Name: the identification of sea lamprey pheromones using bioassay-guided fractionation
Uploaded: 2018-07-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation at JoVE.com

We thank the U.S. Geological Survey Hammond Bay Biological Station for the use of their research facilities and the staff of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Fisheries and Oceans Canada for providing sea lampreys. This research was supported by grants from the Great Lakes Fishery Commission to Weiming Li and Ke Li.

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Michigan State University (AUF# 03/14-054-00 and 02/17-031-00).
1. Collection and Extraction of Sea Lamprey Conditioned Water
<ol>
	<li>Place sexually mature male sea lampreys (15 - 30 animals) in a tank supplied with 250 L of aerated Lake Huron water maintained at 16 - 18&#160;&#176;C.</li>
	<li>Collect the male-conditioned water throughout each night from June to July. 
	Note: Sea lampr...

<ol>
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Fish live in a chemical world full of compounds yet to be identified. Bioassay-guided fractionation has proven essential to identify and characterize bioactive molecules that mediate many chemical interactions, such as those observed in masu salmon31, Asian elephants32, and sea lampreys33,34,35. Bioassay-guided fractionation is an effective approach to accurately trace and pinpoint...

Pheromones are specific chemical signals released by individuals that aid them in locating food sources, detecting predators, and mediating social interactions of conspecifics1. Pheromone communication in insects has been well studied2; however, the chemical identification and biological function of aquatic vertebrate pheromones have not been studied as extensively. Knowledge of the identity and function of the pheromones released can be applied to facilitate the recovery of threatened species3,4 or control pest species5,6. The application of these techniques necessitates the isolation and characterization of the bioactive pheromone components.
Pheromone identification is a branch of natural product chemistry. Progress in pheromone research has been partially limited due to the nature of the pheromone molecules themselves. Pheromones are often unstable and released in small quantities, and only a few sampling techniques exist to detect minute amounts of volatile7,8 or water-soluble compounds9. Approaches to identify pheromones include 1) a targeted screening of known compounds, 2) metabolomics, and 3) bioassay-guided fractionation. A targeted screening of known compounds tests commercially available metabolic by-products of physiological processes hypothesized to function as pheromones. This approach is limiting because researchers can only test known and available compounds. However, it has resulted in the successful identification of sex hormones in goldfish that function as pheromones10,11,12. Metabolomics is a second pheromone identification approach that distinguishes potential small molecule metabolic products within a biological system13. A comparison of the metabolic profiles of two groups (i.e., an active versus an inactive extract) enables the identification of a potential metabolic profile from which the metabolite is purified, the structure is elucidated, and the bioactivity is confirmed14. Additive or synergistic effects of complex formulations of specific mixtures are more likely to be detected with metabolomics because metabolites are considered together rather than as a series of fractions13. Yet, the implementation of metabolomics relies on the availability of synthetic references because the resulting data do not facilitate the elucidation of novel structures.
Bioassay-guided fractionation is an integrated, iterative approach that spans two fields: chemistry and biology. This approach uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and identification of an active pheromone compound. A crude extract is fractionated by a chemical property (i.e., molecular size, polarity, etc.) and tested with electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings and/or in a bioassay. The bioactive components are screened out by repeating these steps of fractionation and EOGs and/or bioassays. The structures of pure active compounds are elucidated by spectrometric and spectroscopic methods, which provide the molecular weight and structural information to produce a template of the compound to be synthesized. Bioassay-guided fractionation can yield diverse metabolites and potentially novel pheromones with unique chemical skeletons that are unlikely to be predicted from the biosynthetic pathways.
Here, we describe the bioassay-guided fractionation protocol used to isolate and characterize the bioactivity of male sea lamprey sex pheromone compounds. The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is an ideal vertebrate model to study pheromone communication because these fish rely heavily on the olfactory detection of chemical cues to mediate their anadromous life history comprised of three distinct stages: larvae, juvenile, and adult. Sea lamprey larvae burrow into the sediment of freshwater streams, undergo a drastic metamorphosis, and transform into juveniles that migrate to a lake or ocean where they parasitize large host fish. After detaching from the host fish, the adults migrate back into spawning streams, guided by the migratory pheromones released by stream-resident larvae15,16,17,18,19. Mature males ascend to the spawning grounds, release a multi-component sex pheromone to attract mates, intermittently spawn for approximately a week, and then die15,20. The identification of sea lamprey pheromones is important because a modulation of the pheromone communication system is among the options considered to control the invasive sea lampreys in the Laurentian Great Lakes21.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1135">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Premium standard wall borosilicate capillaries with filament&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">G150F-4</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">recording and reference electrode (OD 1.5 mm, ID 0.86 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipette puller instrument&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PC-10</td>
			<td>pulls electrodes for EOGs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diamond-tipped glass cutter</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>cut tip of electrodes for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1B150-4</td>
			<td>odorant delivery tube for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Recording electrode holder E Series straight body with Ag/AgCl pellet for glass capillary OD 1.5 mm</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ESP-M15N</td>
			<td>recording electrode holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:340px;">Reference electrode holder E Series with handle with&#160; Ag/AgCl pellet&#160; for glass capillary OD 1.5 mm</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">E45P-F15NH</td>
			<td>reference electrode holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">1 mm pin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">WC1-10</td>
			<td>to bridge reference and recording electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">2 mm pin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">WC2-5</td>
			<td>to bridge reference and recording electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">A1296</td>
			<td>molten agar to fill electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Potassium chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">P9333</td>
			<td>3M KCl to fill electrodes and electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Micropipette microfil</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MF28G-5</td>
			<td>to fill electrodes and electrode holders&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">L-Arginine</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">A5006</td>
			<td>positive control odorant for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">34860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>holds odorants for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (MS222)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Syndel USA</td>
			<td>Tricaine1G</td>
			<td>EOG anesthetic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Gallamine triethiodide</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">G8134-5G</td>
			<td>EOG paralytic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">1 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>301025</td>
			<td>to administer paralytic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Subcutaneous needle 26G 5/8</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">305115</td>
			<td>to administer paralytic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Roller clamp</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">14043-20</td>
			<td>adjust flow rate of anesthic into lamprey&#39;s mouth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">3624-05</td>
			<td>for preparation of 0.9% saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">V-shaped plastic stand as specimen stage</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>holds lamprey during EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Plastic trough</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>holds V-shaped plastic stand during EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Scalpel Blades - #11</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">10011-00</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Scalpel Handle - #3</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">10003-12</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Straight ultra fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">11252-00</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection, Dumont #5SF Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Curved ultra fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11370-42</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection, Moria MC40B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Straight pring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15003-08</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Discovery V8</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Illuminator light</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CL 1500 ECO</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Plastic tubing</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>to connect re-circulating EOG setup and water baths</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Odorant delivery tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">In line filter and gasket set</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Lee Company</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">TCFA1201035A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Micromanipulators</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MM-3</td>
			<td>to position electrodes and odorant delivery capillary tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnetic holding devices</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Kanetec</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MB-K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Valve driver</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Arduino</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">custom made</td>
			<td>to control the opening of the valve for odor stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electromagnetic valve</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Lee Company</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">LFAA1201618H</td>
			<td>valve for odor stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">NeuroLog AC/DC amplifier</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NL106</td>
			<td>to increase the amplitude of the elictrical signal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">NeuroLog DC pre-amplifier with headstage</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td>NL102G</td>
			<td>to increase the amplitude of the elictrical signal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Low-pass 60 Hz filter</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td>NL125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Digitizer</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices LLC</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Axon Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Dell computer (OptiPlex 745) running Axoscope data acquistion software</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Molecular Devices LLC</td>
			<td>AxoScope version 10.4&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Faraday cage</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Electromagnetic noise shielding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Two-choice maze</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>waterproofed marine grade plywood covered with plastic liner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Trash pump</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Honda</td>
			<td>WT30XK4A</td>
			<td>fills maze with water from nearby river</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Peristaltic pump with tubing</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Masterflex 07557-00</td>
			<td>to adminster odorants in maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Inverter Generator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Honda</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">EU1000i</td>
			<td>powers perstaltic pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Release cage</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>used to acclimate lamprey in the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Mesh</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>used to contain the dimensions of the maze and minimize water turbulance with mesh rollers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Buckets (5 gallon)</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>to mix odorants</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Marsh-McBirney</td>
			<td>Flo-Mate 2000</td>
			<td>to measure discharge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XAD 7 HP resin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Dow chemical</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">37380-43-1</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">34860</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Yamato</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BM 200</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Freeze dryer</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Labconco</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CentriVap&#160; Concentrator</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CX1050</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Silica gel 70-230 mesh</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">112926-00-8</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Silica gel 230-400 mesh</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">112926-00-8</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Pre-coated silica gel TLC plates</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">99571</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anisaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">A88107</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sephadex LH-20</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">17-0090-01</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amberlite XAD 7 HP resin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">XAD7HP</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4, 2.5L capacity glass columns</td>
			<td>Ace Glass Inc.</td>
			<td>5820</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">650501</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TQ-S TOF LC Mass spectrometer (or equivalent)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Waters Co.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for structure elucidation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Binary HPLC pump</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Waters Co.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1525</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools/compounds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agilent NMR spectrometer, 900MHz (or equivalent)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for structure elucidation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rotovap drying system</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Buchi</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RII</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UV lamp (254 nm)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Spectronics Co.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ENF-240C</td>
			<td>for thin layer chromatography&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the identification of sea lamprey pheromones using bioassay-guided fractionation

Bioassay-guided fractionation is an iterative approach that uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and identification of an active pheromone compound. This method has resulted in the successful characterization of the chemical signals that function as pheromones in a wide range of animal species. Sea lampreys rely on olfaction to detect pheromones that mediate behavioral or physiological responses. We use this knowledge of fish biology to posit functions of putative pheromones and to guide the isolation and identification of active pheromone components. Chromatography is used to extract, concentrate, and separate compounds from the conditioned water. Electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings are conducted to determine which fractions elicit olfactory responses. Two-choice maze behavioral assays are then used to determine if any of the odorous fractions are also behaviorally active and induce a preference. Spectrometric and spectroscopic methods provide the molecular weight and structural information to assist with the structure elucidation. The bioactivity of the pure compounds is confirmed with EOG and behavioral assays. The behavioral responses observed in the maze should ultimately be validated in a field setting to confirm their function in a natural stream setting. These bioassays play a dual role to 1) guide the fractionation process and 2) confirm and further define the bioactivity of isolated components. Here, we report the representative results of a sea lamprey pheromone identification that exemplify the utility of the bioassay-guided fractionation approach. The identification of sea lamprey pheromones is particularly important because a modulation of its pheromone communication system is among the options considered to control the invasive sea lamprey in the Laurentian Great Lakes. This method can be readily adapted to characterize the chemical communication in a broad array of taxa and shed light on waterborne chemical ecology.

A diagram summarizing the steps described in the protocol of the bioassay-guided fractionation is shown in Figure 1. The protocol involves steps to isolate and characterize the structure, the olfactory potency, and the behavioral activity of 5 putative sea lamprey pheromones (Figure 2). Using the mass spectrometric and NMR data (Figure 3 and Figure 4), the structures of ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation at JoVE.com

The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation

Here, we present a protocol to isolate and characterize the structure, olfactory potency, and behavioral response of putative pheromone compounds of sea lampreys.

Bioassay-guided fractionation is an iterative approach that uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and ...

This method can help answer key questions in the chemical ecology field, such as the identification of pheromones. The main advantage of this technique is that it links novel compounds to pheromone function. To begin this procedure, place 15-30 sexually mature male sea lampreys in a tank supplied with 250 liters of aerated Lake Huron water, maintained at 16-18 degrees Celsius.To extract the conditioned water by solid-phase extraction, pass it from the tank via the pumping system to the top of the column. The water passes through a bed of two kilograms of moderately polar, polymeric ion-exchange resin contained in a series of four one-liter capacity glass columns. Next, remove the organic solvent and harvest the extract by rotary evaporation for five hours under reduced pressure at 40 degrees Celsius.To isolate the fraction pools, soak the silica gel in the initial mobile phase for 30 minutes. Transfer the gel with the solvent to a glass column and open its valve to allow the mobile phase to go through. Next, mix the extracts with silica gel thoroughly and load them into the liquid chromatography column over the silica gel bed.Elute them with a gradient from 95%chloroform-to-methanol to 100%methanol, resulting in a total of 2.5 liters, then collect the eluent in individual 10-milliliter vials. Subsequently, perform the TLC experiment on pre-coated silica gel plates by applying the sample on the starting line and immersing the starting line of the plate in the developing solvent in a sealed glass tank. After the developing solvent reaches the end line, take the plate out of the tank and wait 10 minutes for the solvent to evaporate.Visualize the spots, first under UV light at 254 nanometers, then stain the plate by spraying it with an acidic methanol solution of 5%anisaldehyde using a chromatography sprayer and heating it at 85 degrees Celsius for three minutes. Afterwards, concentrate the fraction to a residue by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure at 40 degrees Celsius for approximately 30 minutes. To perform EOG recording, fill the poled capillary electrodes and the solid state electrode holders, pre-fabricated with silver-silver chloride pellets, with three-molar potassium chloride using a micropipette.Then, insert the poled electrodes in the electrode holders. Next, prepare 100 milliliters of 10 to the minus five-molar L-arginine in charcoal-filtered water from a 10 to the minus two-molar L-arginine stock solution in deionized water in a volumetric flask. For the concentration response curve, prepare 10 milliliters of 10-fold dilutions of the fraction pools.Now, orient an anesthetized lamprey in a V-shaped stand and wrap it with a wet paper towel to prevent desiccation. Insert a tube of recirculating, aerated water containing 50 milligrams per liter of MS222 into the buccal cavity. Adjust the flow rate and ensure that water is exiting via the gill openings to continuously irrigate the gills.Flush the odorant delivery tubing with filtered water and connect it to the valve mounted on a micromanipulator. Next, place the odorant delivery capillary tube into the olfactory epithelium cavity to deliver filtered water to the olfactory epithelium to prevent desiccation when not administering odorants. Then, mount the recording and reference electrodes on the micromanipulators.Lower the reference electrode onto the external skin near the nares. Using the stereoscopic microscope, lower the recording electrode to barely touch the surface of the olfactory epithelium. Subsequently, transfer the uptake of the odorant delivery tube from the background filtered water to the 10 to the minus five-molar L-arginine solution.Turn on the computer, amplifier, filter, and digitizer. Using the valve driver software, program the procedure to administer a four-second single pulse of odorant by checking the box of T1, setting T to four seconds, and checking the box of T2.In the data acquisition software, set the acquisition mode to a high-speed oscilloscope. Click the Play icon and then click Start in the valve driver to trigger the odorant pulse.Start recording the blank control, L-arginine, and then the odorants from low to high concentrations with a two-minute flush of filtered water between applications. To identify behaviorally active fractions, acclimate the sexually mature female sea lamprey in the release cage in the maze for five minutes. Release the sea lamprey and record the cumulative amount of time the lamprey spends in the experimental and control channel, each containing river water, for 10 minutes.Next, apply the test stimulus to the randomly assigned experimental channel in the vehicle to the control channel using peristaltic pumps at constant rates of 200 milliliter per minute for five minutes, then apply the test stimulus in the vehicle for an additional 10 minutes and record the cumulative amount of time the lamprey spends in the experimental and control channels. In this procedure, further purify the active fractions into compounds with size-exclusion chromatography using a sephadex LH-20 column. Prepare the sample in 0.5 milliliters of the initial mobile phase, loading it into the chloroform-to-methanol column and then the methanol column, and elute the active fractions to yield the compound.Dissolve and dilute the purified compound in the initial mobile phase of HPLC to form a 10-microliter solution of approximately one microgram per milliliter. Next, transfer the sample solution to the HPLC vials and set them into the auto-sampler of HPLC. Inject the sample into the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and record the high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry spectra using a chromatography mass spectrometer.Completely dissolve the sample in the selected deuterated solvents to form a solution with a concentration ranging approximately from 0.1 to 10 milligrams per milliliter. Transfer the sample solution into an NMR tube to record the 1D and 2D NMR spectra on a 900-megahertz NMR spectrometer. Shown here is a 600-megahertz NMR spectrometer.Five novel putative sea lamprey pheromones were identified and their structures were elucidated with spectrometric and spectroscopic methods. These putative pheromones were stimulatory to the adult sea lamprey olfactory epithelium and had low detection thresholds in electro-olfactogram recordings. In the two-choice maze behavioral assays, ovulated female sea lampreys were attracted to Petromyzone A, Petromyzene A, and Petromyzene B, and repulsed from Petromyzone C.While attempting this interdisciplinary procedure, it's important to remember to coordinate the chemical and biological experiments to carry out this iterative protocol.Following this procedure, other methods like X-ray crystallography and derivatization reactions can be performed in order to answer additional questions like the stereochemistry of the compounds. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of natural products and neuroethology to explore the plausible biosynthesis and biological function of the pheromones in aquatic organisms like sea lamprey. Don't forget that working with chloroform can be extremely hazardous and precautions, such as working in the chemical hood, wearing gloves, and safety goggles, should always be taken while handling this reagent.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Identification of Multiple Phosphorylations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Aggregates of the neuronal Tau protein are found inside neurons of Alzheimer's disease patients. Development of the disease is accompanied by increased, ...

A Protein Preparation Method for the High-throughput Identification of Proteins Interacting with a Nuclear Cofactor Using LC-MS/MS Analysis

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Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization

Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization

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Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species

The accumulation of misfolded proteins is central to pathology in Huntington's disease (HD) and many other neurodegenerative disorders. Specifically, a ...

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and  GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

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Cell Fractionation of U937 Cells in the Absence of High-speed Centrifugation

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Identification of Novel CK2 Kinase Substrates Using a Versatile Biochemical Approach

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Identification of Orexin and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Adult Zebrafish Using Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence Methods

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a highly sensitive and specific technique involved in the detection of target antigens in tissue sections with labeled ...

Measuring Interactions between Fluorescent Probes and Lignin in Plant Sections by sFLIM Based on Native Autofluorescence

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