Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Jiang Hong, Ph.D. e Deepa Parathasarthy, MPH, BDS per l&#39;assistenza tecnica.

1. Raccolta di sangue intero <ol><li> Raccogliere il sangue venoso dagli esseri umani o da animali da esperimento in NEM / provette contenenti EDTA. </li><li> Immediatamente spin down sangue in una centrifuga da banco a 14300 rcf (forza centrifuga relativa) per 7 minuti per preparare plasma e globuli rossi pellet. </li><li> Preparare campioni di plasma per la cromatografia liquida ad alta prestazione (HPLC) e rivelazione chemiluminescenza (CLD) analisi. HPLC: Aggiungere 01:01 volumi di metanolo freddo al plasma, vortice e centrifugare a 13.200 rpm per 10 minuti per precipitare le proteine ​​plasmatiche. Raccogliere il surnatante per l&#39;analisi HPLC. CLD: aliquota di un campione e con Preincubare sulfanilamide e cloruro di mercurio in modo specifico nitrosotioli saggio. </li><li> Preparare globuli rossi pellet per HPLC e l&#39;analisi CLD. HPLC: Add 01:04 globuli rossi pellet ad una soluzione di lisi ipotonica contenente 10 NEM mM, EDTA 2,5 mM e 10 mM di ferricianuro. Vortex bene e quindi aggiungere 01:01 metanolo, vortice e centrifUGE a 13.200 rpm per 10 minuti alla proteina precipitato. Raccogliere il surnatante per l&#39;analisi HPLC. CLD. Aggiungere 01:04 pellet di globuli rossi ad una soluzione di lisi ipotonica contenente 10 mM EDTA, 2,5 mM EDTA e 10 mM ferricianuro. Aliquota da provette contenenti cloruro di mercurio sulfanilamide e per l&#39;individuazione specifica di nitrosotioli. </li></ol> 2. Tissue estrazione e preparazione <ol><li> Per determinare i livelli tissutali di NO metaboliti, è prima necessario prelevare tessuto libero nel sangue per la preparazione del campione come descritto sopra. Uno scambio di sangue completo avverrà mediante infusione di tampone fisiologico attraverso l&#39;apice del ventricolo sinistro. Una volta che tutto il sangue viene rimosso, tessuti di interesse possono essere raccolte. </li><li> Omogeneizzare campioni di tessuto e preparare campioni come descritto sopra per l&#39;analisi HPLC e CLD. </li></ol> 3. Aortica isolamento Anelli per la funzione endoteliale Tissue Organ Bath <ol><li> I topi saranno Anesthetized con etere etilico fino a quando non rispondono più ai piedi pizzico, e subiscono dislocazione cervicale prima dell&#39;intervento. Un toracotomia viene eseguita per esporre aorta toracica ed addominale. Una siringa calibro 25 viene inserito all&#39;apice del ventricolo sinistro e perfusi libera di sangue ossigenato con tampone Krebs Henseleit. </li><li> L&#39;atrio destro è tagliato per fornire un&#39;uscita di sangue. Dell&#39;aorta addominale sarà rimosso e pulito di avventizia. </li><li> Anelli sarà tagliato in segmenti 2 mm di lunghezza e montato su un bagno di quattro canali tessuto organico (DMT 720MO, Instruments AD) immersa in una soluzione tampone fisiologico. </li><li> Anelli serbatoio sono mantenute in 10-ml bagni organo ossigenato con tampone Krebs (95% O 2 e 5% CO 2) a 37 ° C. Una pretesa grammo è posto su ogni anello aortico (adeguata tensione di partenza ottimale per la funzione vasomotoria, come determinato in esperimenti precedenti). Un bambino di otto canali ottale bridge (PowerLab) e di acquisizione dati software (versione 5.2.2 alla tabella) unore utilizzato per registrare tutte le misurazioni di forza. </li><li> Gli anelli sono lasciato equilibrare per 80 minuti con il buffer di ogni bagno organo cambiati ogni 20 min. Dopo l &#39;equilibrio per 80 min, 1 fenilefrina pM viene aggiunto a ogni anello per la contrazione submassimale. </li><li> Dopo la stabilizzazione, agonista endoteliale come l&#39;acetilcolina sarà aggiunto per determinare la produzione di NO e grado di rilassamento nave. Dopo la dose-risposta all&#39;acetilcolina, bagni viene risciacquato e riassegnato e quindi trattata con una fonte esogena di ossido nitrico, nitroprussiato di sodio per determinare la reattività del muscolo liscio e per ottenere un valore di 100% rilassamento. </li><li> NO decontaminanti può essere aggiunto a bagno per illustrare chiaramente rilascio di NO e inibizione del rilassamento nave. </li></ol> 4. Risultati rappresentativi L&#39;utilizzo del ENO-20 dedicato HPLC fornisce un facile da utilizzare il metodo per il rilevamento di un elevato throughput specifico e sensibile di nitriti e nitrati inmatrici biologiche. Il principio di rilevamento e un cromatogramma originale viene mostrato nella Figura 1. Questo metodo può essere utilizzato per qualsiasi campione biologico per la determinazione nitriti e nitrati. CLD rilevamento basato su di NO metaboliti richiede una fase di derivatizzazione chimica per determinare l&#39;origine molecolare del NO. La configurazione sperimentale per la simultanea denitrosazione ossidativo e denitrosazione riduttiva per il rivelatore di chemiluminescenza è mostrato in Figura 2. Il recipiente di reazione a destra viene riempito con ferricianuro 800mm in PBS pH 7,4 e il recipiente di reazione a sinistra è riempito con ioduro di potassio / iodio miscela in acido acetico per denitrosazione riduzione (Figura 2A). L&#39;intera impostazione è illustrata nella figura 2B. La Figura 3 illustra i saggi denitrosazione gruppo specifico in grado di rilevare e quantificare nitrosotioli, i nitriti, nitrosamine, così come i prodotti eme nitrosilici. Questo metodo è stato precedentemente descriletto e convalidato 4,5. Queste analisi biochimiche importanti possono essere facilmente correlati con studi funzionali sugli anelli aortici isolati per determinare la produzione di NO endoteliale negli animali da esperimento. Questo esperimento classica farmacologica può essere facilmente e valutare con precisione la funzione endoteliale e la produzione di NO. Misurazione reattività nave agonisti endoteliali come acetilcolina può determinare direttamente endoteliale produzione di NO che possono poi essere correlato con biomarcatori biochimici rilevati nel sangue e nei tessuti degli animali sperimentali. Una rappresentazione tipica di una dose-risposta all&#39;acetilcolina è mostrato in Figura 4. Topi di controllo sani con normale funzione endoteliale rispondere a acetilcolina da rilassante. I topi con disfunzione endoteliale (topi ipercolesterolemici) mostrano il rilassamento ridotta a causa della ridotta produzione di NO allo stesso stimolo. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3722/3722fig1.jpg" /> Ficoure 1. Principio di rilevamento di nitriti e nitrati da ENO-20 e cromatogramma del campione. (Top) Schema di ENO-20 metodo di rilevamento per nitriti e nitrati. (Basso) chromotogram standard di 10 pmol nitriti e nitrati iniettata ENO-20 (100 pl di soluzione 100 nM di nitriti e nitrati). Sensibilità di 1 nM per ogni anione con 100 pl di volume di iniezione. Nessuna interferenza con le proteine ​​o specie colorate. <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3722/3722fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. CLD setup sperimentale utilizzando sia denitrosazione ossidativo da denitrosazione ferricianuro e riduttivo con ioduro / iodio test con rilevazione di fase gas depurato gas ossido nitrico. <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3722/3722fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. (Pannello A) individuazione Chemiluminescenza di nitrito, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, RNNO nel test denitrosazione riduttivo da una preincubazione del campione con il gruppo Chemic specificoal reagenti. Sottrazione delle aree dei picchi consentono di individuare nitriti e RSNOs. (Pannello B), rivelazione chemiluminescente di specie eme nitrosilici usando la soluzione ossidativo denitrosazione di ferricianuro. Questo metodo è specifico per NO-eme prodotti alcuna reattività incrociata con RSNOs (GSNO o SNO-albumina), o RNNO (NO-pirrolidina e N-nitroso-albumina). <img alt="Figura 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3722/3722fig4.jpg" /> Figura 4. Bagno ex vivo organo su anelli aortici isolati fornisce una misura diretta della produzione di NO endoteliale che possono poi essere correlato con marcatori biochimici rilevati mediante HPLC e CLD. Questa figura illustra il rilassamento ridotta nei topi affetti da disfunzione endoteliale dovuta a ridotta produzione di NO.

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	<li>Kelm, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide+metabolism+and+breakdown.">Nitric oxide metabolism and breakdown.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1411, 273-289 (1999).</li><li>Furchgott, R. F., Zawadzki, J. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+obligatory+role+of+endothelial+cells+in+the+relaxation+of+arterial+smooth+muscle+by+acetycholine.">The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetycholine.</a> Nature. 288, 373-376 (1980).</li><li>Ignarro, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelium-derived+relaxing+factor+produced+and+released+from+artery+and+vein+is+nitric+oxide.">Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 84, 9265-9269 (1987).</li><li>Feelisch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concomitant+S-,+N-,+and+heme-nitrosylation+in+biological+tissues+and+fluids:+implications+for+the+fate+of+NO+in+vivo.">Concomitant S-, N-, and heme-nitrosylation in biological tissues and fluids: implications for the fate of NO in vivo.</a> FASEB J. 16, 1775-1785 (2002).</li><li>Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+nitric+oxide+levels+in+the+red+cell:+validation+of+tri-iodide-based+chemiluminescence+with+acid-sulfanilamide+pretreatment.">Measurement of nitric oxide levels in the red cell: validation of tri-iodide-based chemiluminescence with acid-sulfanilamide pretreatment.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 281, 26994-27002 (2006).</li><li>Angelo, M., Singel, D. J., Stamler, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+S-nitrosothiol+(SNO)+synthase+function+of+hemoglobin+that+utilizes+nitrite+as+a+substrate.">An S-nitrosothiol (SNO) synthase function of hemoglobin that utilizes nitrite as a substrate.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 8366-8371 (2006).</li><li>Bryan, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bound+NO+in+human+red+blood+cells:+fact+or+artifact.">Bound NO in human red blood cells: fact or artifact.</a> Nitric Oxide. 10, 221-228 (2004).</li><li>Feelisch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+Processing+of+Nitrite+in+Hypoxia:+An+Intricate+Interplay+of+Nitric+Oxide-Generating+and+-Scavenging+Systems.">Tissue Processing of Nitrite in Hypoxia: An Intricate Interplay of Nitric Oxide-Generating and -Scavenging Systems.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 283, 33927-33934 (2008).</li><li>Bryan, N. S., Grisham, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+detect+nitric+oxide+and+its+metabolites+in+biological+samples.">Methods to detect nitric oxide and its metabolites in biological samples.</a> Free Radic. Biol. Med. 43, 645-657 (2007).</li><li>Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NO+generation+from+inorganic+nitrate+and+nitrite:+Role+in+physiology,+nutrition+and+therapeutics.">NO generation from inorganic nitrate and nitrite: Role in physiology, nutrition and therapeutics.</a> Arch. Pharm. Res. 32, 1119-1126 (2009).</li><li>Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., Gladwin, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nitrate-nitrite-nitric+oxide+pathway+in+physiology+and+therapeutics.">The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics.</a> Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 7, 156-157 (2008).</li></ol>

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I metodi qui descritti per la quantificazione di metaboliti NO pertinenti a compartimenti multipli biologici consentirà di impronte digitali di NO biologia in salute e di malattia che possono essere correlati con misurazioni funzionali di NO da parte dell&#39;endotelio. Questi metodi richiedono una preparazione semplice del campione con un potenziale di adattamento per un throughput elevato. La quantità relativa di queste molecole possono aiutare a comprendere la produzione di NO e il suo destino metabolico in un cert...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome del reattivo </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td></tr><tr><td> N-etilmaleimmide </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> 23030 </td></tr><tr><td> EDTA </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> E7889 </td></tr><tr><td> Ferricianuro di potassio </td><td> Fluka </td><td> 60299 </td></tr><tr><td> HPLC </td><td> EICOM Corp </td><td> ENO-20 </td></tr><tr><td> Autocampionatore </td><td> Alcott </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMT miografo </td><td> AD Instruments </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PowerLab </td><td> AD Instruments </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Chemiluminescente </td><td> EcoPhysics </td><td> CLD 88Y </td></tr><tr><td> Centrifuga </td><td> Eppendorf </td><td> 5415D </td></tr><tr><td> Acetilcolina </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich</td><td> A6625 </td></tr><tr><td> R-(-) Fenilefrina </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P6126 </td></tr></tbody></table>

analytical techniques for assaying nitric oxide bioactivity

L&#39;ossido nitrico (NO) è un biatomica radicale libero che è estremamente breve durata in sistemi biologici (meno di 1 secondo nel sangue circolante) 1. NO può essere considerato uno dei più importanti molecole di segnalazione prodotte nel nostro corpo, regolando le funzioni essenziali, incluso ma non limitato alla regolazione della pressione sanguigna, la risposta immunitaria e la comunicazione neurale. Pertanto, la sua rilevazione accurata e la quantificazione in matrici biologiche è fondamentale per comprendere il ruolo di NO nella salute e nella malattia. Con una breve semivita fisiologica di NO, strategie alternative per il rilevamento di prodotti di reazione di NO biochimica sono stati sviluppati. La quantificazione dei metaboliti NO rilevanti in diversi compartimenti biologici fornisce preziose informazioni per quanto riguarda il NO in vivo, la biodisponibilità di produzione e il metabolismo. Basta assaggiare un unico vano, come sangue o plasma non può sempre fornire una valutazione accurata di tutta body stato NO, in particolare nei tessuti. La possibilità di confrontare il sangue con i tessuti selezionati in animali da esperimento aiuterà a colmare il divario tra scienza di base e la medicina clinica per quanto riguarda utilità diagnostica e prognostica di NO biomarcatori nella salute e nella malattia. Pertanto, estrapolazione di plasma o sangue stato NO a tessuti specifici di interesse non è più un valido approccio. Come risultato, i metodi continuerà ad essere sviluppato e convalidato che permettono l&#39;individuazione e la quantificazione dei prodotti NO e NO-correlati / metaboliti a compartimenti multipli di animali da esperimento in vivo. Il paradigma stabilito di NO biochimica dalla produzione da NO sintasi all&#39;attivazione di guanylyl ciclasi solubile (SGC) all&#39;ossidazione eventuale nitrito (NO 2 -) e nitrati (NO 3 -), può rappresentare solo una parte di NO gli effetti in vivo. L&#39;interazione dei metaboliti NO e NO-derivati ​​con tioli proteine, ammine secondarie, e metalli per formare S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs), N-nitrosammine (RNNOs), e nitrosile-eme rappresentano rispettivamente cGMP indipendenti effetti di NO e probabilmente altrettanto importante fisiologicamente l&#39;attivazione di SGC da NO. Una vera comprensione del NO nella fisiologia deriva da esperimenti in vivo di campionamento comparti multipli contemporaneamente. Ossido nitrico (NO) metodologia è una scienza complessa e spesso confusa e al centro di molti dibattiti e discussioni in merito NO biochimica. Il chiarimento di nuovi meccanismi e le vie di segnalazione che coinvolgono senza cerniere sulla nostra capacità di specifico, in modo selettivo e sensibile rilevare e quantificare NO NO e tutte le informazioni pertinenti prodotti e metaboliti nelle matrici biologiche complesse. Qui, viene presentato un metodo per l&#39;analisi rapida e sensibile di nitriti e nitrati da HPLC e rilevamento di NO libero in campioni biologici utilizzando in chemiluminescenza dell&#39;ozono vitro basato con derivitazation chimica per determinare la fonte di NO molecolare nonché ex vivo conorgano bagno myography.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity at JoVE.com

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

La produzione endogena di ossido nitrico (NO) regola una varietà di funzioni biologiche. Sta diventando sempre più chiaro che l&#39;alterazione o disregolazione di NO segnalazione based è coinvolta in molte malattie umane. Metodi per quantificare relativo numero metaboliti possono fornire nuovi biomarcatori diagnostici o prognostici per le malattie umane.

Tecniche analitiche per il saggio Bioattività Ossido Nitrico

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free radical that is extremely short lived in biological systems (less than 1 second in circulating blood)1. NO may be ...

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17.9K Views.  University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. La produzione endogena di ossido nitrico (NO) regola una varietà di funzioni biologiche. Sta diventando sempre più chiaro che l'alterazione o disregolazione di NO segnalazione based è coinvolta in molte malattie umane. Metodi per quantificare relativo numero metaboliti possono fornire nuovi biomarcatori diagnostici o prognostici per le malattie umane.

Video: Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements of homeostasis, integrative animal models are necessary to study development and progression of CKD. To study development of CKD and novel therapeutic interventions in CKD, we use the 5/6th nephrectomy ablation model, a well known experimental model of progressive renal disease, resembling several aspects of human CKD. The gross reduction in renal mass causes progressive glomerular and tubulo-interstitial injury, loss of remnant nephrons and development of systemic and glomerular hypertension. It is also associated with progressive intrarenal capillary loss, inflammation and glomerulosclerosis. Risk factors for CKD invariably impact on endothelial function. To mimic this, we combine removal of 5/6th of renal mass with nitric oxide (NO) depletion and a high salt diet. After arrival and acclimatization, animals receive a NO synthase inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-Arginine) (L-NNA) supplemented to drinking water (20 mg/L) for a period of 4 weeks, followed by right sided uninephrectomy. One week later, a subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) is performed on the left side. After SNX, animals are allowed to recover for two days followed by LNNA in drinking water (20 mg/L) for a further period of 4 weeks. A high salt diet (6%), supplemented in ground chow (see time line Figure 1), is continued throughout the experiment. Progression of renal failure is followed over time by measuring plasma urea, systolic blood pressure and proteinuria. By six weeks after SNX, renal failure has developed. Renal function is measured using 'gold standard' inulin and para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) clearance technology. This model of CKD is characterized by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), hypertension (systolic blood pressure&gt;150 mmHg), proteinuria (&gt; 50 mg/24 hr) and mild uremia (&gt;10 mM). Histological features include tubulo-interstitial damage reflected by inflammation, tubular atrophy and fibrosis and focal glomerulosclerosis leading to massive reduction of healthy glomeruli within the remnant population (&lt;10%). Follow-up until 12 weeks after SNX shows further progression of CKD.

A two-stage method to establish chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Lewis rat by surgically removing 5/6th of renal mass is described. Combination of the surgical procedure, NOS-inhibition and a high-salt diet leads to a model resembling human CKD, allowing study of causal mechanisms and development of novel therapeutic interventions.

5/6th nefrectomia in combinazione con dieta di sale e di ossido nitrico sintasi Inibizione di indurre la malattia renale cronica nel ratto Lewis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements ...

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Medicina

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted With a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis

With the recent development of retinal prostheses, it is important to develop reliable techniques for assessing the safety of these devices in preclinical studies. However, the standard fixation, preparation, and automated histology procedures are not ideal. Here we describe new procedures for evaluating the health of the retina directly adjacent to an implant. Retinal prostheses feature electrode arrays in contact with eye tissue. Previous methods have not been able to spatially localize the ocular tissue adjacent to individual electrodes within the array. In addition, standard histological processing often results in gross artifactual detachment of the retinal layers when assessing implanted eyes. Consequently, it has been difficult to assess localized damage, if present, caused by implantation and stimulation of an implanted electrode array. Therefore, we developed a method for identifying and localizing the ocular tissue adjacent to implanted electrodes using a (color-coded) dye marking scheme, and we modified an eye fixation technique to minimize artifactual retinal detachment. This method also rendered the sclera translucent, enabling localization of individual electrodes and specific parts of an implant. Finally, we used a matched control to increase the power of the histopathological assessments. In summary, this method enables reliable and efficient discrimination and assessment of the retinal cytoarchitecture in an implanted eye.

Techniques for visualizing retinal cytoarchitecture directly adjacent to individual electrodes within a retinal stimulator.

Tecniche di lavorazione occhi impiantati con una protesi retinica per analisi istopatologica localizzato

With  the recent development of retinal prostheses, it is important to develop  reliable techniques for assessing the safety of these devices in ...

Experimental and Imaging Techniques for Examining Fibrin Clot Structures in Normal and Diseased States

Fibrin is an extracellular matrix protein that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of blood clots. Much research has been done on fibrin in the past years to include the investigation of synthesis, structure-function, and lysis of clots. However, there is still much unknown about the morphological and structural features of clots that ensue from patients with disease. In this research study, experimental techniques are presented that allow for the examination of morphological differences of abnormal clot structures due to diseased states such as diabetes and sickle cell anemia. Our study focuses on the preparation and evaluation of fibrin clots in order to assess morphological differences using various experimental assays and confocal microscopy. In addition, a method is also described that allows for continuous, real-time calculation of lysis rates in fibrin clots. The techniques described herein are important for researchers and clinicians seeking to elucidate comorbid thrombotic pathologies such as myocardial infarctions, ischemic heart disease, and strokes in patients with diabetes or sickle cell disease.

In this manuscript, experimental techniques, including blood preparation, confocal microscopy, and lysis rate analysis, to examine the morphological differences between normal and abnormal clot structures due to diseased states are presented.

Tecniche sperimentali e di imaging per l&#39;esame Strutture coagulo di fibrina in normali e patologiche Uniti

Fibrin is an extracellular matrix protein that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of blood clots. Much research has been done on ...

Optimized Analysis of In Vivo and In Vitro Hepatic Steatosis

Establishing a system of procedures to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize in vivo and in vitro hepatic steatosis is important for metabolic study in the liver. Here, numerous assays are described to comprehensively measure the phenotype and parameters of hepatic steatosis in mouse and hepatocyte models. 
Combining the physiological, histological, and biochemical methods, this system can be used to assess the progress of hepatic steatosis. In vivo, the measurements of body weight and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provide a general understanding of mice in a non-invasive manner. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E) and Oil Red O staining determine the histological morphology and lipid deposition of liver tissue under nutrient overload conditions, such as high-fat diet feeding. Next, the total lipid contents are isolated by chloroform/methanol extraction, which are followed by a biochemical analysis for triglyceride and cholesterol. Moreover, mouse primary hepatocytes are treated with high glucose plus insulin to stimulate lipid accumulation, an efficient in vitro model to mimic diet-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in vivo. Then, the lipid deposition is measured by Oil Red O staining and chloroform/methanol extraction. Oil Red O staining determines intuitive hepatic steatotic phenotypes, while the lipid extraction analysis determines the parameters that can be analyzed statistically. The present protocols are of interest to scientists in the fields of fatty liver diseases, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.

Optimized Analysis of In Vivo and In Vitro Hepatic Steatosis

Here, optimized methods to generate in vivo and in vitro models of hepatic steatosis and to analyze the steatotic phenotypes and related physiological parameters are described.

Analisi ottimizzata delle<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; e<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Epatica steatosi

Establishing a system of procedures to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize in vivo and in vitro hepatic steatosis is important for metabolic ...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoprobes for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Detection

A molecular imaging probe comprising superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and Mycobacterium tuberculosis surface antibody (MtbsAb) was synthesized to enhance imaging sensitivity for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (ETB). An SPIO nanoprobe was synthesized and conjugated with MtbsAb. The purified SPIO-MtbsAb nanoprobe was characterized using TEM and NMR. To determine the targeting ability of the probe, SPIO-MtbsAb nanoprobes were incubated with Mtb for in vitro imaging assays and injected into Mtb-inoculated mice for in vivo investigation with magnetic resonance (MR). The contrast enhancement reduction on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of Mtb and THP1 cells showed proportional to the SPIO-MtbsAb nanoprobe concentration. After 30 min of intravenous SPIO-MtbsAb nanoprobe injection into Mtb-infected mice, the signal intensity of the granulomatous site was enhanced by 14-fold in the T2-weighted MR images compared with that in mice receiving PBS injection. The MtbsAb nanoprobes can be used as a novel modality for ETB detection.

To improve serological diagnostic tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, we developed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoprobes to detect extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Sintesi, caratterizzazione e applicazione di nanosondanti di ossido di ferro superparamagnetico per il rilevamento della tubercolosi extrapolmonare

A molecular imaging probe comprising superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and Mycobacterium tuberculosis surface antibody (MtbsAb) was ...

Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation

Platelets are the blood components responsible for proper blood clotting. Their function is highly regulated by various pathways. One of the most potent vasoactive agents, nitric oxide (NO), can also act as a powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Direct NO detection in blood is very challenging due to its high reactivity with cell-free hemoglobin that limits NO half-life to the millisecond range. Currently, NO changes after interventions are only estimated based on measured changes of nitrite and nitrate (members of the nitrate-nitrite-NO metabolic pathway). However precise, these measurements are rather difficult to interpret vis a vis actual NO changes, due to the naturally high baseline nitrite and nitrate levels that are several orders of magnitude higher than expected changes of NO itself. Therefore, the development of direct and simple methods that would allow one to detect NO directly is long overdue. This protocol addresses a potential use of platelets as a highly sensitive NO sensor in blood. It describes initial platelet rich plasma (PRP) and washed platelet preparations and the use of nitrite and deoxygenated red blood cells as NO generators. Phosphorylation of VASP at serine 239 (P-VASPSer239) is used to detect the presence of NO. The fact that VASP protein is highly expressed in platelets and that it is rapidly phosphorylated when NO is present leads to a unique opportunity to use this pathway to directly detect NO presence in blood.

Here, we present a protocol to address the potential use of platelets as a highly sensitive nitric oxide sensor in blood. It describes initial platelet preparation and the use of nitrite and deoxygenated red blood cells as nitric oxide generators.

Rilevazione basata su piastrine di ossido nitrico nel sangue misurando VASP fosforilazione

Platelets are the blood components responsible for proper blood clotting. Their function is highly regulated by various pathways. One of the most potent ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

Risonanza magnetica cardiaca per la valutazione di un trombo cardiaco sospetto: tecniche convenzionali ed emergenti

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Tracking Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells using MRI after Intranasal Delivery in a Traumatic Brain Injury Murine Model

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical hurdles such as invasive cell delivery and tracking with low transplantation efficiency remain challenges in translational stem-based therapy. This article describes an emerging technique for stem cell labeling and tracking based on the labeling of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)&#160;nanoparticles, as well as intranasal delivery of the labeled MSCs. These nanoparticles are fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-embedded and safe to label the MSCs, which are subsequently delivered to the brains of TBI-induced mice by the intranasal route. They are then tracked non-invasively in vivo by real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Important advantages of this technique that combines SPIO for cell labeling and intranasal delivery include (1) non-invasive, in vivo MSC tracking after delivery for long tracking periods, (2) the possibility of multiple dosing regimens due to the non-invasive route of MSC delivery, and (3) possible applications to humans, owing to the safety of SPIO, non-invasive nature of the cell-tracking method by MRI, and route of administration.

Presented here is a protocol for non-invasive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery and tracking in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Superparamagnetic iron oxide&#160;nanoparticles are employed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe for MSC labeling and non-invasive in vivo tracking following intranasal delivery using real-time MRI.

Monitoraggio delle cellule staminali mesenchymale con etichetta chimica dell'ossido di ferro superparamagnetico utilizzando la risonanza magnetica dopo la consegna intranasale in un modello murino traumatico da lesioni cerebrali

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical ...

Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Mouse Models of Pleural Dissemination

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination model can be used for the evaluation of treatment methods for intrathoracic diseases such as lung cancer or malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently developed cancer treatment strategy that combines the specificity of tumor-targeting antibodies with toxicity caused by a photoabsorber (IR700Dye) after exposure to NIR light. The efficacy of NIR-PIT has been reported using various antibodies; however, only a few reports have shown the therapeutic effect of this strategy in an orthotopic model. In the present study, we demonstrate an example of efficacy evaluation of the pleural disseminated lung cancer model, which was treated using NIR-PIT.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging cancer therapeutic strategy that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber (IR700Dye) conjugate and NIR light to destroy cancer cells. Here, we present a method to evaluate the antitumor effect of NIR-PIT in a mouse model of pleural disseminated lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma using bioluminescence imaging.

Fotoimmunoterapia nel vicino infrarosso per modelli murini di disseminazione pleurica

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination ...

A Novel Inhalation Mask System to Deliver High Concentrations of Nitric Oxide Gas in Spontaneously Breathing Subjects

Nitric Oxide (NO) is administered as gas for inhalation to induce selective pulmonary vasodilation. It is a safe therapy, with few potential risks even if administered at high concentration. Inhaled NO gas is routinely used to increase systemic oxygenation in different disease conditions. The administration of high concentrations of NO also exerts a virucidal effect in vitro. Owing to its favorable pharmacodynamic and safety profiles, the familiarity in its use by critical care providers, and the potential for a direct virucidal effect, NO is clinically used in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Nevertheless, no device is currently available to easily administer inhaled NO at concentrations higher than 80 parts per million (ppm) at various inspired oxygen fractions, without the need for dedicated, heavy, and costly equipment. The development of a reliable, safe, inexpensive, lightweight, and ventilator-free solution is crucial, particularly for the early treatment of non-intubated patients outside of the intensive care unit (ICU) and in a limited-resource scenario. To overcome such a barrier, a simple system for the non-invasive NO gas administration up to 250 ppm was developed using standard consumables and a scavenging chamber. The method has been proven safe and reliable in delivering a specified NO concentration while limiting nitrogen dioxide levels. This paper aims to provide clinicians and researchers with the necessary information on how to assemble or adapt such a system for research purposes or clinical use in COVID-19 or other diseases in which NO administration might be beneficial.

This simple and highly adaptable system device for the inhalation of high-concentration nitric oxide (NO) gas does not require mechanical ventilators, positive pressure, or high gas flows. Standard medical consumables and a snug-fitting mask are used to safely deliver NO gas to spontaneously breathing subjects.

Un nuovo sistema di maschere per inalazione per fornire alte concentrazioni di gas ossido nitrico in soggetti che respirano spontaneamente

Nitric Oxide (NO) is administered as gas for inhalation to induce selective pulmonary vasodilation. It is a safe therapy, with few potential risks even if ...