מחקר זה נתמך על ידי מענקים מהקרן הלאומית למדעי הטבע של סין (מס '32300785 ל- X.C.), התוכנית הלאומית לפוסט-דוקטורט בסין לכישרונות חדשניים (No. BX20230449 ל-X.C.), והפרויקט הלאומי למדע וטכנולוגיה (מס' 2021YFC2300602 ל-L.Y).

פענוח התחייבות מוקדמת של תאי T מסייעים לזקיקים בזיהום LCMV חריף

<ol>
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J., Choi, Y. S., Diamond, J., Yang, J. A., Crotty, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STAT5+is+a+potent+negative+regulator+of+TFH+cell+differentiation.">STAT5 is a potent negative regulator of TFH cell differentiation.</a> J Exp Med. 209 (2), 243-250 (2012).</li><li>Lee, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcription+factor+KLF2+restrains+CD4++T+follicular+helper+cell+differentiation.">The transcription factor KLF2 restrains CD4+ T follicular helper cell differentiation.</a> Immunity. 42 (2), 252-264 (2015).</li><li>Xiao, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+e3+ubiquitin+ligase+itch+is+required+for+the+differentiation+of+follicular+helper+t+cells.">The e3 ubiquitin ligase itch is required for the differentiation of follicular helper t cells.</a> Nat Immunol. 15 (7), 657-666 (2014).</li><li>Baumjohann, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+cluster+mir-17~92+promotes+TFH+cell+differentiation+and+represses+subset-inappropriate+gene+expression.">The microRNA cluster mir-17~92 promotes TFH cell differentiation and represses subset-inappropriate gene expression.</a> Nat Immunol. 14 (8), 840-848 (2013).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kinase+complex+mTORC2+promotes+the+longevity+of+virus-specific+memory+CD4(+)+T+cells+by+preventing+ferroptosis.">The kinase complex mTORC2 promotes the longevity of virus-specific memory CD4(+) T cells by preventing ferroptosis.</a> Nat Immunol. 23 (2), 303-317 (2022).</li><li>Hale, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+memory+CD4++T+cells+with+commitment+to+T+follicular+helper-+and+T+helper+1-cell+lineages+are+generated+after+acute+viral+infection.">Distinct memory CD4+ T cells with commitment to T follicular helper- and T helper 1-cell lineages are generated after acute viral infection.</a> Immunity. 38 (4), 805-817 (2013).</li><li>Yao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selenium-GPX4+axis+protects+follicular+helper+t+cells+from+ferroptosis.">Selenium-GPX4 axis protects follicular helper t cells from ferroptosis.</a> Nat Immunol. 22 (9), 1127-1139 (2021).</li><li>Oxenius, A., Bachmann, M. F., Zinkernagel, R. 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S., Crotty, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retroviral+vector+expression+in+TCR+transgenic+CD4++T+cells.">Retroviral vector expression in TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1291, 49-61 (2015).</li><li>Wu, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+expansion+and+retroviral+transduction+of+mouse+regulatory+T+cells.">A method for expansion and retroviral transduction of mouse regulatory T cells.</a> J Immunol Methods. 488, 112931 (2021).</li><li>He, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follicular+CXCR5-+expressing+CD8(+)+T+cells+curtail+chronic+viral+infection.">Follicular CXCR5- expressing CD8(+) T cells curtail chronic viral infection.</a> Nature. 537 (7620), 412-428 (2016).</li><li>Crotty, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follicular+helper+CD4+T+cells+(TFH).">Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH).</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 29, 621-663 (2011).</li><li>Breitfeld, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follicular+B+helper+T+cells+express+CXC+chemokine+receptor+5,+localize+to+B+cell+follicles,+and+support+immunoglobulin+production.">Follicular B helper T cells express CXC chemokine receptor 5, localize to B cell follicles, and support immunoglobulin production.</a> J Exp Med. 192 (11), 1545-1552 (2000).</li><li>Xu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kinase+mTORC1+promotes+the+generation+and+suppressive+function+of+follicular+regulatory+t+cells.">The kinase mTORC1 promotes the generation and suppressive function of follicular regulatory t cells.</a> Immunity. 47 (3), 538-551 (2017).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+phosphatase+pten+links+platelets+with+immune+regulatory+functions+of+mouse+T+follicular+helper+cells.">The phosphatase pten links platelets with immune regulatory functions of mouse T follicular helper cells.</a> Nat Commun. 13 (1), 2762 (2022).</li><li>Chen, J. 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המחברים מצהירים כי אין אינטרסים מתחרים.

המחקר בתחום תאי TFH הודגש מאז גילוי הפונקציה המיוחדת של תאיT FH בסיוע לתאי B. מחקרים מצטברים הצביעו על כך שהתמיינות תאי TFH היא תהליך רב-שלבי ורב-גורמי30, שבו המחויבות לגורל תאי TFH נקבעת בשלב המוקדם5. לכן, הבנה טובה יותר של המנגנונים העומדים בבסיס ?...

במפגש עם פתוגנים או איומים שונים, תאי T נאיביים CD4+ מתאימים את התגובה החיסונית שלהם על ידי התמיינות לתת-קבוצות שונות של תאי T מסייעים (TH) עם פונקציות מיוחדות1. בתרחיש של זיהום ויראלי חריף, חלק גדול מתאי T נאיביים CD4+ מתמיינים לתאי T מסייעים פוליקולריים (TFH) המספקים עזרה לתאי B 2,3. בניגוד לתת-קבוצות אחרות של תאי CD4+ TH (למשל, תאי TH1, TH2, TH9 ותאי TH17), תאיT FH מבטאים רמה משמעותית של CXCR5, שהוא קולטן הכימוקין של תאי B המבייתים כימוקין CXCL13, מה שמאפשר לתאיT FH לנדוד לזקיקים של תאי B. בזקיקי תאי B, תאיT FH מסייעים לתאי B קוגניטיביים ליזום ולשמר תגובות של מרכז הנבט, ובכך מאפשרים ייצור מהיר של נוגדנים בעלי זיקה גבוהה וזיכרון הומורלי ארוך טווח 2,3.
עם זיהום ויראלי חריף, מחויבות הגורל המוקדמת של תאי TFH ספציפיים לווירוס מתרחשת בתוך 72 שעות 4,5 ונשלטת על ידי לימפומה של תאי B מדכאי שעתוק -6 (Bcl-6)5,6,7,8, הפועלת כ"רגולטור הראשי" השולט בהחלטות גורל תאי TFH. מחסור ב-Bcl-6 מקהה באופן חמור את התמיינות תאי TFH, בעוד שביטוי חוץ רחמי של Bcl-6 מקדם באופן משמעותי מחויבות לגורל תאי TFH. בנוסף ל-Bcl-6, מולקולות רבות מעורבות בהנחיית מחויבות מוקדמת לגורל תאי TFH. גורמי שעתוק TCF-1 ו- LEF-1 יוזמים התמיינות תאי TFH באמצעות השראת Bcl-6 9,10,11. עיכוב Blimp1, הן על ידי Bcl-6 והן על ידי TCF-1, נדרש עבור התחייבות מוקדמת לגורל תאי TFH 11,12. STAT1 ו-STAT3 נדרשים גם עבור התמיינות מוקדמת של תאי TFH 13. חוץ מזה, שינויים אפיגנטיים על ידי היסטון methyltransferase EZH214,15 ו m6A methyltransferase METTL316 מסייעים לייצב תוכניות שעתוק תאי TFH (במיוחד Bcl6 ו Tcf7) ובכך ראשוני מוקדם TFH גורל הגורל. בעוד שהתקדמות, כולל המולקולות הנ"ל ואחרות, המסוכמות במקום אחר3, נעשו בהבנת תקנות השעתוק והאפיגנטיקה של מחויבות מוקדמת לגורל תאי TFH, מולקולות שלא היו ידועות קודם לכן נותרו ללמידה.
במודל העכבר של זיהום חריף של וירוס choriomeningitis לימפוציטית חריפה (LCMV), מועבר באופן מאומץ TCR-transgenic SMARTA (SM) CD4+ תאי T, אשר מזהים באופן ספציפי את אפיטופ הגליקופרוטאין LCMV I-AbGP66-77, עוברים התמיינות תאי TFH או TH1 במהלך זיהום ויראלי. דפוס התמיינות התפצלות TFH/TH1 תומך בקידום מודל זיהום SM/LCMV חריף בחקר הביולוגיה של תאי TFH ספציפיים לנגיף. ואכן, מודל זיהום SM/LCMV חריף נמצא בשימוש נרחב בתחום המחקר של תאי TFH ומילא תפקיד מכריע בתגליות אבני דרך בביולוגיה של תאי TFH. זה כולל את זיהוי Bcl-6 הנ"ל כגורם השעתוק המגדיר את השושלת של תאי TFH 5,6, כמו גם גורמי שעתוק חשובים אחרים (למשל, Blimp-16, TCF-1/LEF 9,10,11, STAT1/STAT313, STAT517, KLF218 ו- Itch19) המנחים התמיינות תאי TFH, תקנות לאחר שעתוק ( לדוגמה, METTL316 ו- miR-17~9220) של התמיינות תאי TFH, זיכרון תאי TFH ופלסטיות 21,22, ואסטרטגיות חיסון רציונליות המכוונות לתאי TFH (למשל, סלניום23).
המחקר הנוכחי מתאר שיטות ניתנות לשחזור לגישה למחויבות לגורל מוקדם של תאי TFH ספציפיים לנגיף, כולל (1) הקמת מודל עכבר כימרה SM נגוע LCMV חריף המתאים לגישה לתאי TFH ממוינים מוקדמים, (2) ביצוע צביעות ציטומטריה של זרימה של מולקולות הקשורות לתאי TFH ממוינים מוקדם, ו-(3) ביצוע מניפולציה גנטית רטרו-ויראלית מבוססת וקטור ב- SM CD4+ תאי T. שיטות אלה יהיו שימושיות למחקרים החוקרים את המחויבות לגורל מוקדם של תאי TFH ספציפיים לנגיף.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-052-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde Fix Solution, 4% PFA</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0099-500mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>CLS431751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 anti-mouse TCR V&#945;2 (clone B20.1)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>127812</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 700 anti-mouse CD45.1 (clone A20)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>110724</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC anti-mouse CD25 (clone PC61)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>101910</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6 CD45.1 (B6.SJL-Ptprca Pepcb/BoyJ) mouse</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>002014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BeaverBeads Streptavidin</td>
			<td>Beaver</td>
			<td>22321-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin anti-mouse F4/80 Antibody (clone BM8)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>123106</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat anti-mouse CD11c (clone N418)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>117304</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat anti-Mouse CD19 (clone 6D5)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>115504</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat anti-Mouse CD8a (clone 53-6.7)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100704</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat anti-mouse NK-1.1 (clone PK136)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>108704</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat anti-mouse TER-119/Erythroid Cells (clone TER-119)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>116204</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bovine serum albumin, BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant Violet 421 anti-T-bet (clone 4B10)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>644816</td>
			<td>1:100 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant Violet 605 anti-mouse CD279 (PD-1) (clone 29F.1A12)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>135220</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J (B6) mouse</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>000664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CXCR5-GFP knock-in reporter mouse</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>In house; the CXCR5-GFP knock-in mouse line was generated by the insertion of an IRES-GFP construct after the open reading frame of Cxcr5.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM 10% medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DMEM medium containing 10% FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11885092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E9884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSFortesa</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum, FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F8318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo (version 10.4.0)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foxp3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>00-5523-00</td>
			<td>The kit contains three reagents: a. Fixation/Permeabilization Concentrate (4X); b. Fixation / Permeabilization Diluent; c. Permeabilization Buffer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rat IgG Antibody (H+L), Biotinylated</td>
			<td>Vector laboratories</td>
			<td>BA-9400-1.5</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Invitrogen EVOS FL Auto Cell Imaging System</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolation buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FACS buffer containing 0.5% BSA and 2mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LCMV GP61-77 peptide (GLKGPDIYKGVYQFKSV)</td>
			<td>Chinese Peptide Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIVE/DEAD Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain Kit, for 633 or 635 nm excitation</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>L10199</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MigR1</td>
			<td>addgene</td>
			<td>#27490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaN3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCL-Eco</td>
			<td>addgene</td>
			<td>#12371</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE anti-mouse CD69 (clone H1.2F3)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>104508</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse anti-Bcl-6 (clone K112-91)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561522</td>
			<td>1:50 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline, PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>H8761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified Rat Anti-Mouse CXCR5 (clone 2G8)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551961</td>
			<td>1:50 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat monoclonal PerCP anti-mouse CD4 (clone RM4-5)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100538</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>recombinant murine IL-2</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>212-12-1MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red Blood Cell Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>C3702-500mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 2%</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium containing 2% FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMARTA (SM) TCR transgenic mouse</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>SM TCR transgenic line in our lab is a gift from Dr. Rafi Ahmed (Emory University). Additionally, this mouse line can also be obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (stain#: 030450).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PBS containing 2% FBS and 0.01% NaN3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin PE-Cyanine7</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>25-4317-82</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCF1/TCF7 (C63D9) Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate)&#160;</td>
			<td>Cell signaling technology</td>
			<td>6444S</td>
			<td>1:400 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TFH cell staining buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FACS buffer containing 1% BSA and 2% mouse serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TransIT-293 reagent</td>
			<td>Mirus Bio</td>
			<td>MIRUMIR2700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

accessing early differentiation of virus-specific follicular helper cd4+ t cell in acute lcmv-infected mice

תאי T מסייעים זקיקים (TFH) נתפסים כשושלת תאי CD4+ T עצמאית המסייעת לתאי B קוגניטיביים לייצר נוגדנים בעלי זיקה גבוהה, ובכך לבסס חסינות הומורלית ארוכת טווח. במהלך זיהום ויראלי חריף, מחויבות הגורל של תאי TFH ספציפיים לווירוס נקבעת בשלב ההדבקה המוקדם, וחקירות של תאי TFH ממוינים מוקדם הן חיוניות להבנת חסינות הומורלית תלוית תאי T ואופטימיזציה של תכנון החיסון. במחקר, תוך שימוש במודל עכברי של זיהום בנגיף הלימפוציטיס החריף (LCMV) ועכבר TCR-transgenic SMARTA (SM) עם תאי CD4+ T המזהים באופן ספציפי אפיטופ גליקופרוטאין LCMV I-AbGP66-77, תיארנו נהלים לגישה למחויבות הגורל המוקדמת של תאי TFH ספציפיים לווירוס בהתבסס על כתמי ציטומטריית זרימה. יתר על כן, על ידי ניצול התמרה רטרו-ויראלית של תאי T מסוג SM CD4+ , ניתנות גם שיטות למניפולציה של ביטוי גנים בתאי TFH ספציפיים לווירוס ממוינים מוקדם. לפיכך, שיטות אלה יסייעו במחקרים הבוחנים את המנגנונים העומדים בבסיס המחויבות המוקדמת של תאי TFH ספציפיים לנגיף.

Encountering different pathogens or threats, na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells tailor their immune responses by differentiating into various helper T (TH) cell subsets with specialized functions1. In the scenario of acute viral infection, a large portion of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells differentiate into follicular helper T (TFH) cells that provide help to B cells2,3. Distinct from other CD4+ TH cell subsets (e.g., TH1, TH2, TH9, and TH17 cells), TFH cells express a substantial level of CXCR5, which is the chemokine receptor for the B cell homing chemokine CXCL13, enabling TFH cells to migrate into B cell follicles. In the B cell follicles, TFH cells assist cognate B cells in initiating and maintaining germinal center reactions, thus enabling rapid high-affinity antibody production and long-term humoral memory2,3.
Upon acute viral infection, the early fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells occurs within 72 h4,5and is controlled by the transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma-6 (Bcl-6)5,6,7,8, which acts as the &#34;master regulator&#34; governing TFH cell fate decisions. Deficiency of Bcl-6 severely blunts TFH cell differentiation, while ectopic Bcl-6 expression substantially promotes TFH cell fate commitment. In addition to Bcl-6, multiple molecules are involved in instructing early TFH cell fate commitment. Transcription factors TCF-1 and LEF-1 initiate TFH cell differentiation via the induction of Bcl-69,10,11. The inhibition of Blimp1, by both Bcl-6 and TCF-1, is required for early TFH cell fate commitment11,12. STAT1 and STAT3 are also required for early TFH cell differentiation13. Besides, epigenetic modifications by histone methyltransferase EZH214,15and m6A methyltransferase METTL316 help to stabilize TFH cell transcriptional programs (especially Bcl6 and Tcf7) and thus prime early TFH cell fate commitment. While advances, including the aforementioned molecules and others, summarized elsewhere3, have been made in understanding the transcriptional and epigenetic regulations of early TFH&#160;cell fate commitment, previously unknown molecules remain to be learned.
In the mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, adoptively transferred congenic TCR-transgenic SMARTA (SM) CD4+ T cells, which specifically recognize the LCMV glycoprotein epitope I-AbGP66-77, undergo either TFH or TH1 cell differentiation during viral infection. This TFH/TH1 bifurcation differentiation pattern supports the advancement of the SM/acute LCMV infection model in studying the biology of virus-specific TFH cells. Indeed, the SM/acute LCMV infection model has been widely used in the TFH cell research field and has played a crucial role in milestone discoveries in TFH cell biology. This includes the identification of the aforementioned Bcl-6 as the lineage-defining transcription factor of TFH cells5,6, as well as other important transcriptional factors (e.g., Blimp-16, TCF-1/LEF9,10,11, STAT1/STAT313, STAT517, KLF218, and Itch19) guiding TFH cell differentiation, post-transcriptional regulations (e.g., METTL316 and miR-17~9220) of TFH cell differentiation, TFH cell memory and plasticity21,22, and rational vaccination strategies targeting TFH cells (e.g., selenium23).
The current study describes reproducible methods for accessing the early fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells, including (1) establishing an acute LCMV-infected SM chimera mouse model suitable for accessing early-differentiated TFH cells, (2) conducting flow cytometry stainings of molecules related to early-differentiated TFH cells, and (3) performing retroviral vector-based gene manipulation in SM CD4+ T cells. These methods will be useful for studies investigating the early fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells.

מחבר זרקור: הבהרת המסלולים של התמיינות תאי TFH באתגרי LCMV חריפים

גישה להבחנה מוקדמת של תאי T CD4+ עוזר זקיקים ספציפי לווירוס בעכברים נגועים ב- LCMV חריף

Our research describes reproducible methods for assessing the early fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells, including establishing acute LCMV-infected monoclonal mouse model, conducting flow cytometry staining, and performing retroviral-vector-based gene manipulation. Compared to in-vitro T-cell stimulation, in-vivo stimulation could activate T cells more quickly, even in 12 hours, and it's fully activated for the next retrovirus transduction. Our findings will help in studies exploring the mechanisms underlying the early commitment of various specific TFH cells.Furthermore, our research will contribute to understanding T-cell-dependent humoral immunity and optimizing vaccine design.

מאפיינים של תאי TFH ספציפיים לווירוס ממוינים מוקדם במהלך זיהום LCMV חריף כדי לחקור את מחויבות הגורל המוקדמת של תאי TFH ספציפיים לנגיף, תאי SM CD4+ T קונגניים נאיביים המזהים באופן ספציפי אפיטופ LCMV GP I-AbGP66-77 הועברו באימוץ למושתלי CD45.2+ C57BL/6. למחרת, המושתלי?...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice at JoVE.com

המחקר הנוכחי מציג פרוטוקולים להערכת המחויבות לגורל מוקדם של תאיT FH ספציפיים לווירוס ומניפולציה של ביטוי גנים בתאים אלה.

Follicular Helper T (TFH) cells are perceived as an independent CD4+ T cell lineage that assists cognate B cells in producing high-affinity antibodies, ...

accessing-early-differentiation-virus-specific-follicular-helper-cd4

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice

438 Views.  Shenzhen University. המחקר שלנו מתאר שיטות ניתנות לשחזור להערכת המחויבות לגורל מוקדם של תאי TFH ספציפיים לנגיף, כולל הקמת מודל עכבר חד-שבטי חריף נגוע ב-LCMV, ביצוע צביעת ציטומטריית זרימה וביצוע מניפולציה גנטית רטרו-ויראלית-וקטורית. בהשוואה לגירוי תאי T במבחנה, גירוי in-vivo יכול להפ?...

Video: מחבר זרקור: הבהרת המסלולים של התמיינות תאי TFH באתגרי LCMV חריפים

Follicular Helper T (TFH) cells are perceived as an independent CD4+ T cell lineage that assists cognate B cells in producing high-affinity antibodies, thus establishing long-term humoral immunity. During acute viral infection, the fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells is determined in the early infection phase, and investigations of the early-differentiated TFH cells are crucial in understanding T cell-dependent humoral immunity and optimizing vaccine design. In the study, using a mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and the TCR-transgenic SMARTA (SM) mouse with CD4+ T cells specifically recognizing LCMV glycoprotein epitope I-AbGP66-77, we described procedures to access the early fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells based on flow cytometry stainings. Furthermore, by exploiting retroviral transduction of SM CD4+ T cells, methods to manipulate gene expression in early-differentiated virus-specific TFH cells are also provided. Hence, these methods will help in studies exploring the mechanism(s) underlying the early commitment of virus-specific TFH cells.

The current study showcases protocols for assessing the early fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells and manipulating gene expression in these cells.

Mapping the Early Development of LCMV-Specific Follicular Helper T-Cells in Mice

To begin, obtain a six to eight week old CD 45.1 positive SMARTA mouse and inject it with 200 micrograms of LCMV GP 61-77 peptide in 100 microliters of RPMI medium intravenously. After acquiring the splenocytes from the mouse, suspend them in 2%RPMI to achieve a cell density of one times 10 to the eighT-cells per milliliter and place the tube with cells on ice. Dispense 50 microliters of cell suspension along with 150 microliters of staining buffer to each well of a round-bottom 96-well plate.Centrifuge the 96-well plate at 800 G for one minute at four degrees Celsius and carefully decant the supernatant. Vortex the plate and add 200 microliters of staining buffer to each well. After pelleting the cells, resuspend and incubate them with surface antibody cocktail on ice for 30 minutes in the dark.After washing two times, resuspend the cells in 200 microliters of staining buffer and transfer them into a flow cytometry tube. Perform flow cytometry analysis to check the activation status of SMARTA CD4 positive T-cells. Then seed one times 10 the six SMARTA CD4 positive T-cells per well into a 24 well plate.Spin down the cells at 800 G for three minutes at four degrees Celsius and carefully remove the supernatant medium. Next, add one milliliter of retrovirus medium and eight micrograms of polybrene to each well. Spin transduce the cells at 800 G for two hours at 37 degrees Celsius.After discarding the retrovirus medium, incubate the cells with one milliliter of prewarmed 10%RPMI supplemented with interleukin 2. Transfer the cell suspension into a 15 milliliter conical tube and centrifuge it. After discarding the supernatant, resuspend the cells with 2%RPMI to achieve a cell density of one times 10 to the eighth cells per milliliter.For assessing the transduction efficiency, aliquot 50 microliters of cell suspension into a round bottom 96-well plate. Incubate them on ice with the surface antibody cocktail including CD4, V alpha two, and vector tag-associated antibody. Wash the cells and perform flow cytometry as demonstrated earlier.Then inject one times 10 of the six CD 45.1 positive SMARTA CD4 positive T-cells to a C57BL/6 recipient mouse intravenously followed by one times 10 to the six plaque forming units of LCMV Armstrong the next day. After acquiring the splenocytes from the mouse, stain them to check the desired markers. To detect transcriptional factors, incubate the cells with 200 microliters of 2%paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 20 minutes in the dark.Finally, perform flow cytometry to detect factors at the early acute LCMV infection stage. On day three after infection, a balanced bifurcation of follicular helper T-cells and T-helper 1 cells Among MIGR1 SMARTA CD4 positive T-cells was found. A predominant follicular helper T-cell directed differentiation and enhanced BCL6 expression levels were observed in MIGR1 BCL6 SMARTA CD4 positive T-cells.