このコンテンツを視聴するには、JoVE 購読が必要です。 サインイン又は無料トライアルを申し込む。
Method Article
High throughput assays are presented that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NET release from human neutrophils.
Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant leukocytes in the human blood. Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the site of infection. Neutrophils developed several antimicrobial mechanisms including phagocytosis, degranulation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs consist of a DNA scaffold decorated with histones and several granule markers including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE). NET release is an active process involving characteristic morphological changes of neutrophils leading to expulsion of their DNA into the extracellular space. NETs are essential to fight microbes, but uncontrolled release of NETs has been associated with several disorders. To learn more about the clinical relevance and the mechanism of NET formation, there is a need to have reliable tools capable of NET quantitation.
Here three methods are presented that can assess NET release from human neutrophils in vitro. The first one is a high throughput assay to measure extracellular DNA release from human neutrophils using a membrane impermeable DNA-binding dye. In addition, two other methods are described capable of quantitating NET formation by measuring levels of NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes. These microplate-based methods in combination provide great tools to efficiently study the mechanism and regulation of NET formation of human neutrophils.
NET formation is a novel mechanism by which neutrophils fight pathogens.1 The core of NETs is nuclear DNA.1 This DNA network is associated with neutrophil granule proteins and histones.1 The main form of NET formation requires the death of neutrophils characterized by chromatin decondensation, disappearance of granular and nuclear membranes, translocation of neutrophils elastase to the nucleus, citrullination of histones and finally the spill of DNA-based NETs.2 NETs entrap and kill a wide variety of microbes and are an essential part of the innate immune weapon repertoire. Uncontrolled NET formation has, however, been linked to numerous autoinflammatory diseases.3,4 Despite their increasingly established relevance, little is known about the mechanism and regulation of NET release.
Neutrophils dying by releasing NETs are different from apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.3,5 NET-releasing neutrophils show several features that are characteristic for NET formation. Granule components are associated with DNA in NETs.1 Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) are both found in primary granules in resting cells but are translocated to the nucleus to bind to DNA in NETs.1 MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes are specific for NETs, do not occur in apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils.1,3,5 Chromatin decondensation is another feature typical for NETosis.2 NET release also requires citrullination of histones by peptidyl aminidase 4 (PAD4).6 Citrullinated histones are hallmarks of neutrophils that underwent NET release.6
Here three methods are introduced that in combination provide excellent tools to quantitate NETs on a high-throughput scale. The first assay has been used on the field with different changes and quantitates extracellular DNA release in a microplate format. The second and third assays provide confirmation of NETs by measuring NET-specific MPO-DNA and HNE-DNA complexes.
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
ジョージア大学の治験審査委員会は、健康なボランティア(UGAの#2012-10769-06)から末梢血を収集するために、ヒト対象の研究を承認した。5,7,8ボランティアは、採血前に必要なインフォームドコンセントフォームに署名しました。この記事で行った研究は、ヘルシンキ宣言のヒトを対象とする医学研究のための倫理ガイドラインに準拠しています。
末梢ヒト血液からの好中球の1の単離(図1)
注:末梢血から好中球を分離する方法はいくつかあります。以下のプロトコルは、一つの可能性を提供します。このプロトコルは、外部刺激によりネットを放出することができる非活性化ヒト好中球を大量に得られます。 40ミリリットル静脈穿刺することにより、健康なボランティアから得た全血を使用してください。7,9
マイクロプレート蛍光光度計を用いて細胞外DNA放出動態の2.測定
注:この方法は、96ウェルマイクロプレート形式でのDNAの放出( 図2)を示し、膜不透過性DNA結合色素の蛍光の変化を測定することができます。
NETフォームの3定量MPO-DNAとHNE-DNA ELISAアッセイによってエーション
注:私たちの研究室でこれらの修飾されたアッセイ(MPO-DNA)または(HNE-DNA)を設立は、MPO-DNAとHNE-DNA複合体のレベルを測定することにより、NET形成を定量5。
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
この原稿の図では、好中球の分離、実験手順、およびデータ分析の説明に存在する代表的な結果の方法を説明する。 図1は、ヒト好中球の準備の逐次工程を示しています。このプロトコルは、好中球の分離の唯一の1つの可能な方法を表しています。これは、刺激の際にネットを放出することができる好中球を休んを大量に生み出す。蛍光ベースのDNA放出?...
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
ネットは好中球が病原体を殺すことにより、魅力的な新たなメカニズムを表しています。1のNETの文献は継続的に発見以来、過去10年間にわたって拡大してきたが、生物学、機構及び調節におけるその役割に関連するいくつかの重要な問題は不明のまま。適切な方法論はネット、この非常にユニークな抗菌メカニズムを測定するために開発されなければなりません。この記事では、高?...
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Special thanks to the personnel of the University of Georgia Health Center laboratory for their continuous support of our work on isolating human neutrophils. This work was supported by the start-up fund of Dr. Rada provided by UGA Office of Vice President for Research.
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Anti-Human Neutrophil Elastase Rabbit Ab | Calbiochem | 481001 | 1:2,000x coated |
Anti-Myeloperoxidase Ab (Rabbit) | Millipore | 07-496 | 1:2,000x coated |
DNase-1 | Roche | 10-104-159-001 | 1 µg/ml used for digestion |
20 mM EGTA/ PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
2.5 mM EGTA/PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | E3889-25G | |
Cell death detection ELISA Anti-DNA POD | Roche | 11544675001 | 1:500x |
Eon Microplate Spectrophotometer | Biotek | ||
Gen5 All-in-One microplate software | Biotek | analytical tool (ELISA) | |
Sytox orange | Life Technology | S11368 | 0.2% final concentration/volume |
1 M Hepes | Cellgro | 25-060-Cl | Use 10 mM final concentration. |
1 M glucose | Sigma | Use 5 mM final concentration. | |
HBSS | Corning | 21-023-CM | |
Varioskan Flash Ver.2.4.3 | Thermoscientific | ||
PMA | Sigma | P 8139 | 100 nM final used |
ELISA Plate | Greiner bio-one | 655061 | |
Conical tubes 15 ml | Thermoscientific | 339650 | |
Conical tubes 50 ml | Thermoscientific | 339652 | |
Percoll (pH 8.5-9.5) | Sigma | P 1644 | Sodium Chloride, Sigma, S7653-250G |
Dextran | Spectrum | D1004 | |
RPMI 1640 media | Corning Cellgro | 17-105-CV | |
96 well assay plate black plate clear bottom | Costar | 3603 |
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
このJoVE論文のテキスト又は図を再利用するための許可を申請します
許可を申請This article has been published
Video Coming Soon
Copyright © 2023 MyJoVE Corporation. All rights reserved