The authors thank Laura Tucker and Natasa Loncarevic for their comments on the manuscript and the support given by the Rodent Facility of the Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo&#227;o Lobo Antunes. The authors want to acknowledge financial support from Pr&#233;mios Santa Casa Neuroci&#234;ncias - Prize Melo e Castro for Spinal Cord Injury Research (MC-36/2020) to L.S. and C.S.M. This work was supported by Funda&#231;&#227;o para a Ci&#234;ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT) (PTDC/BIA-COM/0151/2020), iNOVA4Health (UIDB/04462/2020 and UIDP/04462/2020), and LS4FUTURE (LA/P/0087/2020) to C.S.M. L.S. was supported by a CEEC Individual Principal Investigator contract (2021.02253.CEECIND). A.F.I. was supported by a doctoral fellowship from FCT (2020.08168.BD). A.M.M. was supported by a doctoral fellowship from FCT (PD/BD/128445/2017). I.M. was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship from FCT (SFRH/BPD/118051/2016). D.N.S. was supported by a doctoral fellowship from FCT (SFRH/BD/138636/2018).

All handling, surgical, and post-operative care procedures were approved by Instituto de Medicina Molecular Internal Committee (ORBEA) and the Portuguese Animal Ethics Committee (DGAV) in accordance with the European Community guidelines (Directive 2010/63/EU) and the Portuguese law on animal care (DL 113/2013) under the license 0421/000/000/2022. Female C57Bl/6J mice aged 9 weeks were used for the present study. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals and to decrease the suffering of the animals used in ...

Quantifying Locomotor Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury Mice Using MouseWalker

<ol>
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W., Gautier, M., Sofroniew, M. V., Courtine, G., Anderson, M. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+progressive+motor+deficits+in+mice+transgenic+for+the+human+Huntington's+disease+mutation.">Characterization of progressive motor deficits in mice transgenic for the human Huntington's disease mutation.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (8), 3248-3257 (1999).</li><li>Leblond, H., L'esp&#233;rance, M., Orsal, D., Rossignol, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral/systems/cognitive+treadmill+locomotion+in+the+intact+and+spinal+mouse.">Behavioral/systems/cognitive treadmill locomotion in the intact and spinal mouse.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (36), 11411-11419 (2003).</li><li>Courtine, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+of+supraspinal+control+of+stepping+via+indirect+propriospinal+relay+connections+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Recovery of supraspinal control of stepping via indirect propriospinal relay connections after spinal cord injury.</a> Nature Medicine. 14 (1), 69-74 (2008).</li><li>Hamers, F. 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Here, the potential of the MouseWalker method is demonstrated by analyzing locomotor behavior after SCI. It provides new insights into specific alterations in stepping, footprint, and gait patterns that would otherwise be missed by other standard tests. In addition to providing an updated version of the MW package, data analysis tools are also described using the supplied Python scripts (see step 5).
As the MW generates a large dataset and a collection of kinematic parameters that reflect a hi...

The effective coordination of four limbs is not unique to quadruped animals. Forelimb-hindlimb coordination in humans remains important to accomplish several tasks, such as swimming and alterations of speed while walking1. Various limb kinematic2 and motor program1,3,4, as well as proprioceptive feedback circuits5, are conserved between humans and other mammals&#160;and should be considered when analyzing therapeutic options for motor disorders, such as spinal cord injury (SCI)6,7,8.
In order to walk, several spinal connections from the forelimbs and hindlimbs need to be properly wired and rhythmically activated, which requires inputs from the brain and feedback from the somatosensory system2,9,10. These connections culminate in the central pattern generators (CPGs), which are situated at a cervical and lumbar level for the forelimbs and hindlimbs, respectively1,9,10. Often, after SCI, the disruption of neuronal connectivity and the formation of an inhibitory glial scar12 limit the recovery of locomotor function, with outcomes varying from total paralysis to restricted function of a group of limbs depending on the injury severity. Tools to precisely quantify locomotor function after SCI are critical for monitoring recovery and evaluating the effects of treatments or other clinical interventions6.
The standard metric assay for mouse contusion models of SCI is the Basso mouse scale (BMS)13,14, a non-parametric score that considers trunk stability, tail position, plantar stepping, and forelimb-hindlimb coordination in an open field arena. Even though the BMS is extremely reliable for most cases, it requires at least two experienced raters to observe all the angles of animal movement in order to account for natural variability and reduce bias.
Other assays have also been developed to assess motor performance after SCI quantitatively. These include the rotarod test, which measures time spent on a rotating cylinder15; the horizontal ladder, which measures the number of missed railings and positive ladder grabs16,17; and the beam walking test, which measures the time an animal takes and the number of failures it makes when crossing a narrow beam18. Despite reflecting a combination of motor deficits, none of these tests produce direct locomotor information about forelimb-hindlimb coordination.
To specifically and more thoroughly analyze walking behavior, other assays have been developed to reconstruct step cycles and gaiting strategies. One example is the footprint test, where the inked paws of an animal draw a pattern over a sheet of white paper19. Although simple in its execution, extracting kinematic parameters such as stride length is cumbersome and inaccurate. Moreover, the lack of dynamic parameters, such as the duration of the step cycle or leg-timed coordination, limits its applications; indeed, these dynamic parameters can only be acquired by analyzing frame-by-frame videos of rodents walking through a transparent surface. For SCI studies, researchers have analyzed walking behavior from a lateral view using a treadmill, including reconstructing the step cycle and measuring the angular variations of each leg joint4,20,21. Even though this approach can be extremely informative6, it remains focused on a specific set of limbs and lacks additional gait features, such as coordination.
To fill these gaps, Hamers and colleagues developed a quantitative test based on an optical touch sensor using frustrated total internal reflection (fTIR)22. In this method, light propagates through glass via internal reflection, becomes scattered upon paw pressing, and, finally, is captured by a high-speed camera. More recently, an open-source version of this method, called MouseWalker, was made available, and this approach combines an fTIR walkway with a tracking and quantification software package23. Using this method, the user can extract a large set of quantitative parameters, including step, spatial, and gait patterns, footprint positioning, and forelimb-hindlimb coordination, as well as visual outputs, such as footprint patterns (mimicking the inked paw assay6) or stance phases relative to the body axis. Importantly, due to its open-source nature, new parameters can be extracted by updating the MATLAB script package.
Here, the previously published assembly of the MouseWalker23 system is updated. A description of how to set it up is provided, with all the steps required to achieve the best video quality, tracking conditions, and parameter acquisition. Additional post-quantification tools are also shared to enhance the analysis of the MouseWalker (MW) output dataset. Finally, the usefulness of this tool is demonstrated by obtaining quantifiable values for general locomotor performance, specifically step cycles and forelimb-hindlimb coordination, in a spinal cord injury (SCI) context.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>45&#186; Mirror&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 aluminum extrusion (2 x 2 cm), 16 cm height, 1 on each side</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 aluminum extrusion (2 x 2 cm), 23 cm, @ 45&#176; , 1 on each side</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 aluminum extrusion (2 x 2 cm), 83 cm long</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>87 x 23 cm mirror</td>
			<td>General glass supplier&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>black cardboard filler&#160;</td>
			<td>General stationery supplier</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We used 2, one with 69 x 6 cm and another with 69 x 3cm to limit the reflection on the mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Background backlight</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>109 x 23 cm plexiglass (0.9525 cm thick)</td>
			<td>General hardware supplier</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 lateral aluminum extrusion (4 x 4 cm), 20 cm long, 1 on each side</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>multicolor LED strip</td>
			<td>General hardware supplier</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>white opaque paper to cover the plexyglass</td>
			<td>General stationery supplier</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fTIR Support base and posts</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 aluminum extrusion (4 x 4 cm), 100 cm height</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 x 30 cm metric breadboard</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics&#160;</td>
			<td>#54-641</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M6 12 mm screws</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M6 hex nuts and wahers</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fTIR Walkway&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>109 x 8.5 cm plexyglass (1.2 cm thick)</td>
			<td>General hardware supplier</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>109 x 8.5 cm plexyglass (1.2 cm thick)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>109 cm long Base-U-channel aluminum with 1.6 cm height x 1.9 cm depth thick folds (to hold the plexyglass)</td>
			<td>General hardware supplier</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 lateral aluminum extrusion (4 x 4 cm) 20 cm length, 1 on each side</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>black cardboard filler&#160;</td>
			<td>General stationery supplier</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>we used 2 fillers on each side to cover the limits of the plexyglass, avoiding bright edges</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 mm screws</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics&#160;</td>
			<td>M6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High speed camera (on a tripod)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blackfly S USB3</td>
			<td>Blackfly</td>
			<td>USB3</td>
			<td>This is a reccomendation. The requirement is to record at least 100 frames per second</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infinite Horizon Impactor&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infinite Horizon Impactor&#160;</td>
			<td>Precision Systems and Instrumentation, LLC.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikkon AF Zoom-Nikkor 24-85mm</td>
			<td>Nikkon&#160;</td>
			<td>2.8-4D IF</td>
			<td>This lens is reccomended, however other lens can be used. Make sure it contains a large aperture (i.e., smaller F-stop values), to capture fTIR signals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB R2022b</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Python 3.9.13&#160;</td>
			<td>Python Software Foundation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaconda Navigator 2.1.4</td>
			<td>Anaconda, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spyder 5.1.5&#160;</td>
			<td>Spyder Project Contributors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Walkway wall&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 large rectagular acrilics with 100 x 15 cm</td>
			<td>Any bricolage convenience store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 Trapezian acrilic laterals with 6-10 length x 15 cm height</td>
			<td>Any bricolage convenience store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GitHub Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folder name</td>
			<td>URL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boxplots</td>
			<td>https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Boxplots</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Script to create Boxplots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Docs</td>
			<td>https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Docs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Additional documents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heatmap</td>
			<td>https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Heatmaps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Script to create heatmap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlat script</td>
			<td>https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Matlab%20Script</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MouseWalker matlab script</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCA</td>
			<td>https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/PCA%20plots</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Script to perform Principal Component Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raw data Plots</td>
			<td>https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Rawdata%20Plots</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Script to create Raw data plots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Residual Analysis</td>
			<td>https://github.com/NeurogeneLocomotion/MouseWalker/tree/main/Residual_Analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Code to compute residuals from Raw data</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using the mousewalker to quantify locomotor dysfunction in a mouse model of spinal cord injury

The execution of complex and highly coordinated motor programs, such as walking and running, is dependent on the rhythmic activation of spinal and supra-spinal circuits. After a thoracic spinal cord injury, communication with upstream circuits is impaired. This, in turn, leads to a loss of coordination, with limited recovery potential. Hence, to better evaluate the degree of recovery after the administration of drugs or therapies, there is a necessity for new, more detailed, and accurate tools to quantify gait, limb coordination, and other fine aspects of locomotor behavior in animal models of spinal cord injury. Several assays have been developed over the years to quantitatively assess free-walking behavior in rodents; however, they usually lack direct measurements related to stepping gait strategies, footprint patterns, and coordination. To address these shortcomings, an updated version of the MouseWalker, which combines a frustrated total internal reflection (fTIR) walkway with tracking and quantification software, is provided. This open-source system has been adapted to extract several graphical outputs and kinematic parameters, and a set of post-quantification tools can be to analyze the output data provided. This manuscript also demonstrates how this method, allied with already established behavioral tests, quantitatively describes locomotor deficits following spinal cord injury.

Author Spotlight: Using the MouseWalker to Quantify Locomotor Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury  

Using the MouseWalker to Quantify Locomotor Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury

In this study, we use a mouse model of spinal cord injury to uncover ways of promoting repair of the spinal cord that could lead to effective locomotor and functional sensory recovery. With a mouse walker, we can move a step forward into a more quantitative analysis of spinal cord recovery by combining several graphical outputs and kinematic parameters with a set of post-quantification tools. High quality video cameras and sophisticated software packages allow a more direct and quantitative description of motor activity.The mouse walker is a good example of this. Currently two main challenges exist. First, the ability of laboratories to implement these technologies in their experimental pipeline.And second, to reduce the time and steps from video recordings to data generation. We realized that standard protocols were insufficient to describe all locomotive deficits we see after spinal cord injury. We also found that the mouse walker helped us measure coordination, one of the hardest parameters to assess in standard tests.Here, not only is the software free and open source, but the hardware is also easy to assemble with uncomplicated materials. We also provide open source tools to analyze the mouse walker data. The mouse walker is a valuable method for studying other motor related or motor dysfunctions, not just spinal cord injury.It can also be used in combination with already established behavior protocols.

The standard BMS system describes the gross motor deficits after SCI14. Due to its subjective nature, other quantitative assays are generally performed alongside the BMS to produce a more detailed and fine assessment of locomotion. However, these tests fail to show specific information about step cycles, stepping patterns, and forelimb-hindlimb coordination, which is extremely important in understanding how the spinal circuitry maintains function and adapts to an incomplete SCI. This section shows...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the MouseWalker to Quantify Locomotor Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury at JoVE.com

An experimental pipeline to quantitatively describe the locomotor pattern of freely walking mice using the MouseWalker (MW) toolbox is provided, ranging from initial video recordings and tracking to post-quantification analysis. A spinal cord contusion injury model in mice is employed to demonstrate the usefulness of the MW system.

The execution of complex and highly coordinated motor programs, such as walking and running, is dependent on the rhythmic activation of spinal and ...

using-mousewalker-to-quantify-locomotor-dysfunction-mouse-model