eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Animals
<ol>
	<li>House male adult Wistar rats (200-250 g) in groups of 3-4 under standard laboratory conditions for at least one week before surgery to allow acclimatization.</li>
	<li>Two days after surgery, house rats in pairs. Cover single cages with high acrylic lids. Avoid conventional lids made of metal grid since implants can get stuck, increasing the risk that they become damaged and/or unstable over time.</li>
</ol>
2. Stereotactic surgery
<ol>
	<li>Before starting the surgery, organize and prepare the following equipment and materials:&#8203;
	<ol>
		<li>Obtain sterile surgical equipment consisting of sterile scissors, blunt-end forceps, spatulas, surgical clippers, dental drill, and cotton buds.</li>
		<li>Obtain drugs and chemicals including isoflurane, xylocaine, tramadol hydrochloride, dexpantenol eye salve, 3% hydrogen peroxide, povidone iodine and 70% ethanol.</li>
		<li>Obtain fixation material including stainless steel screws, acrylic resin, ultraviolet glue, and cap protector.</li>
		<li>Obtain a microelectrode unit, consisting of (i) a recording single electrode (quartz glass insulated platinum tungsten microelectrode, with conical tip shape, outer diameter: 80 &#181;m, conical tip, impedance at 1 kHz: 500 kOhm) or a tetrode (quartz glass insulated platinum/tungsten 4 cores microelectrode, outer diameter: 100 &#181;m, conical tip, impedance at 1 kHz: 500-800 kOhm); (ii) a stimulation electrode (platinum/iridium wire (90% platinum, 10% iridium), core diameter 125&#181;m, outer diameter 150 &#181;m, impedance &#60;10 kOhm) connected to a contact plate and (iii) a platinum wire reference electrode (shaft diameter, 100 &#181;m; Figure 1A).</li>
		<li>Obtain an electrode holder glued with water-soluble glue to the microelectrode unit and test for functionality at least 2 h in advance (Figure 1B).</li>
		<li>Obtain a conventional tethered system consisting of a differential preamplifier, a main amplifier, and a bandpass filter amplifier for recordings.</li>
		<li>Obtain additional material, such as gloves, heating pad, syringes, and physiological saline.</li>
		<li>Obtain home cages (L x W x H: 42 cm x 26 cm x 38 cm).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Procedure 
	NOTE: Electrode implantation is performed during a conventional stereotactic surgery under isoflurane anesthesia.
	<ol>
		<li>Ensure that the experimenter is wearing gloves, a surgical mask, and a lab coat.</li>
		<li>Initiate anesthesia by placing the animal in an induction chamber (isoflurane 4-5%, oxygen flow 1 L/min, duration ~5 min).</li>
		<li>Test for loss of reflexes (tail and toe reflexes) with forceps to confirm deep anesthesia.</li>
		<li>Place the animal&#39;s head in an anesthesia mask fixed around the upper incisor bar of the stereotactic frame and adjust the anesthesia (isoflurane 2-3%, oxygen flow 0.7-0.8 L/min).</li>
		<li>Fix and horizontally align the animal&#39;s head in the stereotactic apparatus using ear bars and upper incisor bar.</li>
		<li>Shave the surgical field using surgical clippers or a scissor and sterilize with povidone-iodine.</li>
		<li>Place the animal on a heating pad to prevent hypothermia and treat the eyes with dexpanthenol eye salve to prevent them from drying.</li>
		<li>Inject xylocaine (0.3-0.4 mL, subcutaneously, s.c.) in the center of the surgical field.</li>
		<li>Test for loss of reflexes again.</li>
		<li>Make a small incision (1.5 cm) with a scalpel in the middle of the surgical field to expose the skull. Separate the skin gently and remove residual tissue using forceps, scissors, and a spatula.</li>
		<li>Carefully clean the skull using hydrogen peroxide-coated cotton buds.</li>
		<li>Drill 4-5 small holes (4.7 mm) in the skull for fixation of stainless steel screws.</li>
		<li>Connect the microelectrode unit/electrode holder to the preamplifier and attach it to the stereotactic micromanipulator (Figure 1B and 1C).</li>
		<li>Drill a hole (approximately 7 mm) in the skull above the target area using coordinates from a brain atlas according to the animal used. In the present study, position the electrode tips aimed at the inferior colliculus using the following coordinates, with the bregma serving as the reference: anterior/posterior, &#8722;8.8 mm; medial/lateral, 1.5 mm; and dorsal/ventral, 3.5 mm.</li>
		<li>Absorb any blood with cotton buds.</li>
		<li>Vertically introduce the microelectrode unit until the electrode tips reach the target area.</li>
		<li>Position the ground cable along the stainless-steel screws and under the skin.</li>
		<li>Monitor spike activity and carefully adjust electrode position with micromanipulator until reaching a zone of active neurons in the target structure and detect neural activity with a signal-to-noise ratio suited for spike sorting.</li>
		<li>Fix the microelectrode unit to the skull with ultraviolet glue and cover the contact plate and screws with acrylic resin.</li>
		<li>Inject physiological saline (1 mL i.p.) and tramadol (25 mg/kg, s.c.) to prevent dehydration and ensure post-operative analgesia, respectively.</li>
		<li>Disconnect the microelectrode unit from the electrode holder using a brush soaked in water.</li>
		<li>Stop anesthesia, and carefully remove the rat from the stereotactic frame. Disconnect the preamplifier from the microelectrode unit.</li>
		<li>Connect the cap protection on the microelectrode unit implanted and disconnect it only during the experimental procedures.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Thomas Wireless System (TWS) version 2.0</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN001165</td>
			<td>The Thomas Wireless System (TWS) version 2.0 is a portable multichannel telemetry system with laptop computer, a preinstalled Microsoft Windows operating system and TWS control software. The TWS includes: low noise 4 channel pre&#8211; and programmable main amplifier with fixed bandwidth, single channel constant&#8211;current stimulator for application of biphasic current pulses, software programmable micro stimulator, implantable connector system and a basic head stage unit for mounting to an animal. The system is delivered with a transceiver with USB port connection for laptops or desktop personal computers, the control software running under Microsoft operating system Windows. The TWS system can be used for extracellular neural stimulation and recording in freely behaving small animals (e.g. rats, guinea pigs). This system can be adapted to be used in larger animals (e.g. primates) as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software for Thomas Wireless System (TWS)</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>inlcuded in AN001165</td>
			<td>The software for the Thomas wireless system is running under Microsoft Windows operating system and provides the graphical user interface (GUI) for the Thomas Wireless System (TWS). The TWS GUI offers complete control of the TWS functions 4 channel recording and 1 channel stimulation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Implantable tetrode for recording (4 channels) and stimulation (single channel)</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN001132</td>
			<td>Implantable tetrode for recording (4 channels) and stimulation (single channel) for use with Thomas Wireless Systems (TWS). 
			Recording tetrode specifications: tetrode fiber material: quartz glass insulated platinum tungsten fiber, tetrode fiber outer diameter: 100&#181;m, tip shape D, impedance 0.5-0.8MOHm; Reference electrode: tip shape: D; Impedance: 300-500kOhm; Material: quartzglass insulated platinum/tungsten; Stimulation electrode specification: fiber material: platinum/iridium, diameter: 125&#181;m, lacquer insulated, tip shape : D, impedance: &#60; 10kOhm, dimensions of the electrode can be specified by the end user</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Implantable microelectrode for recording (single channel) and stimulation (single channel)</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN001118</td>
			<td>Implantable microelectrode for recording (single channel) and stimulation (single channel) for use with Thomas Wireless Systems (TWS). 
			Recording electrode specifications: electrode fiber material: quartz glass insulated platinum tungsten fiber, electrode fiber outer diameter: 80&#181;m/250&#181;m (please specify), tip shape D, impedance 0.5-0.8MOHm; Reference electrode: tip shape: D; Impedance. 300-500kOhm; Material: quartzglass insulated platinum/tungsten; Stimulation electrode specification: fiber material: platinum/iridium, diameter: 125&#181;m, lacquer insulated, tip shape : D, impedance: &#60; 10kOhm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holder for electrode implantation</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN000838</td>
			<td>Special bent metal rod for microelectrode implantation for standard electrode holders. The rod is used to hold an implantable electrode. The implantable electrode is fixed to the rod with special Thomas RECORDING water soluable glue (AN001080). (Electrode holder is not included)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Replacement accumulator power supply for the Thomas Wireless System (3,7V/230mAh)</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN001208</td>
			<td>Replacement rechargeable battery (accumulator) for Thomas Wireless System with a capacity of 230mA for approximately 1h operation time. (size: 27mm x 20mm x 6mm, weight app. 6g)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Replacement accumulator power supply for the Thomas Wireless System (3,7V/450mAh)</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN001209</td>
			<td>Replacement rechargeable battery (accumulator) for Thomas Wireless System with a capacity of 450mA for more than 1h operation time. (size: 48mm x 30mm x 4mm, weight app. 11g)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accumulator charger for Thomas Wireless System (TWS) rechargable accumulator</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN001207</td>
			<td>Mains powered charger for the Thomas Wirless System (TWS) rechargable accumulators (AN001209 and AN001209)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water soluble glue</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN001080</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING water soluble electrode glue is a specially selected product for use with implantable microelectrodes in neuroscientific research. Its unique properties ensure a rigid connection between electrode and mounting device although it is easily removable with warm water. The Thomas RECORDING water soluble electrode glue can be used out-of-the-box, without any time consuming preparation. Thomas RECORDING water soluble electrode glue is not harmful to humans, animals or the environment. Quantity: 1 box of 10 gramms</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miniature differential preamplifier</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN000329</td>
			<td>The Miniature Differential Pre-Amplifier, Model MDPA-2 is a 2-channel, differential input preamplifier that is designed for low noise recordings from excitable tissue. It is intended for extracellular recording in conjunction with the implantation of implantable microelectrodes for freely moving animal appliactions with the Thomas Wireless System (TWS). The 2-Channel Miniature Differential Preamplifier (MDPA-2) is connected to the implantable microelectrodes for providing the initial tenfold amplification stage. Ideally Thomas RECORDING quartz glass insulated platinum/tungsten electrodes are used to yield optimal recording results with high signal amplitudes and low noise levels. The MDPA-2 has additional common ground and reference electrode inputs.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connection cable</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN000330</td>
			<td>Connection cable to connect the Thomas Miniature differential preamplifier (MDPA-2) to a main amplifier and an accumulator power supply.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rechargeable power supply for the miniature preamplifier</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN000328</td>
			<td>Rechargeable accumulator power supply for the Miniature differential preamplifier (MDPA-2).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accumulator charger (US)</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN000167</td>
			<td>Accumulator charger for the power supply AN000328 (US mains power outlet conenctor)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accumulator charger (EU)</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN000168</td>
			<td>Accumulator charger for the power supply AN000328 (EU mains power outlet connector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Differential preamplifier/main amplifier/bandpass filter</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN000677</td>
			<td>TREC AC Main Amplifier (LabAmp-03) is a single-channel, differential main amplifier for neurophysiological applications (e.g. extracellular recording with microelectrodes). This Instrument is designed to work with the miniature Differential Pre-Amplifier, Model MDPA-2. The single channel of the LabAmp-03 contains a high-gain, low-noise differential amplifier stage followed by low frequency and high-frequency filters. The amplifier has two different filter amplifiers, a single unit activity (SUA) filter &#8211;amplifier and a local field potential (LFP) filter amplifier, both are connected parallel in the signal path. Record Mode offers two levels of signal gain (x10, x100) in a first stage and 4 additional levels (x5, x10, x25 and x50) in a final amplifier stage. Each amplifier has different bandpass characteristics for single unit activity (SUA) 500Hz&#8230;20kHz and local field potentials (LFP) 0,1Hz&#8230;140Hz. An audio monitor and a window discriminator is integrated in the device. The LabAmp-03 has an integrated audio monitor with loudspeaker. This unit provides audio reproduction of electrophysiological signals. The unit combines an audio amplifier in a compact, rugged package. This is especially suited to monitoring neural firing and muscle contractions. The audio monitor input is internally connected to the SUA-Filter amplifier output. The LabAmp-03 is delivered with external power supply for a mains power operation voltage range of 100-240V AC/50-60Hz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN001096</td>
			<td>USB PC Oszilloskop, 2 Kanal. This 2-channel PC oscilloscope is perfect suitable for mobile use on a laptop and permanent installation in control cabinets, industrial equipment and many other applications where a small, lightweight and powerful oscilloscope is required. This oscilloscope is connected to the signal output of the main amplifier is for display of recorded extracellular activity during the implanation of the implantable microelectrodes for the Thomas Wireless System (TWS). The user can acquire the measurement data over the several data-interfaces directly on the PC with includes PC software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus generator</td>
			<td>Multichannel Systems</td>
			<td>STG3008-FA</td>
			<td>Stimulus Generator for Current (STG) and Voltage Driven Stimulation fulfill three functions: current driven stimulation, voltage driven stimulation, controlling and timing. The STG is available with 2, 4 or 8 independet output channels. Featuring integrated isolation units for each output channel, the STG is able to provide any arbitrary waveform.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cap protector for the electrode</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN001193</td>
			<td>Protective cap for implantable electrode unit for the Thomas Wireless System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Scissors, blunt-end forceps, spatulas, surgical clippers, dental drill, and cotton buds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drugs and chemicals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Isoflurane, xylocaine, tramadol hydrochloride (Tramadol-CT, AbZ-Pharma GmbH, Ulm, Germany), dexpantenol eye salve (Bepanthen, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany), 3% hydrogen peroxide, povidone-Iodine (Betaisodona, Mundipharma GmbH, Limburg, Germany) and 70% ethanol;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixation material including</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stainless steel screws (BN650 M1.2x5; 4.7 mm ), acrylic resin (Paladur, Heraeus Holding GmbH, Hanau, Germany), ultraviolet glue (Cyberbond U3300, Cyberbond Europe GmbH, Germany) and cap protector (Thomas Recording GmbH, Giessen, Germany);</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Additional material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gloves, heating pad, syringes, and physiological saline.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Animal Stereotaxic Instrument (SASI)</td>
			<td>Thomas RECORDING GmbH</td>
			<td>AN000287</td>
			<td>The model should be chosen according to the animal (rat, guinea pig, monkeys, etc) used in the study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera</td>
			<td>EverFocus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EverFocus, model: EQ150</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

implanting a wireless bidirectional microelectrode system in a rat brain

Source: Melo-Thomas, L., et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/56299">A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017)
The video demonstrates a procedure for implanting a wireless bidirectional multichannel electrode unit into a rat brain to record and stimulate multichannel neural networks.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22740/22740_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: TWS microelectrode unit. (1) recording single electrode/tetrode, (2) stimulation electrode, (3) electrode fiber connection board, (4) flexible connection cables, (5) ground wire, (6) connector board, (7) male or female connector for TWS system (A); TWS microelectrode unit connected to the preamplifier (8) and the holder (9); (B) ready to be attached to ...

Implanting a Wireless Bidirectional Microelectrode System in a Rat Brain

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

Secure an anesthetized rat on a stereotactic frame with a heating pad.
Shave and sterilize the surgical site.
Inject anesthetics and make an incision.
Separate the skin and remove tissue, exposing the skull.
Drill holes in the skull and fix the screws.
Drill a hole above the target brain region and clean it.&#160;
Assemble a wireless microelectrode unit connected to the preamplifier to record and stimulate neural activity. This assembly is attached to the micromanipulator.
Vertically insert the microelectrode unit until the electrode tips reach the target region.
Position the ground cable appropriately to reduce electrical noise.
Adjust electrode placement until high-quality neural signals are obtained.
Secure the microelectrode unit using UV glue.
Cover the screws, cables, and contact plate with resin.
Remove the rat from the stereotactic frame and detach the preamplifier from the microelectrode unit.
Cover the implanted microelectrode unit using a protector.
Allow the rat to recover.

implanting-wireless-bidirectional-microelectrode-system-rat

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuroscience

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

88 ビュー. 出典:Melo-Thomas, L., et al., A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats. J. Vis. Exp. (2017年) このビデオは、無線双方向マルチチャンネル電極ユニットをラットの脳に埋め込んで、マルチチャンネルニューラルネットワークを記録し、刺激する手順を示しています。 

ビデオ: ラット脳への無線双方向微小電極システムの移植 - 概念

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on animals and humans. Adult neurogenesis mechanism is also linked to memory and learning improvement. Traditionally, researchers used to assess learning and memory parameters in rodent models by behavioral tasks. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of behavioral changes and EEG is particularly interesting in correlating data between brain activity and task-related behaviors. However, most of the equipment required to perform both studies are either complex, expensive, or uses a wired setup network that hinders the natural animals&#8217; movement. In this study, EEG was recorded with a wireless electrophysiology device along with the execution of a novel object recognition task (NORT). The animal&#8217;s behavior was monitored simultaneously by a video tracking system. Both recordings were analyzed offline by their timestamps which were synched to link EEG signals with the animal&#8217;s actions. Subjects consist of adult Wistar rats after medium-term environmental enrichment treatment. Six skull screw electrodes were fixed in pairs on both hemispheres over frontal, central, and parietal regions and were referenced to an electrode located posterior of the nasal bone. NORT protocol consists of exposing the animal to two identical objects for 10 min. After 2 h and 24 h, one of the objects was replaced with a novel one. Exploration time for each object was monitored by a behavioral tracking software (BTS) and EEG data recording. The analysis of the EEG synced with behavioral data consists of estimations of alpha and beta relative band power and comparisons between novel object recognition versus familiar object exploration, between three experimental stages. In this manuscript, we have discussed electrodes manufacturing process, epidural electrodes implantation surgery, environmental enrichment protocol, NORT protocol, BTS setup, EEG &#8211; BTS coupling for simultaneous monitoring in real-time, and EEG data analysis based on automatic events detection.

The protocol presented here provides information on the simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral assessment in real-time. We have discussed all steps involved in this protocol as an attractive solution for researchers in many fields of neuroscience, particularly in learning and memory areas.

海馬神経新生研究ツールとしての無線電気生理学と記憶行動検査の同時モニタリング

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on ...

JoVE Journal

行動学

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the homeodynamics and circuitry of sleep-wake regulation. In many laboratories, a cable-based sleep recording system is used to monitor the EEG and EMG in freely behaving mice in combination with computer software for automatic scoring of the vigilance states on the basis of power spectrum analysis of EEG data. A description of this system is detailed herein. Steel screws are implanted over the frontal cortical area and the parietal area of 1 hemisphere for monitoring EEG signals. In addition, EMG activity is monitored by the bilateral placement of wires in both neck muscles. Non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM; NREM) sleep is characterized by large, slow brain waves with delta activity below 4 Hz in the EEG, whereas a shift from low-frequency delta activity to a rapid low-voltage EEG in the theta range between 6 and 10 Hz can be observed at the transition from NREM to REM sleep. By contrast, wakefulness is identified by low- to moderate-voltage brain waves in the EEG trace and significant EMG activity.

The recording of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in freely behaving mice is a critical step to correlate behavior and physiology with sleep and wakefulness. The experimental protocol described herein provides a cable-based system for acquiring EEG and EMG recordings in mice.

マウスで睡眠を測定するためのポリグラフ記録手順

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the ...

神経科学

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing

Peripheral nerve interfaces are frequently used in experimental neuroscience and regenerative medicine for a wide variety of applications. Such interfaces can be sensors, actuators, or both. Traditional methods of peripheral nerve interfacing must either tether to an external system or rely on battery power that limits the time frame for operation. With recent developments of wireless, battery-free, and fully implantable peripheral nerve interfaces, a new class of devices can offer capabilities that match or exceed those of their wired or battery-powered precursors. This paper describes methods to (i) surgically implant and (ii) wirelessly power and control this system in adult rats. The sciatic and phrenic nerve models were selected as examples to highlight the versatility of this approach. The paper shows how the peripheral nerve interface can evoke compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs), deliver a therapeutic electrical stimulation protocol, and incorporate a conduit for the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Such devices offer expanded treatment options for single-dose or repeated dose therapeutic stimulation and can be adapted to a variety of nerve locations.

This is a protocol for the surgical implantation and operation of a wirelessly powered interface for peripheral nerves. We demonstrate the utility of this approach with examples from nerve stimulators placed on either the rat sciatic or phrenic nerve.

末梢神経インターフェースのためのワイヤレス、バッテリーレスシステムの移植と制御

Peripheral nerve interfaces are frequently used in experimental neuroscience and regenerative medicine for a wide variety of applications. Such interfaces ...