Lev Vygotsky, a pioneering Russian psychologist, developed a theory of cognitive development that centers on the influence of social and cultural factors. Unlike Jean Piaget, who emphasized the child's direct interaction with the physical world as key to development, Vygotsky argued that cognitive growth is an interpersonal process that unfolds within a cultural context. For Vygotsky, a child's learning cannot be separated from their social environment, which includes the values, beliefs, and practices of the surrounding culture.

A foundation of Vygotsky's theory is the concept of scaffolding. In this process, caregivers or "more knowledgeable others," such as parents and teachers, support children as they engage in tasks beyond their current abilities. This support helps children perform tasks they couldn't complete alone, gradually building their competence. As they gain skill, the level of assistance is reduced, similar to how a building scaffold is removed once construction is complete. This support enables children to develop cognitive abilities incrementally, reaching higher levels of understanding with each interaction.

Another key idea in Vygotsky's theory is the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which describes when a child is ready to learn a new skill but cannot yet achieve it independently. Children benefit most from guidance within this zone, allowing them to progress from assisted to independent functioning. Vygotsky believed that learning is maximized when support is provided just beyond a child's current level, encouraging them to stretch their capabilities.

Vygotsky also emphasized that cognitive development involves acquiring culturally relevant skills, including language, norms, and customs. For him, children aren't just learning to think abstractly; they're learning to think in ways that align with their specific cultural environment. This focus on social interaction and cultural context continues to influence educational methods, highlighting the value of guided learning and collaborative exploration in classrooms worldwide.