Name: detection and enrichment of rare antigen-specific b cells for analysis of phenotype and function
Uploaded: 2017-02-16T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the JDRF (1-2008-994, 27-2012-450) and the National Institutes of Health (R01DK096492-05, R21AI124488-01, T32OD012201, and F30OD021477).

1. Isolation of Human PBMCs
<ol>
	<li>Collect 30-50 ml of blood using heparinized blood collection tubes. 
	NOTE: The amount of blood used depends on the particular experimental question and frequency in blood of antigen-specific B cells of interest. Heparinized blood can be processed immediately or rocked gently overnight at room temperature for processing the following day. The delay in processing has very little effect on the efficiency of enrichment and is associated with minimal loss of viability.</li>
	<li>M...

<ol>
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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B+cell+specificity+contributes+to+the+outcome+of+diabetes+in+nonobese+diabetic+mice.">B cell specificity contributes to the outcome of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice.</a> J Immunol. 167 (10), 5535-5538 (2001).</li><li>Woda, M., Mathew, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescently+labeled+dengue+viruses+as+probes+to+identify+antigen-specific+memory+B+cells+by+multiparametric+flow+cytometry.">Fluorescently labeled dengue viruses as probes to identify antigen-specific memory B cells by multiparametric flow cytometry.</a> J Immunol Methods. 416, 167-177 (2015).</li><li>Nair, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+fluorescent+labeling+to+identify+memory+B+cells+specific+for+Neisseria+meningitidis+serogroup+B+vaccine+antigens+ex+vivo.">Optimized fluorescent labeling to identify memory B cells specific for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B vaccine antigens ex vivo.</a> Immun Inflamm Dis. 1 (1), 3-13 (2013).</li><li>Amanna, I. 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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enumeration+and+characterization+of+virus-specific+B+cells+by+multicolor+flow+cytometry.">Enumeration and characterization of virus-specific B cells by multicolor flow cytometry.</a> Journal of immunological methods. 303 (1-2), 40-52 (2005).</li><li>Malkiel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Checkpoints+for+Autoreactive+B+Cells+in+Peripheral+Blood+of+Lupus+Patients+Assessed+By+Flow+Cytometry.">Checkpoints for Autoreactive B Cells in Peripheral Blood of Lupus Patients Assessed By Flow Cytometry.</a> Arthritis Rheumatol. , (2016).</li><li>Pape, K. A., Taylor, J. J., Maul, R. W., Gearhart, P. J., Jenkins, M. 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Here we describe a novel method to accomplish isolation and enrichment of antigen-binding B cells from human peripheral blood. The method is readily applicable to mice and to other tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, and is compatible with post-enrichment analysis of cell phenotype and function (manuscript in preparation).
The user should be cognizant of a number of variables that can affect success of this procedure. From experience dead cells tend to stick to the magnetic beads and ...

Limiting dilution analyses of antibody-secreting cell precursor frequency have suggested that B cells reactive to a particular antigen typically occur at a frequency of 0.05 to 0.005% in the normal repertoire, depending on vaccination status and size/number of epitopes present on the antigen. The low frequency of these cells has made it difficult to study changes in their status during development of immune responses, such as following vaccination or exposure to a foreign antigen, or during development of autoimmunity. Previously, researchers have undertaken isolation of antigen-reactive B cells using techniques ranging from antigen coated plates or column adsorbents, to antigen-coated red blood cell resetting, to fluorescence-activated cell sorting1,2,3,4,5,6. Though these techniques have been successful in identifying and isolating antigen-reactive B cells, the results have varied in terms of yield, purity and scalability. Recently we developed a novel method to both detect and enrich rare B lymphocyte subpopulations using magnetic nanoparticles. The method enables enrichment with relatively high yield and purity from large starting populations, and is compatible with analysis of responses to antigen. By enriching from populations of cells in suspension, the method eliminates constraints that are associated with the geometry of antigen-coated plates or columns, and limit throughput. Finally, since enriched cells remain associated with antigen and a fluorescent reporter, they can be further purified by FACS sorting. As described herein we have used this approach for study of peripheral blood tetanus toxoid-reactive B cells before and following immunization of human subjects, as well as autoantigen-reactive B cells from subjects with various autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes, Graves&#39; disease, and Hashimoto&#39;s disease7. The method works equally well in mouse and human, and is compatible with analysis of antigen-reactive B cells from a variety of tissues (manuscript in preparation).
In its basic format, peripheral blood mononuclear cells are first incubated with biotinylated antigen along with antibodies to cell surface antigens required for phenotypic analysis. This labeling step is followed by washing and fixation, and addition of streptavidin coupled to far-red-fluorescent dye for detection of the biotinylated-antigen binding cells (Figure 1). Previous studies have identified antigen-specific B cells in a similar manner but using antigens directly conjugated to a fluorochrome8,9,10,11. Although this is a worthy approach, use of biotinylated antigens in conjunction with streptavidin enables greater signal amplification (hence better differentiation of binding and non-binding cells), particularly when antigens are small12,13,14. An additional consideration is the use of streptavidin instead of avidin because streptavidin is deglycosylated, decreasing non-specific binding. Further, we use far-red-fluorescent dye as the fluorochrome due to its photostability, quantum yield (brightness), and its small size (~1.3 kD). Protein fluorochromes such as phycoerythrin (~250 kD) and allophycocyanin (~105 kD)15 are not optimal because they potentially contain many antigenic epitopes. Use of a small organic fluorescent dye composed of a single epitope, such as far-red-fluorescent dye, reduces complexity of the isolated cell population.
Once cells are biotinylated-antigen and far-red-fluorescent dye-streptavidin adsorbed, they are enriched using anti-far-red-fluorescent dye-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. Single nanoparticles are not detected by most flow cytometers and therefore need not be removed prior to purification by FACS sorting and downstream assays16. Magnetic selection for antigen-specific B cells enriches the population of interest, eliminating the time and cost of sorting rare events using a flow cytometer.
Below we show representative results from enrichment of tetanus-toxoid-specific B cells from a subject before and seven days after tetanus toxoid booster immunization. We chose this particular application as an example in order to demonstrate the ability of this method to enrich antigen-specific B cells following acute in vivo stimulation. When coupled with flow cytometry, this method is capable of enriching and differentiating antigen-specific na&#239;ve, memory, and plasmablast B cells and allows the researcher to follow changes in their frequency over time. In addition, we include another possible downstream assay, e.g. an ELISPOT assay, which demonstrates that cells retain the ability to secrete antibody following enrichment. Another application of this method could involve adoptive transfer of enriched cells into a host. We have previously shown cells maintain the ability to act as antigen presenting cells to antigen-specific T cells following isolation and transfer (data not shown). Hence, there are a number of possible downstream assays that could be coupled to the method, which together informs the understanding of the antigen-specific immune response. We have described the method below, including controls to determine overall yield, purity, cell specificity, and fold-enrichment.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="594">
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		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="99">
			<td height="99" style="height:99px;width:164px;">Antigen of interest</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">variable</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">variable</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">At least 100 &#956;g to biotinylate easily; if using protein try to use protein that has been validated by ELISA. It must be carrier&#160; protein free.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="118">
			<td height="118" style="height:118px;width:164px;">Biotin for labeling; e.g. EZ link Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">e.g. Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">e.g. 21335</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Biotin is available in different formulations, such as those containing&#160; various length spacers, so the type used should be determined by the researcher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:164px;">Streptavidin-Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">S21374</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Can obtain from other suppliers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:164px;">Anti-Cy5/Anti-Alexa Fluor 647 Microbeads</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">130-091-395</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:164px;">LS Columns</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">130-042-401</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:164px;">MACS manual separators</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">variable</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="71">
			<td height="71" style="height:71px;width:164px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Dilute to 2% with PBS; optional if downstream assay requires live cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:164px;">PBS without calcium and magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:164px;">Ficoll-Paque PLUS</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">17-1440-02</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="59">
			<td height="59" style="height:59px;width:164px;">Whole blood in heparinized collection tubes</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:164px;">FACS buffer (PBS + 1% BSA + 0.01% sodium azide)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:164px;">Separation buffer (PBS + 0.5% BSA + 2mM EDTA)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:164px;">50 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:164px;">15 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:164px;">1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="96">
			<td height="96" style="height:96px;width:164px;">Surface marker&#160; reactive antibodies, Fc Block, live/dead discriminating stain, if needed</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:164px;">ELISPOT supplies, if needed</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection and enrichment of rare antigen-specific b cells for analysis of phenotype and function

B cells reactive with a specific antigen usually occur at a frequency of &lt;0.05% of lymphocytes. For decades researchers have sought methods to isolate and enrich these rare cells for studies of their phenotype and biology. Approaches are inevitably based on the principle that B cells recognize native antigen by virtue of cell surface receptors that are representative in specificity of antibodies that will eventually be secreted by their differentiated daughters. Perhaps the most obvious approach to the problem involves use of fluorochrome-conjugated antigens in conjunction with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). However, the utility of these methods is limited by cell frequency and the achievable rate of analysis and isolation by electronic sorting. A novel method to enrich rare antigen-specific B cells using magnetic nanoparticles that results in high yield enrichment of antigen-reactive B cells from large starting cell populations is described. This method enables improved monitoring of the phenotype and biology of antigen reactive cells before and following in vivo antigen encounter, such as after immunization or during development of autoimmunity.

Analysis of purity, yield, and fold-enrichment using flow cytometry
Populations enriched as described above inevitably contain contaminating cells that have not bound streptavidin- far-red-fluorescent dye but are trapped in the matrix. These impurities can be removed from enriched populations by FACS sorting. To estimate purity of enriched populations, gate on live cells based on forward and side scatter and/or live/dead stain and ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function at JoVE.com

Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function

A simple yet effective method that employs magnetic nanoparticles to detect and enrich antigen-reactive B cells for functional and phenotypic analysis is described.

B cells reactive with a specific antigen usually occur at a frequency of &lt;0.05% of lymphocytes. For decades researchers have sought methods to isolate ...

The overall goal of this simple yet effective procedure is to isolate and enrich for rare antigen-binding B cells from human peripheral blood using magnetic nanoparticles for their phenotypic and functional analysis. This method can help answer key questions in the field of immunology regarding the phenotype and biology of rare antigen-binding B cells both before and following in-vivo antigen encounter. The major advantage of this technique is that it obviates problems associated with geometry, particularly when one is using a styrene plate or a large bead.And it obviates problems associated with flow rate when one is isolating cells by flow cytometry to isolate rare cells in quite large starting cell populations. Immediately after collecting 30 to 50 milliliters of whole blood into heparinized blood collection tubes, mix the blood at a 1:1 ratio with sterile room-temperature magnesium and calcium-free PBS. Next, layer the blood mixture onto 10 milliliters of room-temperature density gradient solution in a sterile 50 milliliter conical tube using slow consistent pipette trigger pressure.Separate the cells by centrifugation. Discard the plasma and platelet-containing upper layer and use a sterile pipette to transfer the mononuclear cell container buffy coat into a new sterile 50 milliliter tube. Fill the tube with up to 50 milliliters of PBS for washing of the mononuclear cells by centrifugation.Then, resuspend the pellet in 10 milliliters of fresh PBS for counting and resuspend the cells at a 1x10^7 cells per milliliter concentration in fresh PBS on ice. To stain the cells for magnetic bead-binding, first transfer 1-2x10^6 cell aliquots into five milliliter polystyrene tubes for each fluorescence compensation and Fluorescence Minus One control as appropriate. Next, collect the remainder of the cell sample by centrifugation and resuspend the pellet to a 3-6x10^7 cells per milliliter concentration in sterile filtered cold FACS buffer.Split the cell solution equally into four FACS tubes on ice and add human Fcgamma receptor blocking reagant to these four experimental sample fractions. At the end of the nonspecific-binding blocking incubation, add the appropriate fluorescence conjugated cell-surface staining antibodies to the cells in all four sample fractions. Then, add the appropriate biotinylated antigen to fractions A and D followed by the addition of a sufficient volume of unlabeled antigen to fraction B such that the majority of the receptors with an affinity of at least 1x10^6 molar are blocked.Incubate all of the samples for 30 minutes on ice followed by a 30 minute incubation of fraction B with the appropriate biotinylated antigen. At the end of the incubations, wash the cells two times in one milliliter of ice cold FACS buffer per 5x10^7 cells. And resuspend the pellets in one milliliter of 2%formaldehyde per 5x10^7 cells for five minutes in the dark on ice.After fixation, wash cells two more times as just demonstrated. And resuspend the pellets in one milliliter of fresh ice cold FACS buffer per 5x10^7 cells. Then label the cells with one to two micrograms of the appropriate secondary Streptavidin Conjugated Antibody for 20 minutes in the dark on ice and wash the cells two more times.For magnetic nanoparticle-based enrichment, resuspend the A, B, and C cell fractions in one milliliter of cold Separation Buffer per 5x10^7 cells and filter the cells through individual 40 microliter strainers to eliminate any clumps. Next, add the fluorescent dye nanoparticles at the appropriate concentration for 10 minutes in the dark at four degrees Celsius with rotation and wash the samples two times in one milliliter of cold Separation Buffer. Resuspend the pellets in one milliliter of cold Separation Buffer per 5x10^7 cells.Then equilibrate three magnetic columns on their appropriately-sized magnets with three milliliters of Separation Buffer each, allowing the entire volume of Separation Buffer to run through each column into a waste container. Now place one labeled 15 milliliter conical tube under each column and add the magnetic particle labeled cells to their respective columns. When the entire volume of each cell fraction has passed through each column, add three milliliters of fresh ice cold Separation Buffer to the top of each column, collecting the effluents in the labeled tubes.After the second wash has completely drained through the columns, place the tubes of negatively selected cells from each fraction on ice and transfer the columns into new 15 milliliter tubes for each fraction. Fill each column with approximately six milliliters of fresh Separation Buffer and immediately plunge the buffer through the columns to collect the magnetically-bound cells. Then collect both the positive and negative cell fractions by centrifugation and resuspend the pellets in the appropriate solution for the planned downstream analysis.In these graphs, the frequency of tetanus-toxoid reactive B cells from an individual who was last vaccinated against tetanus more than a decade ago demonstrates the ability of this method to be used to enrich the tetanus-toxoid-binding cells approximately seven-fold with the purity of about 4%The addition of a 50-fold excess of unlabeled tetanus toxoid to the cells from a subject who was vaccinated about three years prior to the blood draw. Before biotinylated antigen is added, the tetanus-toxoid binding is decreased by 83%demonstrating the specificity of antigen binding. When the biotinylated antigen is omitted from the procedure, only 0.2%of the B cells still bind, presumably, reflecting the binding of some non-tetanus antigen in the absorbent.These graphs demonstrate how the frequency of tetanus-toxoid-specific naive B cells from a blood sample drawn seven days after the booster vaccination of a healthy subject, decreases from 84%to 64%after the boost. While the percentage of memory and plasmablast populations increases from 16%to 36%and zero to 40%respectively. Further, representative ELISPOT data from a peripheral blood sample obtained seven days post-boost from a healthy subject illustrate the four-fold enrichment in tetanus-toxoid antibody-secreting cell frequency observed in the isolated tetanus-toxoid-binding B cells.Once mastered, this technique can be completed in about three to four hours with all the proper controls. The method can be combined with secondary assays, for example, transfer of cells into adopted recipients for subsequent studies of cell fate and function. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to isolate and enrich for rare antigen-binding B cells from human peripheral blood using the proper controls.

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