Measuring Dissolved Methane in Aquatic Ecosystems Using An Optical Spectroscopy Gas Analyzer

Summary

This study demonstrates an approach to measure methane gas concentrations in aqueous samples using portable optical analyzers coupled to an injection chamber in a closed loop. The results are similar to conventional gas chromatography, presenting a practical and low-cost alternative particularly suitable for remote field studies.

Abstract

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and pools in ecosystems are becoming increasingly common in ecological studies due to their relevance to climate change. With it, the need for analytical platforms adaptable to measuring different pools and fluxes within research groups also grows. This study aims to develop a procedure to use portable optical spectroscopy-based gas analyzers, originally designed and marketed for gas flux measurements, to measure GHG concentrations in aqueous samples. The protocol involves the traditional headspace equilibration technique followed by the injection of a headspace gas subsample into a chamber connected through a closed loop to the inlet and outlet ports of the gas analyzer. The chamber is fabricated from a generic mason jar and simple laboratory supplies, and it is an ideal solution for samples that may require pre-injection dilution. Methane concentrations measured with the chamber are tightly correlated (r² > 0.98) with concentrations determined separately through gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) on subsamples from the same vials. The procedure is particularly relevant for field studies in remote areas where chromatography equipment and supplies are not readily available, offering a practical, cheaper, and more efficient solution for measuring methane and other dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations in aquatic systems.

Introduction

Ecosystems at the terrestrial-aquatic interphase, like wetlands, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and creeks, are important sinks and sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) like carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O)^1,2. CH₄, specifically, is produced during anaerobic respiration in the saturated pore spaces of sediment pores. Once it is produced, a fraction is oxidized and transformed to CO₂, while the rest will eventually diffuse through the water column and vegetation or burst out into bubbles³. The concentration of CH....

Protocol

1. Porewater sampling and analysis

1. Collect the samples using porewater dialysis samplers (peepers)¹¹. Deploy the peepers in relevant locations of the study site. In the demonstration study, 6 peepers were deployed on the two dominant vegetation patches of a freshwater marsh: three on a patch dominated by Sagitaria lancifolia and the other three on a patch co-dominated by S. lancifolia and Typha latifolia vegetation.
2. Collect samples .......

Discussion

This study demonstrated the applicability of portable optical spectroscopy-based gas analyzers coupled to a custom-made injection chamber to analyze headspaces created from water samples. The demonstration focused on CH₄, but the protocol could be applied to analyzing other relevant GHGs like CO₂ and N₂O⁸. The goal was to expand on previous systematic assessments of these closed-loop systems that represent an alternative analytical platform to conventional gas chro.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1/4 in. I.D. x 3/8 in. O.D. Clear Vinyl Tubing	Home Depot	SKU # 702098	Use to couple stopcocks and tubing connected to the instrument. Two short pieces (~4 cm).
5/16 - 5/8 in. Stainless Steel Hose Clamp	Everbilt	6260294	Use to secure tubing connecting the stopcock valves and tubing connected to the instrument.
Crack-Resistant Teflon PFA Semi-Clear Tube for chemicals, 5/32" ID, 1/4" OD	McMaster-Carr	51805K86	Use to connect the injection chamber to the inlet and outlet ports of the instrument. We used two 0.68 m-long tubing in our experiment.
Drill with titanium step drillbit	Multiple companies		Use to drill the holes for septum and stopcocks in the jar's metallic lid.
Gay butyl septum (stopper)	Weathon Microliter	20-0025-B	Use as injection port and as vial septum (if compatible).
Headspace vials 20ml (23x75mm), Clear, Crimp Rounded Bottom	Restek	21162	Use to store the headspace sample.
Heavy Duty Steel Bond Epoxy GorillaWeld	Gorilla	4330101	Use to glue stopcock valves and septum to the jar's metallic lid.
Hypodermic Needles	Air-Tite Products Co.	N221	Use to extract water from field vials, inject heaspace sample in vial and inject subsample to the injection chamber.
Mason jar (12 oz)	Ball, Kerr, Jarden		Larger or smaller chamber volumes can be chosen depending on sample concentrations.
Optical spectroscopy-based gas analyzer	Multiple companies	Picarro G4301, Licor 7810, Licor 7820, ABB GLA131-GGA	These are some specific examples of analyzers that could be coupled to the injection chamber. We recognize that it is not an extensive list and other optical spectroscopy analyzers may also be suitable for the method.
Stopcock valve	DWK Life Sciences	420163-0001	Keep the valves open during normal operation.
Syringe (2.5 mL)	Air-Tite Products Co.	R2	Use to extract subsamples from the headspace vials and inject them in the injecion chamber for analysis.
Syringe (30 mL)	Air-Tite Products Co.	R30HJ	Use to create headspace for gas analysis.