory ומערכות חוש הריח. כאן, אנו מציגים שיטה לבחון את ההשפעה של רמזים כימיים סביבתיים על התנהגות ההזדווגות. Assay מורכב הזירה הזדווגות קטן המכיל בינוני מזון זוג מזדווגים. תדירות ההזדווגות עבור כל זוג הוא פיקוח מתמיד במשך 24 שעות. כאן אנו מציגים את תחולת assay זה כדי לבדוק תרכובות סביבתיות ממקור חיצוני באמצעות מערכת אוויר דחוס כמו גם מניפולציה של רכיבים סביבתיים ישירות בזירה ההזדווגות. USe של מערכת האוויר בלחץ שימושי במיוחד כדי לבדוק את ההשפעה של תרכובות נדיפים מאוד, תוך מניפולציה רכיבים ישירות בזירה ההזדווגות יכול להיות בעל ערך כדי לוודא נוכחות של המתחם. Assay זה יכול להיות מותאם לענות על שאלות לגבי ההשפעה של רמזים גנטיים סביבתיים על התנהגות ההזדווגות ואת פוריות, כמו גם אחרים התנהגות הרבייה זכר ונקבה.

שימוש זה assay רציפה, התנהגות ההזדווגות, תדירות ההזדווגות בפרט, ניתן לקבוע בתנאים סביבתיים ניסיוניים. כדי לשלוט בתנאים סביבתיים, שינינו ארון מטבח נירוסטה לתוך אזור הבדיקה, עם מקור האור שלה דיפוזיה, אשר מבטיח שפע גבוה של אור כמות מינימלית של בוהק מלמעלה...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

אנו מדגימים assay לנתח את רמזים סביבתיים וגנטיים המשפיעים על התנהגות ההזדווגות של זבוב הפירות תסיסנית melanogaster .

שיטה לבחינת ההשפעה של רמזים סביבתיים על התנהגות ההזדווגות ב<em&gt; תסיסנית מלנוגאסטר</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

a-method-to-test-effect-environmental-cues-on-mating-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

9.0K Views.  University of Groningen.  אנו מדגימים assay לנתח את רמזים סביבתיים וגנטיים המשפיעים על התנהגות ההזדווגות של זבוב הפירות תסיסנית melanogaster . 

Video: A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

פרוצדורה כדי לחקור את ההשפעה של הגבלת מזון ממושכת בהרואין מחפש אצל חולדות מתנזרות

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Measuring Sensitivity to Viewpoint Change with and without Stereoscopic Cues

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this transformation. Here we discuss a novel method for simulating the appearance of an object that has undergone a rotation-in-depth, and include an exposition of the differences between perspective and orthographic projections. Next we describe a method by which human sensitivity to rotation-in-depth can be measured. Finally we discuss an apparatus for creating a vivid percept of a 3-dimensional rotation-in-depth; the Wheatstone Eight Mirror Stereoscope. By doing so, we reveal a means by which to evaluate the role of stereoscopic cues in the discrimination of viewpoint rotated shapes and objects.

We discuss a novel method forviewpoint-rotation of visual stimuli, and demonstrate using a mirror stereoscopethe three-dimensional percept of rotation-in-depth. The technique can be used to investigate the role of stereoscopic cues in encoding viewpoint-rotated figures.

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this ...

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

השימוש בתיבת פאזל כאמצעי להערכת היעילות של הסביבה העשרה

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

הממד החברתי של מתח: ניסיון מניפולציות של תמיכה החברתית וזהות חברתית בחברת טרייר מתח מבחן

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

שיטה להערכת מאפייני החיזוק של אתנול בחולדות ללא מצוקת מים, סכרין Fading או הדרכת גישה מורחבת

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

מבחן הערנות Psychomotor המכרסם (rPVT): שיטה להערכת ביצועי נוירו-התנהגותיות אצל חולדות ועכברים

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

בדיקות בבעלי חיים חרדה אצל חולדות: ההשפעות של אדני היד פתוחה סגורה זרוע קיר שקיפות מוגבר בתוספת מבחן מבוך

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

A Burrowing/Tunneling Assay for Detection of Hypoxia in Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Oxygen deprivation in animals can result from exposure to low atmospheric oxygen levels or from internal tissue damage that interferes with oxygen distribution. It is also possible that aberrant behavior of oxygen-sensing neurons could induce hypoxia-like behavior in the presence of normal oxygen levels. In D. melanogaster, development at low oxygen levels results in inhibition of growth and sluggish behavior during the larval phases. However, these established manifestations of oxygen deficit overlap considerably with the phenotypes of many mutations that regulate growth, stress responses or locomotion. As result, there is currently no assay available to identify i) cellular hypoxia induced by a mutation or ii) hypoxia-like behavior when induced by abnormal neuronal behavior.
We have recently identified two distinctive behaviors in D. melanogaster larvae that occur at normal oxygen levels in response to internal detection of hypoxia. First, at all stages, such larvae avoid burrowing into food, often straying far away from a food source. Second, tunneling into a soft substratum, which normally occurs during the wandering third instar stage is completely abolished if larvae are hypoxic. The assay described here is designed to detect and quantitate these behaviors and thus to provide a way to detect hypoxia induced by internal damage rather than low external oxygen. Assay plates with an agar substratum and a central plug of yeast paste are used to support animals through larval life. The positions and state of the larvae are tracked daily as they proceed from first to third instar. The extent of tunneling into the agar substratum during wandering phase is quantitated after pupation using NIH ImageJ. The assay will be of value in determining when hypoxia is a component of a mutant phenotype and thus provide insight into possible sites of action of the gene in question.

A Burrowing/Tunneling Assay for Detection of Hypoxia in Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

The protocol describes a simple assay to identify Drosophila melanogaster larvae that are experiencing hypoxia under normal atmospheric oxygen levels. This protocol allows hypoxic larvae to be distinguished from other mutants that show overlapping phenotypes such as sluggishness or slow growth.

וזמינותו נובר/למנהור עבור זיהוי של היפוקסיה ב הזחלים דרוזופילה melanogaster

Oxygen deprivation in animals can result from exposure to low atmospheric oxygen levels or from internal tissue damage that interferes with oxygen ...

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific responses to changing temperatures according to their physiological tolerance and adaptability. Drosophila flies also possess a temperature sensing system that has become fundamental to understanding the neural basis of temperature processing in ectotherms. We present here a temperature-controlled arena that permits fast and precise temperature changes with temporal and spatial control to explore the response of individual flies to changing temperatures. Individual flies are placed in the arena and exposed to pre-programmed temperature challenges, such as uniform gradual increases in temperature to determine reaction norms or spatially distributed temperatures at the same time to determine preferences. Individuals are automatically tracked, allowing the quantification of speed or location preference. This method can be used to rapidly quantify the response over a large range of temperatures to determine temperature performance curves in Drosophila or other insects of similar size. In addition, it can be used for genetic studies to quantify temperature preferences and reactions of mutants or wild-type flies. This method can help uncover the basis of thermal speciation and adaptation, as well as the neural mechanisms behind temperature processing.

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Here we present a protocol to automatically determine the locomotor performance of Drosophila at changing temperatures using a programmable temperature-controlled arena that produces fast and accurate temperature changes in time and space.

שיטה אוטומטית כדי לקבוע את הביצועים של דרוזופילה בתגובה לשינויים בטמפרטורה בחלל ובזמן

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

גבוהות בתוספת מבוך מבחן משולב עם וידאו מעקב תוכנה כדי לחקור את האפקט נוגד חרדה של תוספי תזונה קטוגנית אקסוגני

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...