Moxibustion Strategies for Mice

Summary

The present protocol describes a moxibustion application method for mice, with the benefits of reducing mouse fearfulness, guaranteeing their welfare, and improving efficiency for researchers.

Abstract

The field of moxibustion research is expanding, with a rapid increase in publications in recent years. Moxibustion is a therapy that ignites moxa on the skin of humans, with an increase in peripheral skin temperature and localized redness. During this treatment, the recipient must remain still to prevent scalding and expose intervention sites for easy manipulation; however, maintaining a fixed posture during moxibustion is a big challenge for animals. Thus, manipulating moxibustion in small animals, such as mice, can lead to several difficulties for researchers. In addition, an uncomfortable posture for animals can lead to fear and resistance to moxibustion, increased risk of injury, diminished animal welfare, and less valid research data. An efficient, comfortable moxibustion method is needed to protect animal welfare and minimize the adverse effects on experimental results. However, moxibustion methods are highly variable and often have limited efficacy. More importantly, an uncomfortable moxibustion posture might cause a stress response, such as those observed with anxiety, fear, and anger, which could influence the research data. Therefore, strategies for animal moxibustion that inflict the least harm possible during the intervention are required. This protocol introduces a mouse tethering method for moxibustion intervention, minimizing mouse discomfort and improving study efficiency. Essential strategies for tethering mice and application of moxibustion are highlighted, and the structure of the tethering instrument is described.

Introduction

Moxibustion is an external treatment used in traditional Chinese medicine¹. It has been widely applied for centuries as a means of keeping fit and preventing and curing diseases^2,3. However, the mechanism of moxibustion remains to be elucidated; thus, this field of research has expanded in recent years as researchers explore its effects and biological mechanisms.

During moxibustion, the recipient must remain still for the best results to be achieved⁴. Moxibustion treatment typically lasts for 15-30 min^5,6. Because of this, manipulation of moxibustion for animals, especially small animals such as mice and rats (favorable for use in animal experiments), has become a big challenge for researchers. Most moxibustion devices are suitable for clinical use and cannot be used for animals, especially for small animals such as mice^7,8,9. Besides this, unlike human beings, animals can barely follow orders and remain steady over a while. A fixed and uncomfortable posture for animals can lead to passive emotions, including anxiety, fear, anger, nervousness, and resistance to treatment, increasing the risk of injury, diminishing animal welfare, and resulting in less valid research data¹⁰. To solve this problem, in previous studies, anesthetics have been applied for extended periods during animal experiments involving external traditional Chinese medicine therapies, including acupuncture, moxibustion, and massage research^11,12,13. However, given that physical conditions change with anesthesia, and in most clinical cases, moxibustion is administered to people in conscious states, anesthesia might impact research data authenticity. Therefore, a method of tethering animals consciously and comfortably become a challenge. To solve these technical problems, specialized devices for mouse moxibustion have been introduced. This protocol provides a tethering method that will assist researchers in performing moxibustion treatment on animals, allowing the animals to remain steady, conscious, and comfortable.

Protocol

All experiments were carried out following the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Chengdu University of TCM Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. The care and maintenance of the animals in the laboratory were performed following References^14,15. Adult male C57BL/6J mice, weighing 20-25 g, were used for the test. All mice were maintained on a 12 h light/dark cycle at 24 °C and 40%-50% humidity, with free access to food and water. The following protocol depicts the moxibustion procedures under typical laboratory housing conditions.

1. Preparation of the equipment

1. Mouse tethering
   1. Prepare a mouse tethering device consisting of a vertical plate, vertical plate base, and brackets made of wood.
      1. Construct the fixed body using a straight wooden splint (length: 30 cm x width: 3 cm x height: 3 cm) and attach the fixed velcro belt (which is made up of two sides: a hook side (4 cm x 3 cm) and a loop side (10 cm x 3 cm)) to allow tethering of the mouse body while maintaining flexibility (see Table of Materials).
      2. Use a glue gun to attach the hook side on the right side of the wooden splint and attach a 1/4 length of the loop side on the left side.
   2. Place the mouse on the fixed bed, and use the fixed velcro belt to tether the torso of the mouse.
      NOTE: Ensure that the tethering belt is not tight enough to exert pressure on the heart, which could lead to the death of the mouse. Tether the mouse loosely but firmly.
   3. Use tape to attach the lower/upper limbs to either side of the wooden splint and attach the tail to the surface of the wooden splint.
2. Preparation of the mouse-bed rack
   NOTE: The rack comprises a vertical wood plate, wood baseplate, and wood brackets. The bracket consists of an L-shaped piece of stainless steel, which provides support for each mouse bed.
   1. Attach the vertical plate onto the base plate, and create square grooves in the base plate to insert wooden sticks used as baffles (Figure 1).
   2. Prepare a transparent, plastic head cover if the mice are administered moxibustion above the head.
      1. Use a 1000 mL syringe, and remove the needle and core rod. Use a cutting tool or knife to cut the syringe jacket in half.
      2. Choose either side of the syringe jacket, cut off the head and tail, and set the middle section aside (length: 4 cm) as the headcover for the mouse.
      3. Drill a hole (1 cm) at the center of the syringe jacket with a drill machine and place a moxa stick in the hole. Place a headcover over the mouse's head to limit its head movement and protect it from the ignited moxa.
   3. Attach two parallel wooden strips (length: 7 cm x wide: 1 cm) and a horizontal cross-piece (length: 7.5 cm x width: 1 cm) to the head end of the mouse bed if mice are administered moxibustion on the forelimbs (Figure 2).
      NOTE: The space between each parallel wooden strip and the mouse bed should be 1 cm. The number of brackets and height of the vertical plates can be determined based on experimental requirements. These steps should be performed gently to avoid terrifying the mice. Be sure to give mice adaptive training for 1 week before the experiment.
3. Preparation of moxibustion stick holder
   1. Prepare the moxibustion stick holder comprising a magnetic metal rectangle (length: 30 cm), a bracket base (length: 5 cm x width: 5 cm x height: 2 cm), and wooden cubes (length: 3 cm x width: 1.5 cm x height: 1 cm), each with a hole (diameter: 0.55 cm) in the center into which a moxa stick may be placed (see Table of Materials).
   2. Attach a flat, thin magnet (length: 3 cm × width: 1.5 cm, thickness: 0.2 cm) to one side of each cube. The magnetic attraction between the cubes with moxa sticks and the holder allows adjusting the height of the moxa sticks.
      NOTE: Ensure that the magnetic poles of the cube magnets are opposite the holder magnet's pole.
4. To record the beginning and end of the moxibustion procedure, place a timing device (see Table of Materials) near the mouse tethering device where it can be easily read.
5. Use a bare or thinly gloved hand when holding and tethering the mice. A thinly gloved hand is also effective during moxibustion treatment.

2. Moxibustion procedure

1. Put on the laboratory gloves. Before moxibustion treatment, shave the fur via mouse shaver at the moxibustion site to expose the acupoint.
2. Insert moxa sticks (0.5 cm in diameter and 10 cm in length) into the moxibustion stick holder (which comprises the magnetic metal rectangle, bracket base, and wooden cubes with holes in their centers for moxa stick insertion, and one stick holder can only accommodate one moxa stick, step 1.3).
3. To ascertain the moxibustion temperature, attach a digital thermo-detector at the acupoint to monitor the temperature variation.
4. Start the timer and ignite the moxa stick; fix or control the distance between the skin of the acupoint and the lighted end of the moxa stick depending on the temperature variation required for the experiment.

3. Simultaneous mouse moxibustion

NOTE: Mice can be treated with moxibustion as a group. A mouse-bed rack is used to position the mouse beds so that a group of mice can be treated simultaneously.

1. Place each mouse bed on the rack and insert a wooden stick into the base plate to protect the mice from falling (Figure 3).
2. Insert moxa sticks (0.5 cm in diameter and 12 cm in length) into the moxibustion stick holder at levels that coincide with each mouse bed. Adjust the distance between the mouse rack and stick holder, and then ignite the moxa sticks.
   NOTE: This allows the mice to be treated with moxibustion in a relaxed, comfortable state. During moxibustion, ensure that the distance between the mouse rack and stick holder remains consistent for all mice.
3. Before modeling, conduct the mouse responses to the thermal withdrawal threshold (TWL) test to determine whether moxibustion would be effective in analgesia.

Results

Table 1 summarizes the different factors that affect the responses to moxibustion. Positive outcomes of mouse moxibustion have been indicated by multiple measures of mouse welfare and positive effects.

Next, specific examples of results obtained when the moxibustion technique is paired with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced injection procedures are outlined. The thermal withdrawal threshold (TWL) test was used to evaluate the efficacy of moxibustion in pain relief

Discussion

The moxibustion technique is effective for many disorders, such as fatigue, insomnia, diarrhea, and pain syndrome^{20,21,22,23,24,25,26}. With the benefits of moxibustion treatment for many diseases, the mechanism of this technique has attracted the attention of researchers. The application of ...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)	Sigma-Aldrich	SF588102
Glue gun	Deli Group Co., Ltd.	DL5041
Laboratory glove	Boci  Co., Ltd	53625130323
Magnetic metal rectangle (thickness: 0.2 cm)	Sitoo Stationery Co., Ltd	1007908729
Moxa stick	Hanyi Airong factory	5613
Steel sheet	Rizhan metal materials Co., Ltd	1108
Syringe (1000 mL )	Xinmin Fuda Co., Ltd	796341
Timer	Bevoza Co., Ltd	KT003
Velcro belt	Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., Ltd	3MSJ3550
Wooden cube	Chuang Hing Wood Chip Co., Ltd	2581457A
Wooden splint	Chuang Hing Wood Chip Co., Ltd	3410968M
Wooden stick	Chuang Hing Wood Chip Co., Ltd	2785476M
Wooden strip	Chuang Hing Wood Chip Co., Ltd	2374652S