Name: polyethyleneimine-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as a vehicle for the delivery of small interfering rna to macrophages in vitro and in vivo
Uploaded: 2019-02-05T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Polyethyleneimine-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Vehicle for the Delivery of Small Interfering RNA to Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772308) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFA0205502).

All methods involving live animals were performed in accordance with the animal care and use guidelines of Southeast University, China.
1. Preparation of PEI-SPIONs
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of oleic acid-modified SPIONs
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve FeCl3&#8226;6H2O and FeSO4&#8226;7H2O in water under the protection of N2.
		<ol>
			<li>Add 28 g of FeCl3&#8226;6H2O and 20 g of FeSO4&#8226;7H2</s...

<ol>
	<li>Murray, P. J., Wynn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+and+pathogenic+functions+of+macrophage+subsets.">Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 11 (11), 723 (2011).</li><li>Mae&#223;, M. B., Wittig, B., Lorkowski, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+transfection+of+human+THP-1+macrophages+by+nucleofection.">Highly efficient transfection of human THP-1 macrophages by nucleofection.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (91), e51960 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, X., Edwards, J. P., Mosser, D. 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Y., Hogg, M. G., Dordick, J. S., Sharfstein, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+delivery+in+three-dimensional+cell+cultures+by+superparamagnetic+nanoparticles.">Gene delivery in three-dimensional cell cultures by superparamagnetic nanoparticles.</a> ACS Nano. 4 (8), 4733-4743 (2010).</li><li>Moghimi, S. M., Hunter, A. C., Murray, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-circulating+and+target-specific+nanoparticles:+theory+to+practice.">Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice.</a> Pharmacological Reviews. 53 (2), 283-318 (2001).</li><li>Harvey, A. E., Smart, J. A., Amis, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+spectrophotometric+determination+of+iron+(II)+and+total+iron+with+1,+10-phenanthroline.">Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of iron (II) and total iron with 1, 10-phenanthroline.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 27 (1), 26-29 (1955).</li><li>Duan, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethyleneimine-functionalized+iron+oxide+nanoparticles+for+systemic+siRNA+delivery+in+experimental+arthritis.">Polyethyleneimine-functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles for systemic siRNA delivery in experimental arthritis.</a> Nanomedicine. 9 (6), 789-801 (2014).</li><li>Fr&#246;hlich, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+surface+charge+in+cellular+uptake+and+cytotoxicity+of+medical+nanoparticles.">The role of surface charge in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of medical nanoparticles.</a> International Journal of Nanomedicine. 7, 5577 (2012).</li><li>Wu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-small+particles+of+iron+oxide+as+peroxidase+for+immunohistochemical+detection.">Ultra-small particles of iron oxide as peroxidase for immunohistochemical detection.</a> Nanotechnology. 22 (22), 225703 (2011).</li><li>Xia, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethyleneimine+coating+enhances+the+cellular+uptake+of+mesoporous+silica+nanoparticles+and+allows+safe+delivery+of+siRNA+and+DNA+constructs.">Polyethyleneimine coating enhances the cellular uptake of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and allows safe delivery of siRNA and DNA constructs.</a> ACS Nano. 3 (10), 3273-3286 (2009).</li><li>Mocellin, S., Provenzano, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference:+learning+gene+knock-down+from+cell+physiology.">RNA interference: learning gene knock-down from cell physiology.</a> Journal of Translational Medicine. 2 (1), 39 (2004).</li><li>Courties, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=et+al.In+vivo+RNAi-mediated+silencing+of+TAK1+decreases+inflammatory+Th1+and+Th17+cells+through+targeting+of+myeloid+cells.">et al.In vivo RNAi-mediated silencing of TAK1 decreases inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells through targeting of myeloid cells.</a> Blood. 116 (18), 3505-3516 (2010).</li><li>Zolnik, B. S., Gonzalez-Fernandez, A., Sadrieh, N., Dobrovolskaia, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minireview:+nanoparticles+and+the+immune+system.">Minireview: nanoparticles and the immune system.</a> Endocrinology. 151 (2), 458-465 (2010).</li><li>Mulens-Arias, V., Rojas, J. M., P&#233;rez-Yag&#252;e, S., Morales, M. P., Barber, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethylenimine-coated+SPIONs+trigger+macrophage+activation+through+TLR-4+signaling+and+ROS+production+and+modulate+podosome+dynamics.">Polyethylenimine-coated SPIONs trigger macrophage activation through TLR-4 signaling and ROS production and modulate podosome dynamics.</a> Biomaterials. 52, 494-506 (2015).</li></ol>

Macrophages are refractory to transfect by commonly used nonviral approaches, such as electroporation, cationic liposomes, and lipid species. Here we described a reliable and efficient method to transfect macrophages with siRNA. Using the present protocol, over 90% of macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells (Figure 2B)&#160;and rat peritoneal macrophages18 can be transfected with siRNA without significant impairment of the cell viability. This method depends on the delivery p...

Macrophages are a type of innate immune cells distributed in all body tissues, albeit in different amounts. By producing a variety of cytokines and other mediators, they play critical roles in the host defense against invading microbial pathogens, in tissue repair following injury, and in maintaining tissue homeostasis1. Due to their importance, macrophages have continuously been the subject of intensive research. However, despite its prevalence in gene regulation and function studies, siRNA-mediated gene silencing is less likely to succeed in macrophages because these cells&#8212;particularly, primary macrophages&#8212;are often difficult to transfect. This can be ascribed to a relatively high degree of toxicity associated with most well-established transfection approaches in which the cell membrane is chemically (e.g., with polymers and lipids) or physically (e.g., by electroporation and gene guns) disrupted to let siRNA molecules cross the membrane, thereby drastically reducing macrophages&#39; viability2,3. Furthermore, macrophages are dedicated phagocytes rich in degradative enzymes. These enzymes can damage the integrity of siRNA, weakening its silencing efficiency even if gene-specific siRNA has been delivered into the cell3,4. Therefore, an effective macrophage-targeted siRNA delivery system needs to protect the integrity and stability of siRNA during delivery4.
It is increasingly evident that dysfunctional macrophages are implicated in the initiation and progression of certain common clinical disorders like autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer. For this reason, modulating macrophage function with, for instance, siRNA, has been emerging as an attractive methodology for treating these disorders5,6,7. Although much progress has been made, a major challenge of siRNA-based treatment strategy is the poor cell specificity of systemically administered siRNA and the insufficient siRNA uptake by macrophages, which consequently lead to undesired side effects. Compared with free nucleic acid therapeutics that usually lack optimal cell selectivity and often lead to off-target adverse effects, drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their spontaneous propensity of being captured by the reticuloendothelial system, can be engineered for passive targeting to macrophages in vivo, allowing for improved therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects8. Current NPs explored for the delivery of RNA molecules include inorganic nanocarriers, various liposomes, and polymers9. Among them, polyethyleneimine (PEI), a type of cationic polymers capable of binding and condensing nucleic acids into stabilized NPs, shows the highest RNA delivering capacity9,10. PEI protects nucleic acids from enzymatic and nonenzymatic degradation, mediates their transfer across the cell membrane, and promotes their intracellular release. Although initially introduced as a DNA delivery reagent, PEI was subsequently demonstrated to be an attractive platform for in vivo siRNA delivery, either locally or systemically9,10.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have shown great promise in biomedicine, owing to their magnetic properties, biocompatibility, comparable size to biologically important objects, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, and easily adaptable surface for bioagent attachment11. For instance, because of their potential utility as a contrast agent and rapid uptake by macrophages, SPIONs have emerged as a favorite clinical tool to image tissue macrophages12. While SPIONs have also been extensively studied as nucleic acid delivery vehicles11,13,14,15, to our knowledge, the literature contains few reports of SPIONs as a carrier for macrophage-targeted siRNA delivery. For gene delivery by SPIONs, their surface is usually coated with a layer of hydrophilic cationic polymers onto which negatively charged nucleic acids can be electrostatically attracted and tethered. Here, we present a method for synthesizing SPIONs whose surface is modified with low-molecular-weight (10 kDa), branched PEI (PEI-SPIONs). These magnetic nanoplatforms are then employed to condense siRNA, forming PEI-SPION/siRNA complexes that enable siRNA transport into the cell. We reason that spontaneous phagocytosis of SPIONs by cells of the reticuloendothelial system16, coupled with the strong ability of binding and condensing nucleic acids by PEI, renders PEI-SPIONs suitable for the efficient transport of siRNA into macrophages. The data presented here support the feasibility of PEI-SPION/siRNA-mediated gene silencing in macrophages in culture as well as in vivo.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C11995500BT</td>
			<td>Warm in 37&#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A31608-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin (1.5 ml)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrazolium-based MTS assay kit</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G3582</td>
			<td>For cytotoxicity analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RAW 264.7 cell line</td>
			<td>Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>TCM13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture plates (6-well)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture dishes (10 cm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase-free tubes (1.5 ml)</td>
			<td>AXYGEN</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes (15 ml)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wistar rats</td>
			<td>Shanghai Experimental Animal Center of Chinese 
			Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacillus Calmette&#8211;Gu&#233;rin freeze-dried powder</td>
			<td>National 
			Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for inducing adjuvant arthritis in rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>siRNA</td>
			<td>GenePharma (Shanghai, China)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy3-siRNA</td>
			<td>RiboBio (Guangzhou, China)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethyleneimine (10 kDa)</td>
			<td>Aladdin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>E107079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia water</td>
			<td>Aladdin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>A112077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oleic acid</td>
			<td>Aladdin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>O108484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylsulfoxide</td>
			<td>Aladdin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>D103272</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FeSO4&#8226;7H2O</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>10012118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FeCl3&#8226;6H2O</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>10011918</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimercaptosuccinic acid</td>
			<td>Aladdin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>D107254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultrafiltration tube</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC910096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution</td>
			<td>Aladdin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>T100882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Particle size and zeta potential analyzer</td>
			<td>Malvern, England</td>
			<td>Nano ZS90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

polyethyleneimine-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as a vehicle for the delivery of small interfering rna to macrophages in vitro and in vivo

Because of their critical role in regulating immune responses, macrophages have continuously been the subject of intensive research and represent a promising therapeutic target in many disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer. RNAi-mediated gene silencing is a valuable approach of choice to probe and manipulate macrophage function; however, the transfection of macrophages with siRNA is often considered to be technically challenging, and, at present, few methodologies dedicated to the siRNA transfer to macrophages are available. Here, we present a protocol of using polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PEI-SPIONs) as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of siRNA to macrophages. PEI-SPIONs are capable of binding and completely condensing siRNA when the Fe:siRNA weight ratio reaches 4 and above. In vitro, these nanoparticles can efficiently deliver siRNA into primary macrophages, as well as into the macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cell line, without compromising cell viability at the optimal dose for transfection, and, ultimately, they induce siRNA-mediated target gene silencing. Apart from being used for in vitro siRNA transfection, PEI-SPIONs are also a promising tool for delivering siRNA to macrophages in vivo. In view of its combined features of magnetic property and gene-silencing ability, systemically administered PEI-SPION/siRNA particles are expected not only to modulate macrophage function but also to enable macrophages to be imaged and tracked. In essence, PEI-SPIONs represent a simple, safe, and effective nonviral platform for siRNA delivery to macrophages both in vitro and in vivo.

The size and zeta potential of PEI-SPIONs prepared with this protocol were in the range of 29 - 48 nm (polydispersity index: 0.12 - 0.23) and 30 - 48 mV, respectively. They were stable in water at 4 &#176;C for over 12 months without obvious aggregation. To evaluate their siRNA binding ability, PEI-SPIONs were mixed with siRNA at various Fe:siRNA weight ratios. Figure 1 shows that when the Fe:siRNA weight ratio reaches 4 and above, the band of free siRNA was ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Polyethyleneimine-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Vehicle for the Delivery of Small Interfering RNA to Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo at JoVE.com

Polyethyleneimine-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Vehicle for the Delivery of Small Interfering RNA to Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo

We describe a method of using polyethyleneimine (PEI)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for transfecting macrophages with siRNA. These nanoparticles can efficiently deliver siRNA to macrophages in vitro and in vivo and silence target gene expression.

Polyethyleneimine-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Vehicle for the Delivery of Small Interfering RNA to Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo

Because of their critical role in regulating immune responses, macrophages have continuously been the subject of intensive research and represent a ...

This measure can help answer key questions. In the field of humanology. That answer in the function of macrophages under physiological end to pathological conditions.The main advantage of this technique is that polyethyleneimine coated can efficiently en vitro without compromising cell. Under optimal doses. The implications of this technique extend toward therapy and diagnosis of many chronic inflammatory disorders and cancers.Where macrophages play essential role in the pathogenesis. Demonstrating the procedure will be Na Jia. A graduate student from my lab.And Kaixuan Wang a graduate student from Dr.Xiaohua's lab. To prepare allylic acid modified super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles or SPION's first add 28 grams of pharas chloride hexahydrate. And 20 grams pharas selfate heptahydrate to a beaker containing 80 milliliters of deionized water.And use a glass conduit to introduce nitrogen into the solution. Stirring until the solid matter has dissolved. Heat the reaction mixture to 72 degrees Celsius with stirring at 800 rotations per minute.And add 40 milliliters of 28%ammonia water to the beaker. After five minutes add nine milliliters of allylic acid drop wise. And maintain the mixture at 72 degrees Celsius for three hours with continuous stirring.At the end of the incubation cool the resulting solution to room temperature. And precipitate the mixture via magnetic separation according to standard protocols. Then wash the SPION containing precipitate three times with absolute ethyl alcohol.And asperse the precipitate in 100 milliliters of n-hexane. To prepare dimercapto acrylic acid modified SPION's add 800 milligrams of the allylic acid modified SPION's. Dispersed in 200 milliliters of n-hexane and 400 milligrams of dimercapto acrylic acid dispersed in 200 milliliters of acetone into a three neck flask in a water bath at 60 degrees Celsius.Next add 200 microliters of triethylamine drop wise to the flask with stirring at 1000 rotations per minute and refluxing. A black precipitate can be obtained by magnetic separation after five hours. Then use tetramethylammonium hydroxide to adjust the pH of the solution for homogenous dispersal's of the hydrophilic SPION's in deionized water.Degenerate polyethyleneimine coated SPION's add the dimercapto acrylic acid modified SPION's colloidal solution drop wise into a 10 kilodalton polyethyleneimine solution. In a 500 milliliter three neck flask under mechanical stirring at 1000 rotations per minute for two hours. At the end of the incubation add the resulting solution to an ultra filtration tube with a molecular weight cut off of 100 kilodaltons and a content of 15 milliliters.Centrafuse the sample until the remaining solution reaches a one milliliter volume. Add deionized water to the solution to bring the volume back to 15 milliliters. And centrafuse and rehydrate the solution ten more times as just demonstrated.Then filter the solution through a 22 micron filter for storage at four degrees Celsius. To prepare the siRNA nanoparticles first add three microliters of freshly prepared 20 micromolar siRNA solutions to five labeled RNA's free microcentroafused tubes. And add 0, 8, 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 micrograms of polyethyleneimine SPION's to tubes labeled zero, one, two, four, and eight respectively.After mixing with gentle pipetting, incubate the samples for 30 minutes at room temperature to allow the polyethyleneimine SPION siRNA complexes to form. And prepare a three percent agarose gel with I purity agarose. At the end of the incubation add one microliter of 6X DNA loading buffer per five microliters of sample to each tube and mix carefully.Then load all of the samples onto the gel. And run electrophoresis at five volts per centimeter. Until the bromophenol blue dye migrates two thirds of the length on the gel.One day prior to the transfection wash a mouse microphage like RAW264.7 cell culture with PBS. And treat the cells with one milliliter of 25%trypsin for five to ten minutes at 37 degrees Celsius in a five percent carbon dioxide incubator. When the majority of the cells have detached.Inactivate the trypsin with five milliliters of complete DMEN. Then pippete the solution several times to disperse any cell clusters. Transfer the cell suspension to a sterile 15 milliliter conackel tube for centrifugation.Then re suspend the cells in five milliliters of fresh complete DMEN for counting. Dilute the cells to a 4.5 times ten to the fourth cells per milliliter of complete DMEN concentration. And add two milliliters of medium to each well of a six well plate for a 24 hour incubation in the cell culture incubator.The next day prepare the appropriate ratio of polyethyleneimine SPION siRNA nanoparticles in a 1.5 milliliter RNA stream microcentrifuge tube with gentle mixing as just demonstrated. And add the appropriate volume of polyethyleneimine SPION siRNA nanoparticle complex to each well which has been replaced with one milliliter of fresh medium. Prepare polyethyleneimine SPION si complexes.in this instance many more months of polyethyleneimine SPION can be used Thus minimizing their potential toxicity. Then swirl the plate carefully to achieve an even distribution of the nanoparticles across the well bottoms. Return the plate to the cell culture incubator until subsequent cellular update or gene knockdown deficiency analysis.Polyethyleneimine SPION's with a zeta potential of 30.5 and 37 millivolts do not exhibit an apparent cyto toxicity at concentrations up to 30 micrograms of iron per milliliter. Which is about two fold hire than the concentration normally used for cell transfection. Polyethyleneimine SPION's zeta potential of 48 millivolts however are toxic.Even at the lowest dose examined. As analyzed by flow cytometry, more than 90%of cells can be transfected with fluorescently labeled polyethyleneimine SPION siRNA complexes at 15 micrograms of iron per milliliter. Assessment of the effects of polyethyleneimine SPION siRNA concentrations on cellular internalization by crushing blue staining reveals minimally detectable staining at 7.5 micrograms of iron per milliliter.But clearly visible spots at 15 micrograms of iron per milliliter that do not increase at higher concentrations of iron likely due to polyethyleneimine SPION siRNA uptake saturation. Peritoneal macrophages transfected with polyethyleneimine SPION's harboring specific siRNA exhibit a significant decrease in targe mRNA levels compared to nonspecific siRNA. Suggesting that siRNA can escape from endocytic vesicles into the cytoplasm to reach the RNA interference machinery.Further after intravenous injection of a single dose of polyethyleneimine SPION siRNA nanoparticle complexes flocentimetrical analysis of CD11b positive and CD3 positive cells reveals a more efficient uptake of the nanoparticles by CD11b expressing macrophages than by CD3 positive cells at any time point in all of the organs examined. While attempting this procedure it's important to remember to prepare the polyethyleneimine SPION's with an average data potential not higher than 37 millivolts and to prepare the polyethyleneimine SPION siRNA complexes on the low iron to siRNA ratios. This technique compares the need for researchers to explore therapeutic potential of targeting macrophage in animal motors of human disease such as and cancer.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Isolating and Using Sections of Bovine Mesenteric Artery and Vein as a Bioassay to Test for Vasoactivity in the Small Intestine

Mammalian gastrointestinal systems are constantly exposed to compounds (desirable and undesirable) that can have an effect on blood flow to and from that ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

Endochondral fracture healing is a complex process involving the development of fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue in the fracture callus. The ...