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Using Ex Vivo Live Imaging to Investigate Cell Divisions and Movements During Mouse Dental Renewal
In This Article
Summary
Ex vivo live imaging is a powerful technique for studying the dynamic processes of cellular movements and interactions in living tissues. Here, we present a protocol that implements two-photon microscopy to live track dental epithelial cells in cultured whole adult mouse incisors.
Abstract
The continuously growing mouse incisor is emerging as a highly tractable model system to investigate the regulation of adult epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells and tooth regeneration. These progenitor populations actively divide, move, and differentiate to maintain tissue homeostasis and regenerate lost cells in a responsive manner. However, traditional analyses using fixed tissue sections could not capture the dynamic processes of cellular movements and interactions, limiting our ability to study their regulations. This paper describes a protocol to maintain whole mouse incisors in an explant culture system and live-track dental epithelial cells using multiphoton timelapse microscopy. This technique adds to our existing toolbox for dental research and allows investigators to acquire spatiotemporal information on cell behaviors and organizations in a living tissue. We anticipate that this methodology will help researchers further explore mechanisms that control the dynamic cellular processes taking place during both dental renewal and regeneration.
Introduction
Over the past two decades, the mouse incisor has emerged as an invaluable platform for investigating the principles of adult stem cell regulation and tooth regeneration1,2. The mouse incisor grows continuously and renews itself throughout the animal's life. It does so by maintaining both epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells, which can self-renew and differentiate into different cell types of the tooth1,2. While dental epithelial stem cells give rise to ameloblasts, which secrete the enamel matrix, dental mesenchymal stem cells give rise to odontob....
Protocol
All mice were maintained in pathogen-free animal facilities at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) or the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI). All experiments involving mice were performed according to regulations and protocols approved by the respective Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (ARC-2019-013; UCLA) or (MD-23-17184-3; HUJI). A general workflow of the experimental steps is shown in Figure 2A. See the Table of Materials for details rela.......
Representative Results
The apical region of the adult mouse incisor is encased within the mandible (Figure 1) and hence, not directly accessible for visualizing and live-tracking the progenitor cells residing within the growth region. Therefore, we have developed a method to extract the whole incisor from the jawbone and maintain it in an explant culture system for two-photon timelapse microscopy (Figure 2). Here we describe representative results that capture the dynamic process of c.......
Discussion
Live tissue imaging is an important technique that allows us to study the dynamic processes and behaviors of cells when they are maintained in their niche environment41. Ideally, live imaging is performed in vivo with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, in vivo imaging for mammalian organs can be challenging due to tissue inaccessibility, optical opaqueness, and difficulty in immobilizing the animal or the organ for a prolonged period42. Tissue explan.......
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the UCLA Advanced Light Microscopy/Spectroscopy Laboratory and Leica Microsystems Center of Excellence at the California NanoSystems Institute (RRID:SCR_022789) for providing two-photon microscopy. AS was supported by ISF 604-21 from the Israel Science Foundation. JH was supported by R03DE030205 and R01DE030471 from the NIH/NIDCR. AS and JH were also supported by grant 2021007 from the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF).
....Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| 24 well, flat bottom tissue culture plate | Olympus plastics | 25-107 | |
| 25x HC IRAPO motCORR water dipping objective | Leica | 11507704 | |
| Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) | Acros Organics | 352685000 | |
| D-(+)-Glucose bioxtra | Sigma Aldrich | G7528 | |
| Delta T system | Bioptechs | 0420-4 | Including temperature control, culture dishes, and perfusion setup |
| Dissection microscope- LEICA S9E | Leica | LED300 SLI | |
| DMEM/F12 | Thermo Scientific | 11039047 | Basal media without phenol red |
| Feather surgical blade (#15) | Feather | 72044-15 | |
| Fine forceps | F.S.T | 11252-23 | |
| Glutamax | Thermo Scientific | 35050-061 | Glutamine substitute |
| Leica SP8-DIVE equipped with a 25X HC IRAPO motCORR water dipping objective | Leica | n/a | |
| low-melting agarose | NuSieve | 50080 | |
| non-essential amino acids (100x) | Thermo Scientific | 11140-050 | |
| penicillin–streptomycin | Thermo Scientific | 15140122 | 10,000 U/mL |
| Petri dish | Gen Clone | 32-107G | 90 mm |
| Rat serum | Valley Biomedical | AS3061SC | Processed for live imaging |
| Razor blade #9 | VWR | 55411-050 | |
| Scalpel handle | F.S.T | 10003-12 | |
| Scissors | F.S.T | 37133 | |
| serrated forceps | F.S.T | 11000-13 | |
| spring scissors | F.S.T | 91500-09 |
References
- Yu, T., Volponi, A. A., Babb, R., An, Z., Sharpe, P. T. Stem cells in tooth development, growth, repair, and regeneration. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 115, 187-212 (2015).
- Jing, J., et al.
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