Name: leprdb mouse model of type 2 diabetes: pancreatic islet isolation and live-cell 2-photon imaging of intact islets
Uploaded: 2015-05-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets at JoVE.com

This work was supported by an Australian Research Council Grant DP110100642 (to PT) and National Health and Medical Research Council Grants APP1002520 and APP1059426 (to PT and HYG).

NOTE: All present experiments were performed according to local animal ethics procedures of the University of Queensland (approved by the University of Queensland, Anatomical Biosciences Ethics Committee).
1. Islet Isolation
<ol>
	<li>Reagent preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Mixture of enzymes
		<ol>
			<li>For the pancreatic digestion, use a mixture of liberase and collagenase type IV. Dilute liberase TL (thermolysin low) 1 vial of 5 mg with 26 ml of DMEM (Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium).</l...

<ol>
	<li>Guariguata, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+estimates+of+diabetes+prevalence+for+2013+and+projections+for+2035.">Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035.</a> Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 103, 137-149 (2014).</li><li>Ashcroft, F. M., Rorsman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+mellitus+and+the+beta+cell:+The+last+ten+years.">Diabetes mellitus and the beta cell: The last ten years.</a> Cell. 148, 1160-1171 (2012).</li><li>Weir, G. C., Bonner-Weir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Five+stages+of+evolving+beta-cell+dysfunction+during+progression+to+diabetes.">Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes.</a> Diabetes. 53, S16-S21 (2004).</li><li>Kjorholt, C., Akerfeldt, M. C., Biden, T. J., Laybutt, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+hyperglycemia,+independent+of+plasma+lipid+levels,+is+sufficient+for+the+loss+of+beta-cell+differentiation+and+secretory+function+in+the+db/db+mouse+model+of+diabetes.">Chronic hyperglycemia, independent of plasma lipid levels, is sufficient for the loss of beta-cell differentiation and secretory function in the db/db mouse model of diabetes.</a> Diabetes. 54, 2755-2763 (2005).</li><li>Wang, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+type+2+diabetic+rodent+models.">Spontaneous type 2 diabetic rodent models.</a> Journal of Diabetes Research. , (2013).</li><li>Hummel, K. P., Dickie, M. M., Coleman, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+a+new+mutation+in+mouse.">Diabetes a new mutation in mouse.</a> Science. 153, 1127-1128 (1966).</li><li>Do, O. H., Low, J. T., Gaisano, H. Y., Thorn, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+secretory+deficit+in+islets+from+db/db+mice+is+mainly+due+to+a+loss+of+responding+beta+cells.">The secretory deficit in islets from db/db mice is mainly due to a loss of responding beta cells.</a> Diabetologia. 57, 1400-1409 (2014).</li><li>Low, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+principally+regulates+insulin+secretion+in+mouse+islets+by+controlling+the+numbers+of+granule+fusion+events+per+cell.">Glucose principally regulates insulin secretion in mouse islets by controlling the numbers of granule fusion events per cell.</a> Diabetologia. 56, 2629-2637 (2013).</li><li>Takahashi, N., Kishimoto, T., Nemoto, T., Kadowaki, T., Kasai, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fusion+pore+dynamics+and+insulin+granule+exocytosis+in+the+pancreatic+islet.">Fusion pore dynamics and insulin granule exocytosis in the pancreatic islet.</a> Science. 297, 1349-1352 (2002).</li><li>Low, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+secretion+from+beta+cells+in+intact+mouse+islets+is+targeted+towards+the+vasculature.">Insulin secretion from beta cells in intact mouse islets is targeted towards the vasculature.</a> Diabetologia. 57, 1655-1663 (2014).</li><li>Pologruto, T. A., Sabatini, B. L., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ScanImage:+flexible+software+for+operating+laser+scanning+microscopes.">ScanImage: flexible software for operating laser scanning microscopes.</a> Biomedical Engineering Online. 2, 13 (2003).</li></ol>

The most critical factor in the islet isolation is the initial perfusion of the pancreas; an under perfused pancreas results in a considerably lower islet yield. Other factors also affect the isolation quality such as the digestion time and the level of shaking which could partly compensate for the level of perfusion. For example, a fully perfused pancreas will need to be incubated at 37 &#176;C for ~18 min 30 sec while shaking gently, in contrast an under digested pancreas may require ~20 min&#160;digestion with harder ...

The role of beta-cell dysfunction in disease has been widely recognized 3,4. Cell lines such as the MIN6 and INS-1 are useful tools to understand the biology of beta cell behavior. However, the physiological control of insulin secretion takes place within the islets of Langerhans. These islets contain thousands of tightly packed beta cells, as well as blood vessels and other endocrine cell types. This environment within the islet influences insulin secretion and is likely to be important in diabetes. Therefore, to understand the physiological control of insulin secretion, and the pathophysiology of disease, it is essential to study intact islets.
Islet isolation
Live human islets and, in particular, human islets from type 2 diabetes patients are difficult to obtain. In addition, human islets have limited possibilities for experimental molecular manipulation. Researchers have therefore employed islets from animals and animal models of type 2 diabetes. One such disease model is the db/db mouse. This is a spontaneous mutation that models type 2 diabetes with a phenotype progression that closely parallels human disease 5,6. The protocol presented here for islet isolation from diabetic db/db mice has many steps in common with other groups with some refinements for better yield, purification and enhanced islet survival.
2 photon imaging
The live-cell 2-photon assay described here enables researchers to quantify the number and evaluate the characteristics of single insulin-containing granules from many cells of diabetic7 and wild type islets 8,9.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="675">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Liberase TL 5mg</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-5401020001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Collagenase type IV-1g</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17104-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Histopaque 1077 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 Medium (10X) 1L</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R1383</td>
			<td>to prepare isolation media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 (1X) 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21870-076</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin 100ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal bovine serum 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10099-141</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium)</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11966-025</td>
			<td>to dilute the liberase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Metamorph program</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>to analyze the 2-photon images</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

leprdb mouse model of type 2 diabetes: pancreatic islet isolation and live-cell 2-photon imaging of intact islets

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, the role of beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes has been clearly established 2. Research progress has required methods for the isolation of pancreatic islets. The protocol of the islet isolation presented here shares many common steps with protocols from other groups, with some modifications to improve the yield and quality of isolated islets from both the wild type and diabetic Leprdb (db/db) mice. A live-cell 2-photon imaging method is then presented that can be used to investigate the control of insulin secretion within islets.

Islet yield and purification
For a normal wild type mouse, about 200 islets are expected. Healthy islets look bright, round shaped and have a smooth border. An over-digested isolation batch usually has small and fuzzy islets while an under-digested batch has fewer islets and acinar cell attached islets (Figure&#160;3). For diabetic db/db mice, the islet yield and appearance depends on the disease progression with better glycemic mice have bigger, brighter and more islets (up t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets at JoVE.com

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

Investigations into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and islets of Langerhans malfunction 1 have been hampered by the limited availability of type 2 ...

Staining Protocols for Human Pancreatic Islets

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and ...

Neo-Islet Formation in Liver of Diabetic Mice by Helper-dependent Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer

Type 1 diabetes is caused by T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Until now insulin replacement is still the ...

Quantifying Glomerular Permeability of Fluorescent Macromolecules Using 2-Photon Microscopy in Munich Wistar Rats

Kidney  diseases involving urinary loss of large essential macromolecules, such as  serum albumin, have long been thought to be caused by alterations in ...

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory ...

Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide ...

Intraportal Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets in Mouse Model

Pancreatic islet transplantation to reduce hyperglycemia is highly successful in rodents with chemically-induced diabetes. The most common transplantation ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...