Name: neisseria meningitidis infection of induced pluripotent stem-cell derived brain endothelial cells
Uploaded: 2020-07-14T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

L.M.E. is supported by the DFG research training program GRK2157 entitled &#8220;3D Tissue Models for Studying Microbial Infections by Human Pathogens&#8221; awarded to A. S-U. B.J.K. is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Additionally, we acknowledge Lena Wolter for her technical assistance in the generation of the iPSC-BECs in culture.

NOTE: All media / reagent preparation, stem-cell maintenance, and differentiation steps are adapted from Stebbins et al.22.
1. Preparation of materials required for iPSC culture and BEC differentiation.
<ol>
	<li>Matrix coating of tissue culture (TC) plastic for IMR90-4 iPSC culture
	<ol>
		<li>Aliquot basement membrane matrix gel (e.g., Matrigel) into 2.5 mg aliquots and store at -20 &#176;C. 
		NOTE: Work quickly when handling the matrix gel and aliquot on ice,...

<ol>
	<li>Rua, R., McGavern, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+Meningeal+Immunity.">Advances in Meningeal Immunity.</a> Trends in Molecular Medicine. 24 (6), 542-559 (2018).</li><li>Abbott, N. J., Patabendige, A. A. K., Dolman, D. E. M., Yusof, S. R., Begley, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+function+of+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 37 (1), 13-25 (2010).</li><li>Rouphael, N. G., Stephens, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neisseria+meningitidis:+Biology,+microbiology,+and+epidemiology.">Neisseria meningitidis: Biology, microbiology, and epidemiology.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. , (2012).</li><li>Stephens, D. S., Greenwood, B., Brandtzaeg, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemic+meningitis,+meningococcaemia,+and+Neisseria+meningitidis.">Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and Neisseria meningitidis.</a> Lancet. 369 (9580), 2196-2210 (2007).</li><li>Le Guennec, L., Coureuil, M., Nassif, X., Bourdoulous, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+used+by+bacterial+pathogens+to+cross+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Strategies used by bacterial pathogens to cross the blood-brain barrier.</a> Cellular Microbiology. , (2020).</li><li>Doran, K. 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J., Virji, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neisseria+meningitidis+opc+invasin+binds+to+the+sulphated+tyrosines+of+activated+vitronectin+to+attach+to+and+invade+human+brain+endothelial+cells.">Neisseria meningitidis opc invasin binds to the sulphated tyrosines of activated vitronectin to attach to and invade human brain endothelial cells.</a> PLoS Pathogens. , (2010).</li><li>Coureuil, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meningococcus+hijacks+a+&#946;2-adrenoceptor/&#946;-arrestin+pathway+to+cross+brain+microvasculature+endothelium.">Meningococcus hijacks a &#946;2-adrenoceptor/&#946;-arrestin pathway to cross brain microvasculature endothelium.</a> Cell. 143 (7), 1149-1160 (2010).</li><li>Bernard, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenic+Neisseria+meningitidis+utilizes+CD147+for+vascular+colonization.">Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis utilizes CD147 for vascular colonization.</a> Nature Medicine. 20 (7), 725-731 (2014).</li><li>Slanina, H., Hebling, S., Hauck, C. R., Schubert-Unkmeir, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+invasion+by+neisseria+meningitidis+requires+a+functional+interplay+between+the+focal+adhesion+kinase,+Src+and+cortactin.">Cell invasion by neisseria meningitidis requires a functional interplay between the focal adhesion kinase, Src and cortactin.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (6), (2012).</li><li>Unkmeir, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibronectin+mediates+Opc-dependent+internalization+of+Neisseria+meningitidis+in+human+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells.">Fibronectin mediates Opc-dependent internalization of Neisseria meningitidis in human brain microvascular endothelial cells.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 46 (4), 933-946 (2002).</li><li>Helms, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+models+of+the+blood-brain+barrier:+An+overview+of+commonly+used+brain+endothelial+cell+culture+models+and+guidelines+for+their+use.">In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. , (2015).</li><li>Lippmann, E. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Endothelial+Cells+from+Human+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells.">Derivation of Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 30 (8), 783-791 (2012).</li><li>Lippmann, E. S., Al-Ahmad, A., Azarin, S. M., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+retinoic+acid-enhanced,+multicellular+human+blood-brain+barrier+model+derived+from+stem+cell+sources.">A retinoic acid-enhanced, multicellular human blood-brain barrier model derived from stem cell sources.</a> Scientific Reports. 4, 4160 (2014).</li><li>Hollmann, E. K., Bailey, A. K., Potharazu, A. V., Neely, M. D., Bowman, A. B., Lippmann, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+differentiation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+blood-brain+barrier+endothelial+cells.">Accelerated differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells to blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.</a> Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. , (2017).</li><li>Kim, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Group+B+Streptococcus+and+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Interaction+by+Using+Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cell-Derived+Brain+Endothelial+Cells.">Modeling Group B Streptococcus and Blood-Brain Barrier Interaction by Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells.</a> mSphere. , (2017).</li><li>Kim, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptococcus+agalactiae+disrupts+P-glycoprotein+function+in+brain+endothelial+cells.">Streptococcus agalactiae disrupts P-glycoprotein function in brain endothelial cells.</a> Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 16 (1), 26 (2019).</li><li>Kim, B. J., Shusta, E. V., Doran, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Past+and+Current+Perspectives+in+Modeling+Bacteria+and+Blood&#8211;Brain+Barrier+Interactions.">Past and Current Perspectives in Modeling Bacteria and Blood&#8211;Brain Barrier Interactions.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. , (2019).</li><li>Martins Gomes, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cell-Derived+Brain+Endothelial+Cells+as+a+Cellular+Model+to+Study+Neisseria+meningitidis+Infection.">Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells as a Cellular Model to Study Neisseria meningitidis Infection.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. , (2019).</li><li>Vatine, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Psychomotor+Retardation+using+iPSCs+from+MCT8-Deficient+Patients+Indicates+a+Prominent+Role+for+the+Blood-Brain+Barrier.">Modeling Psychomotor Retardation using iPSCs from MCT8-Deficient Patients Indicates a Prominent Role for the Blood-Brain Barrier.</a> Cell Stem Cell. , (2016).</li><li>Lim, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huntington's+Disease+iPSC-Derived+Brain+Microvascular+Endothelial+Cells+Reveal+WNT-Mediated+Angiogenic+and+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Deficits.">Huntington's Disease iPSC-Derived Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Reveal WNT-Mediated Angiogenic and Blood-Brain Barrier Deficits.</a> Cell Reports. 19 (7), 1365-1377 (2017).</li><li>Stebbins, M. J., Wilson, H. K., Canfield, S. G., Qian, T., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+and+characterization+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells.">Differentiation and characterization of human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells.</a> Methods. 101, 93-102 (2016).</li><li>Neal, E. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simplified,+Fully+Defined+Differentiation+Scheme+for+Producing+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Endothelial+Cells+from+Human+iPSCs.">A Simplified, Fully Defined Differentiation Scheme for Producing Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells from Human iPSCs.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 12 (6), 1380-1388 (2019).</li><li>Wilson, H. K., Canfield, S. G., Hjortness, M. K., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+effects+of+cell+seeding+density+on+the+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells.">Exploring the effects of cell seeding density on the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to brain microvascular endothelial cells.</a> Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. , (2015).</li><li>Wilson, H. K., Faubion, M. G., Hjortness, M. K., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryopreservation+of+brain+endothelial+cells+derived+from+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+is+enhanced+by+rho-associated+coiled+coil-containing+kinase+inhibition.">Cryopreservation of brain endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells is enhanced by rho-associated coiled coil-containing kinase inhibition.</a> Tissue Engineering - Part C: Methods. , (2016).</li><li>Qian, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+blood-brain+barrier+endothelial+cells.">Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.</a> Science Advances. , (2017).</li><li>Sances, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+iPSC-Derived+Endothelial+Cells+and+Microengineered+Organ-Chip+Enhance+Neuronal+Development.">Human iPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells and Microengineered Organ-Chip Enhance Neuronal Development.</a> Stem Cell Reports. , (2018).</li><li>Canfield, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+isogenic+blood-brain+barrier+model+comprising+brain+endothelial+cells,+astrocytes,+and+neurons+derived+from+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">An isogenic blood-brain barrier model comprising brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. , (2017).</li><li>Kurosawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+Rho-associated+protein+kinase+(ROCK)+inhibitor+to+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Application of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor to human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. , (2012).</li><li>Schubert-Unkmeir, A., Sokolova, O., Panzner, U., Eigenthaler, M., Frosch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+pattern+in+human+brain+endothelial+cells+in+response+to+Neisseria+meningitidis.">Gene expression pattern in human brain endothelial cells in response to Neisseria meningitidis.</a> Infection and Immunity. 75 (2), 899-914 (2007).</li><li>Sokolova, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+Neisseria+meningitidis+with+human+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells:+Role+of+MAP-+and+tyrosine+kinases+in+invasion+and+inflammatory+cytokine+release.">Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: Role of MAP- and tyrosine kinases in invasion and inflammatory cytokine release.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 6 (12), 1153-1166 (2004).</li><li>Alimonti, J. 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Modeling BECs and the BBB has had challenges, as primary and immortalized human BECs, in vitro, tend to lack robust barrier phenotypes. The advent of human&#160;stem cell technologies has&#160;allowed for the generation of&#160;iPSC derived BEC-like cells&#160;that retain expected hallmark&#160;BBB phenotypes such as&#160;endothelial markers, tight&#160;junction expression, barrier&#160;properties, response to other&#160;CNS cell types, and functional&#160;efflux transporters12,</sup...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61400">Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells Larvae</a>. The Authors section was updated from:
Leo M. Endres1 
Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir1 
Brandon J. Kim1,2 
1Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W&#252;rzburg 
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama
to:
Leo M. Endres1 
Sarah F. Hathcock2 
Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir1 
Brandon J. Kim1,2 
1Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W&#252;rzburg 
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61400">Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells Larvae</a>. The Authors section was updated.

Erratum: Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the meningeal blood-CSF barrier (mBCSFB) are extremely tight cellular barriers that separate the circulation from the central nervous system (CNS) and are primarily comprised of highly specialized brain endothelial cells (BECs)1,2. Together, BECs maintain proper brain homeostasis by regulating nutrients and waste products in and out of the brain, while excluding many toxins, drugs, and pathogens1,2. Bacterial meningitis occurs when blood-borne bacteria are able to interact with, and penetrate the barrier formed by BECs and cause inflammation. Neisseria meningitidis (Nm, meningococcus) is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the nasopharaynx of 10&#8210;40 % of healthy individuals, but in some cases can cause serious systemic disease3. In affected individuals, Nm can gain access to the blood stream where it can cause purpura fulminans as well as penetrate BECs gaining access to the CNS causing meningitis3. Nm is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis world-wide, and despite vaccination efforts, is still a primary cause of meningitis4. Modern medical intervention, such as antibiotic treatment, have made these conditions survivable, however those affected with meningitis often are left with permanent neurological damage5,6.
Previous studies have identified bacterial factors and host signaling that contribute to Nm-BEC interactions7,8,9,10,11. The identified adhesins and invasins such as the opacity protein Opc, and type-IV pili, as well as receptors such as CD147, have been conducted on various BEC models in vitro, however these models lack many defining BBB properties7,9,11,12. Complete understanding of Nm-BEC interactions remain elusive due partially to the inability to utilize in vivo models, incomplete vaccination protection, and lack of robust human BEC models in vitro.
Modeling hBECs in vitro has been challenging due to the unique properties of BECs. Compared with peripheral endothelial cells, BECs have a number of phenotypes that enhance their barrier properties such as high trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) due to complex tight junctions12. Once removed from the brain microenvironment, BECs rapidly lose their barrier properties limiting the usefulness of primary or immortalized in vitro models that only form a weak barrier12,13. The combination of the human specificity of Nm infections, lack of robust in vivo models, and challenges modeling human BECs in vitro creates a need for better models to understand the complex host-pathogen interaction between Nm and BECs. Recently using model human&#160;induced pluripotent stem cell&#160;(iPSC) technologies BEC-like&#160;cells have been derived from&#160;iPSCs that better mimic BECs&#160;in vivo12,13,14,15. iPSC-BECs are of human origin, easily scalable, and possess expected BEC phenotypes compared to their primary or immortalized counterparts12,13,14,15. Additionally we and others have demonstrated that iPSC-BECs are useful for modeling various diseases of the CNS such as host-pathogen interaction, Huntington&#8217;s disease, and MCT8 deficiency that causes Allan-Hurndon-Dudley syndrome16,17,18,19,20,21. Here, we demonstrate how to derive iPSC-BECs from renewable iPSC sources and the infection of iPSC-BECs with Nm leading to activation of the innate immune response. We believe that this model is useful to interrogate host-pathogen interaction that is unable to be recapitulated in other in vitro models and is especially useful when examining interactions with human specific pathogens such as Nm.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Accutase (1x)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A6964</td>
			<td style="width:465px;">Enzymatic cell dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A6283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">All-trans retinoic acid (RA)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">R2625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-CD31 (PECAM-1)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Scientific (Labvision)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">RB-10333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-Claudin-5</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4C3C2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-Glut-1</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Scientific (Labvision)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">SPM498 (MA5-11315)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-Occludin</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">33-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-VE-cadherin</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">sc-52751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-ZO-1</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">33-9100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto Proteose Peptone</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">211684</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">b-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Merck (Sigma-Aldrich)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">805740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Cell culture plates and flasks</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Centrifuge (Heraeus Megafuge 1.0R)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Class II biosafety cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Nuaire</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NU-437-400E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">CO2 Incubator (DHD Autoflow CO2 Air-Jacketed Incubator)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Nuaire</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Collagen IV</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C5533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Columbia ager + 5 % sheep blood</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Biomerieux</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">43049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Costar Transwell polyester filters (12- or 24-well)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3460, 3470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">D(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Merck (Sigma-Aldrich)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">G8270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">31330-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A994.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">21600-069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Epithelial Volt-Ohm Meter (Millicell ERS-2) with STX electrode</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Merck (Millipore)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">MERS00002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:459px;">Fe(NO3)3</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5632.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">F1141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Fluoresence microscope (Eclipse Ti)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Hemacytometer (Neubauer)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">A. Hartenstein</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ZK06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">PeproTech</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">100-18B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Human Endothelial Serum Free Medium (hESFM)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">11111-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Inverted microscope (Wilovert)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Hund (Will Wetzlar)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">iPS(IMR90)-4 cells</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">WiCell</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:459px;">Kellogg&#39;s supplement</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>To prepare 110 ml of Kellogg&#39;s supplement, prepare 100 ml of 4 g/ml glucose, 0.1 g/ml glutamine, and 0.2 mg/ml thiamine pyrophosphate and 10 ml of 5 mg/ml Fe(NO3)3 and combine the solutions. Filter sterilize and store aliquoted at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Knockout serum replacement (KOSR)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">10828-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">L-glutamine (GlutaMAX)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">35050-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LunaScript RT SuperMix Kit</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">E3010L</td>
			<td>cDNA synthesis kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4627.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">KK36.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Micropipettes (Research Plus)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">6329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Nonessential amino acids (NEAA)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">11140-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NucleoSpin RNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>Machery-Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">740955</td>
			<td>RNA isolation kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Pipette boy (Accu-Jet Pro)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Brand</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Platelet poor plasma-derived serum, bovine (PDS)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">50-443-029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A25742</td>
			<td>qPCR master mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">qPCR film (MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4211971</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">qPCR plates (MicroAmp Fast 96-well)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4346907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">ROCK inhibitor, Y27632 dihydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Tocris</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">RT-PCR thermo cycler (StepOnePlus)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4376600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Serological pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">StemFlex basal medium + 50x StemFlex supplement</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td>A3349401</td>
			<td>Stem-cell maintenance medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Swinging Bucket Rotor (Heraeus #2704)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Thiamine pyrophosphate</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C8754-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15250061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Versene</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15040-033</td>
			<td>Non-enzymatic cell dissociation reagent (EDTA)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neisseria meningitidis infection of induced pluripotent stem-cell derived brain endothelial cells

Meningococcal meningitis is a life-threatening infection that occurs when Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus, Nm) can gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) by penetrating highly specialized brain endothelial cells (BECs). As Nm is a human-specific pathogen, the lack of robust in vivo model systems makes study of the host-pathogen interactions between Nm and BECs challenging and establishes a need for a human based model that mimics native BECs. BECs possess tighter barrier properties when compared to peripheral endothelial cells characterized by complex tight junctions and elevated trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). However, many in vitro models, such as primary BECs and immortalized BECs, either lack or rapidly lose their barrier properties after removal from the native neural microenvironment. Recent advances in human stem-cell technologies have developed methods for deriving brain-like endothelial cells from induced pluripotent stem-cells (iPSCs) that better phenocopy BECs when compared to other in vitro human models. The use of iPSC-derived BECs (iPSC-BECs) to model Nm-BEC interaction has the benefit of using human cells that possess BEC barrier properties, and can be used to examine barrier destruction, innate immune activation, and bacterial interaction. Here we demonstrate how to derive iPSC-BECs from iPSCs in addition to bacterial preparation, infection, and sample collection for analysis.

The protocol described here is adapted from Stebbins et al. and highlights the process to differentiate iPSCs into brain-like endothelial cells that possess BBB properties, and how to utilize this model for infection studies using iPSC-BECs with Nm19,22. The iPSC-BECs, when differentiated properly, exhibit tight barrier properties measured by TEER that are often greater than 2000 &#937;&#183;cm2, and express endothelial markers such as VE-cadherin and ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

The protocol described here highlights the major steps in the differentiating induced pluripotent stem-cell derived brain-like endothelial cells, the preparation of Neisseria meningitidis for infection, and sample collection for other molecular analyses.

Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

Meningococcal meningitis is a life-threatening infection that occurs when Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus, Nm) can gain access to the central ...

This protocol demonstrates the usage of iPSC-derived brain-like endothelial cells to examine host pathogen interactions at the blood-brain barriers, such as the meningeal blood-CSF barriers, in a model that can better mimic brain endothelial cells in vivo. In vitro examination of brain endothelial cell barrier properties and interactions with human-specific pathogens can be challenging due to limitations in modeling. iPSC-derived brain endothelial cells are particularly useful for these applications as they possess superior barrier phenotypes and are of human origin.Maintain the induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs, at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide in six-well plates with two milliliters of stem cell maintenance medium. To passage the cells, aspirate the medium from a well that is not confluent and add one milliliter of non-enzymatic cell dissociation reagent. Then incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for seven minutes.Meanwhile, replace the matrix gel solution on a new six-well plate with two milliliters of fresh stem cell maintenance medium per well. Aspirate the cell dissociation reagent, taking care not to aspirate cells that are still attached to the plate. Rinse the bottom of the well with six milliliters of stem cell maintenance medium until all cells are completely detached.Seed the new six-well plate with varying densities, typically one to six, or one to 12 for normal maintenance. Shake the plate back and forth and left to right, pausing in between alternating shaking motions until the medium has settled. Then put it in the incubator.Add one milliliter of enzymatic cell dissociation reagent into each well and incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for seven minutes. To deactivate the cell dissociation reagent, transfer one milliliter of the cell suspension into a 15-milliliter tube with at least two milliliters of fresh stem cell maintenance medium. Spin down the cell suspension at 1500 G for five minutes.Then resuspend the cell pellet in one milliliter of stem cell maintenance medium and count the cells with a hemocytometer. Resuspend 7.5 times 10 to the fifth cells in 12 milliliters of stem cell maintenance medium and 10 micromolar rock inhibitor. Aspirate matrix from a T75 flask and transfer the cell suspension to the flask.Shake the flask to distribute the cells and place it in the incubator. Refresh the media every day for the next two days to remove rock inhibitor and support the growth of stem cell colonies. On the third day, begin differentiation by changing the media to an unconditioned medium.Change the medium daily for the next five days. Six days after starting differentiation, selectively expand the endothelial cell population by switching to endothelial cell or EC medium with 20 nanograms per milliliter bFGF and 10 micromolar retinoic acid. Incubate the cells for two days.Prepare collagen IV and fibronectin solution according to manuscript directions, and use it to coat cell culture plates and membrane inserts. Aspirate the EC medium from the cells and add 12 milliliters of cell dissociation reagent. Incubate the flask at 37 degrees Celsius until 90%of the cells have detached.During the incubation time, remove the coating solution from the previously prepared plates and inserts, and let them dry in a sterile hood. Once the cells have detached, use a 10-milliliter pipette to create a single cell suspension. Transfer the cells to a 50-milliliter tube and dilute them with an equal volume of human endothelial serum-free medium.Then count the cells with a hemocytometer. Pellet the cells at 1500 G for 10 minutes. Then resuspend them in freshly prepared EC medium with bFGF and retinoic acid for a concentration of 2 million cells per milliliter.Add 500 microliters of the cell suspension to the top of a 12-well insert and 1.5 milliliters of medium to the bottom. Distribute the cells evenly across the insert and incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. On the next day, change the media to EC without bFGF or retinoic acid.Place the epithelial volt/ohm meter in the biosafety hood and connect the electrodes. Disinfect the electrodes by submerging them in 70%ethanol for at least five minutes and let them dry completely. Remove the cells from the incubator and immediately measure the transendothelial electrical resistance, or TEER, by placing the shorter electrode on top of the insert and the longer electrode into the medium surrounding the insert.On the day before the infection experiment, start an overnight culture of the bacteria from frozen stock. Streak Neisseria meningitidis onto Columbia Agar with 5%sheep blood and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide overnight. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Neisseria meningitidis, have the potential to cause disease in humans.It's important to properly train individuals working with such microorganisms and always use best practices and wear proper PPE. On the next day, prepare fresh PPM plus media according to manuscript directions and inoculate 10 milliliters of the media with the bacteria and incubate the culture. While the bacteria are incubating, replace the medium in the iPSC-derived brain endothelial cells, then centrifuge the bacterial culture at 4, 000 G for 10 minutes.Aspirate the media and resuspend the pellet in 250 microliters of PBS. Adjust to an OD600 of approximately 0.4, which is roughly one times 10 to the eighth colony-forming units per milliliter. Dilute the bacteria to the desired multiplicity of infection with EC medium and infect the cells with 100 microliters of the prepared bacterial suspension per well.Then incubate the cells for the desired time of infection. When differentiated properly, the iPSC-derived brain endothelial cells exhibit tight barrier properties that are often greater than 2000 ohm centimeter squared and endothelial markers, such as VE-Cadherin and CD-31. Additionally, they express and localize the tight junction markers Claudin-5, Occludin, and ZO-1, as well as transporters, such as Glut-1.Upon infection with Neisseria meningitidis, the cells upregulate neutrophilic, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL20, and IL6. When performing cell differentiation, daily maintenance and achieving the initial optimal seeding density when splitting the cells is critical. Following the steps outlined here, researchers can collect a variety of samples to investigate many aspects of post-pathogen interaction from inflammatory responses to brain endothelial cell dysfunction.The advent of brain endothelial cells derived from iPSCs have opened the doors for the brain barriers field to investigate a wide range of diseases where endothelial cells are compromised. As certain CNS pathogens are human-specific, we demonstrate the use of a human-based system with the human-specific pathogen Neisseria meningitidis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Visualisation and Quantification of Intracellular Interactions of Neisseria meningitidis and Human &alpha;-actinin by Confocal Imaging

Visualisation and Quantification of Intracellular Interactions of Neisseria meningitidis and Human &#945;-actinin by Confocal Imaging

The Opc protein of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm, meningococcus) is a surface-expressed integral outer membrane protein, which can act as an adhesin and an ...

Selection of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites for Cytoadhesion to Human Brain Endothelial Cells

Selection of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites for Cytoadhesion to Human Brain Endothelial Cells

Most human malaria deaths are caused by blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Cerebral malaria, the most life-threatening complication of the ...

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of antigen-specific CD8+  cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a promising treatment for a variety of  malignancies 1. CTLs can  ...

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic ...

Methods for Detecting Cytotoxic Amyloids Following Infection of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Methods for Detecting Cytotoxic Amyloids Following Infection of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Patients who survive pneumonia have elevated death rates in the months following hospital discharge. It has been hypothesized that infection of pulmonary ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...

Induced Differentiation of M Cell-like Cells in Human Stem Cell-derived Ileal Enteroid Monolayers

M (microfold) cells of the intestine function to transport antigen from the apical lumen to the underlying Peyer&#8217;s patches and lamina propria where ...

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health issue. With over 350 million people affected worldwide, HBV infection remains the leading cause of ...

Pneumococcus Infection of Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Constant Flow

Interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the surface of endothelial cells is mediated in blood flow via mechanosensitive proteins such as the Von ...

Analyzing the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Microbial Traversal through Microvascular Endothelial Cells

The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is characterized by a very low permeability for biomolecules in order to protect and regulate the metabolism of the ...