To begin the surgery on the anesthetized animal, make a one-centimeter long, full-thickness skin incision vertically along the proximal border of the anteromedial face of the tibia in the metaphysis region to expose the bone. Using small periostea
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The placement of implants in a rat model is an essential experimental procedure for clinical research. This study presents a comprehensive surgical protocol for implanting titanium implants into the tibia of rat models with diabetes and osteoporosis.