Measurement of the transepithelial electrical impedance has been used since the 1980s to determine confluency and barrier function of epithelial monolayers in cell culture. The underlying technique is a four-terminal sensing which uses different p
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Here, we demonstrate how to set up an inexpensive volt-amperemeter with programmable output frequency that can be used with commercially available chopstick electrodes for transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance measurements.