このプロジェクトは、自閉症によって運営されているパイロット研究助成＃2597と米国国立科学財団学部初期のキャリア開発賞＃BCS - 0846892によってスピークス。

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximum+likelihood+estimation:+the+best+PEST.">Maximum likelihood estimation: the best PEST.</a> Perception and Psychophysics. 28, 377-379 (1980).</li><li>Plaisted, K., Swettenham, J., Rees, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Children+with+autism+show+local+precedence+in+a+divided+attention+task+and+global+precedence+in+a+selective+attention+task.">Children with autism show local precedence in a divided attention task and global precedence in a selective attention task.</a> Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 40, 733-742 (1999).</li><li>Posner, M. 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利害の衝突は宣言されません。

おそらく、統合的研究への単一の最も重要な障害は、単一の実験対象が（特に1つの臨床人口から）合理的に疲労になる前に実行するように期待できること。時間の量の実用的な制限です残念ながら、多くの場合、制御刺激が視野の科学者の視点からのものである、より多くの反復的で退屈な実験では、ビューの被験者の視点から見えることができます。近年の神経精神疾患に関する行動の研...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>128-channel BioSemi ActiveTwo measurement system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.biosemi.com">http://www.biosemi.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>32 channel A-set + CMS/DRL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>P32-ABC-ACMS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>32 channel B-set</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>P32-ABC-B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>32 channel C-set</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>P32-ABC-C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>32 channel D-set</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>P32-ABC-D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EX1-EX8 electrodes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>8 x TP PIN</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>128-channel cap</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>CAP M 128</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EyeLink 1000 infrared gaze tracker</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SR Research</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EyeLink 1000 Remote Camera Upgrade</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SR Research</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>Allows for target sticker tracking</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SignaGel electrode gel</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Parker Labs</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.05% KCl electrolytic (NaCl) gel</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>Purchased from compounding pharmacy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Intensity Pro</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Blackmagic Design</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

combining computer game-based behavioural experiments with high-density eeg and infrared gaze tracking

それらの刺激のタイミングやその他のパラメータをよく指定して制御されている限り、実験的なパラダイムは貴重であり、彼らは生態学的に有効な条件下で発生した認知処理に関連するデータが得られる限り。よく制御された刺激は、しばしば、被験者のモチベーションを維持するためにあまりにも繰り返されるので、これら2つの目標は、しばしば、対立している。脳波を脳波（EEG）を用いた研究は、しばしば生態学的妥当性および実験制御の間にこのジレンマに非常に敏感です：生理平均で達成するに十分な信号対雑音は、能力と個人にテーマプールを制限し、長時間録音の中で繰り返された試行の多数の要求と何度も何度設定タス​​クを実行するための忍耐。この制約は、深刻な若年層の人口と同様に高まり、不安や注意の異常と関連臨床集団を調査する研究者の能力を制限する。であっても成人、非臨床試験の被験者は、パフォーマンスや認知関与の彼らの典型的なレベルを達成できない可能性があります：実験的なタスクは同じ、、行動、認知、または神経調節雑用より少しされていないですやる気が主題誰のために、として本質的にやる気とタスクに従事している対象。文学の成長体は、ビデオゲーム内で実験を埋め込むことが実験的制御と生態学的妥当性の間にこのジレンマの角の間に方法を提供することができることを示しています。ゲームの物語は、彼らの生態学的妥当性（チェイター＆シュミッター-エッジコム、2003）の強化、タスクが発生するより現実的なコンテキストを提供します。また、このコンテキストはタスクを完了するためにモチベーションを提供します。私たちのゲームでは、被験者は、海賊を撃退、資源を収集するための通信を傍受するに様々なミッションを実行するか、外交関係を促進する。そうすることで、彼らはまた、ポズナー注意シフトパラダイム（ポズナー、1980）、運動抑制、心理物理学的運動のコヒーレンスのしきい​​値タスクを、組込み図テスト（ウィトキンのGO / NO -に行くテストを含む、認知タスクの配列を、実行、1950、1954）と理論の心（ウィマー＆Perner、1983）タスク。ゲームソフトは、ログファイルに自動的にゲームの刺激と被験者の行動や反応を登録し、生理学的データレコーダーと同期するイベントコードを送信します。このようにゲームは、EEGやfMRIを、そして視線の瞬間から瞬間の追跡と同様に生理的な措置と組み合わせることができます。瞳孔拡張（ブラッドリーら 、2008）に反映されている視線の追跡は、行動的なタスク（例えば、固定）と実験的刺激に対する明白な注意を払って、被験者の遵守を確認し、また生理的覚醒ができます。新しいオブジェクトを小さな穴のあるするには小さすぎるが、発症のような急速な眼球運動をし、同じように角距離とピーク速度との間の同じ関係を持って - 偉大な十分なサンプリング周波数では、視線の追跡もmicrosaccadesに反映されている秘密の注目を評価に役立つことがあります長い距離を通過するサッケード。 microsaccadesの方向の分布は、注目の（特に）秘密の方向（Hafed＆クラーク、2002）と相関している。

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Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

コンピュータゲームベースの認知課題中に高密度脳波および視線データを記録するための手順が説明されています。認知課題を提示するビデオゲームを使用すると、実験的なコントロールを犠牲にすることなく、生態学的妥当性を高めます。

組み合わせてコンピュータゲームベースの高密度脳波や赤外線視線追跡と行動実験

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.6K ビュー.  Cornell University. コンピュータゲームベースの認知課題中に高密度脳波および視線データを記録するための手順が説明されています。認知課題を提示するビデオゲームを使用すると、実験的なコントロールを犠牲にすることなく、生態学的妥当性を高めます。

ビデオ: Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates.

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to map brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli.

同時MEGおよびEEGとの機能的マッピング

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the ...

神経科学

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

高密度のイベントに関連する認知神経科学における潜在的なデータ収集

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a noninvasive brain monitoring tool in cognitive neuroscience as well as a diagnostic tool for epilepsy and sleep disorders in neurology. However, the underlying mechanism of EEG rhythm generation is still under the veil. Recently introduced polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM-array) for high resolution mouse EEG1 is one of the trials to answer the neurophysiological questions on EEG signals based on a rich genetic resource that the mouse model contains for the analysis of complex EEG generation process. This application of nanofabricated PBM-array to mouse skull is an efficient tool for collecting large-scale brain activity of transgenic mice and accommodates to identify the neural correlates to certain EEG rhythms in conjunction with behavior. However its ultra-thin thickness and bifurcated structure cause a trouble in handling and implantation of PBM-array. In the presented video, the preparation and surgery steps for the implantation of PBM-array on a mouse skull are described step by step. Handling and surgery tips to help researchers succeed in implantation are also provided.

In this article, we described the surgery procedure and handling tips for implantation of ultra-thin polyimide-based microelectrode array (PBM-array) on the mouse skull for acquisition of high-density encephalography (EEG) in a mouse model.

ポリイミドベースのマイクロ電極を用いて自由に動くマウスの高密度脳波録音

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

Recording Large-scale Neuronal Ensembles with Silicon Probes in the Anesthetized Rat

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of behaviors from the spiking activity of its neurons. One of the most effective methods to monitor spiking activity from a large number of neurons in multiple local neuronal circuits simultaneously is by using silicon electrode arrays1-3.
Action potentials produce large transmembrane voltage changes in the vicinity of cell somata. These output signals can be measured by placing a conductor in close proximity of a neuron. If there are many active (spiking) neurons in the vicinity of the tip, the electrode records combined signal from all of them, where contribution of a single neuron is weighted by its 'electrical distance'. Silicon probes are ideal recording electrodes to monitor multiple neurons because of a large number of recording sites (+64) and a small volume. Furthermore, multiple sites can be arranged over a distance of millimeters, thus allowing for the simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity in the various cortical layers or in multiple cortical columns (Fig. 1). Importantly, the geometrically precise distribution of the recording sites also allows for the determination of the spatial relationship of the isolated single neurons4. Here, we describe an acute, large-scale neuronal recording from the left and right forelimb somatosensory cortex simultaneously in an anesthetized rat with silicon probes (Fig. 2).

Extracellular recordings of neuronal activity using silicon probes in the anesthetized rat will be described. This technique allows information to be obtained across multiple brain areas from more than 100 neurons simultaneously. It provides information with single cell resolution about neuronal ensembles dynamics in multiple local circuits.

麻酔ラットのシリコンプローブで大規模なニューロンアンサンブルの録音

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of ...

Visualizing the Effects of a Positive Early Experience, Tactile Stimulation, on Dendritic Morphology and Synaptic Connectivity with Golgi-Cox Staining

To generate longer-term changes in behavior, experiences must be producing stable changes in neuronal morphology and synaptic connectivity. Tactile stimulation is a positive early experience that mimics maternal licking and grooming in the rat. Exposing rat pups to this positive experience can be completed easily and cost-effectively by using highly accessible materials such as a household duster. Using a cross-litter design, pups are either stroked or left undisturbed, for 15 min, three times per day throughout the perinatal period. To measure the neuroplastic changes related to this positive early experience, Golgi-Cox staining of brain tissue is utilized. Owing to the fact that Golgi-Cox impregnation stains a discrete number of neurons rather than all of the cells, staining of the rodent brain with Golgi-Cox solution permits the visualization of entire neuronal elements, including the cell body, dendrites, axons, and dendritic spines. The staining procedure is carried out over several days and requires that the researcher pay close attention to detail. However, once staining is completed, the entire brain has been impregnated and can be preserved indefinitely for ongoing analysis. Therefore, Golgi-Cox staining is a valuable resource for studying experience-dependent plasticity.

This paper describes the procedures for tactile stimulation of rat pups and subsequent Golgi-Cox staining of neuronal morphology. Tactile stimulation is a positive experience that is administered in the perinatal period by stroking pups with a household duster. Golgi-cox staining is a reliable procedure permitting the visualization of entire neurons.

ゴルジコックス染色で樹状形態とシナプス接続に関するポジティブ初期の経験、触覚刺激の効果を可視化する

To generate longer-term changes in behavior, experiences must be producing stable changes in neuronal morphology and synaptic connectivity. Tactile ...

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for such investigations due to its complex behaviors, powerful genetic techniques, and compact nervous system. Laboratory behavioral assays have long been used with Drosophila to simulate properties of the natural environment and study the neural mechanisms underlying the corresponding behaviors (e.g. phototaxis, chemotaxis, sensory learning and memory)1-3. With the recent availability of large collections of transgenic Drosophila lines that label specific neural subsets, behavioral assays have taken on a prominent role to link neurons with behaviors4-11. Versatile and reproducible paradigms, together with the underlying computational routines for data analysis, are indispensable for rapid tests of candidate fly lines with various genotypes. Particularly useful are setups that are flexible in the number of animals tested, duration of experiments and nature of presented stimuli. The assay of choice should also generate reproducible data that is easy to acquire and analyze. Here, we present a detailed description of a system and protocol for assaying behavioral responses of Drosophila flies in a large four-field arena. The setup is used here to assay responses of flies to a single olfactory stimulus; however, the same setup may be modified to test multiple olfactory, visual or optogenetic stimuli, or a combination of these. The olfactometer setup records the activity of fly populations responding to odors, and computational analytical methods are applied to quantify fly behaviors. The collected data are analyzed to get a quick read-out of an experimental run, which is essential for efficient data collection and the optimization of experimental conditions.

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

We describe here a behavioral setup and data analysis method for assaying olfactory responses of up to 100 vinegar flies (Drosophila melanogaster). This system may be used with single or multiple olfactory stimuli, and adaptable for optogenetic activation or silencing of neuronal subsets.

のコンピュータ追跡することによってアッセイ嗅覚行動<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt; 4象限オルファクトメーターで

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an ...

High-density Electroencephalographic Acquisition in a Rodent Model Using Low-cost and Open-source Resources

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network connectivity, are applicable to an expanding variety of questions in neuroscience. Performing these kinds of analyses in a rodent model requires higher electrode density than traditional screw electrodes can accomplish. While higher-density electroencephalographic montages for rodents exist, they are of limited availability to most researchers, are not robust enough for repeated experiments over an extended period of time, or are limited to use in anesthetized rodents.1-3 A proposed low-cost method for constructing a durable, high-count, transcranial electrode array, consisting of bilaterally implantable headpieces is investigated as a means to perform advanced electroencephalogram analyses in mice or rats.

Procedures for headpiece fabrication and surgical implantation necessary to produce high signal to noise, low-impedance electroencephalographic and electromyographic signals are presented. While the methodology is useful in both rats and mice, this manuscript focuses on the more challenging implementation for the smaller mouse skull. Freely moving mice are only tethered to cables via a common adapter during recording. One version of this electrode system that includes 26 electroencephalographic channels and 4 electromyographic channels is described below.

Instructions for the low-cost construction and surgical implantation of a chronic transcranial high-density electroencephalographic montage into mice are provided. Signal recording, extraction, and processing techniques are also described.

低コストかつオープンソースのリソースの使用げっ歯類モデルにおける高密度脳波取得

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recordings in Mice Using a Dry Non-invasive Multi-channel Scalp EEG Sensor

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable because of the plunger-spring-barrel structural facet and mechanical strengths resulting from metal materials. The whole process for acquiring the VEP responses in vivo from a mouse consists of four steps: (1) sensor assembly, (2) animal preparation, (3) VEP measurement, and (4) signal processing. This paper presents representative measurements of VEP responses from multiple mice with a submicro-voltage signal resolution and sub-hundred millisecond temporal resolution. Although the proposed method is safer and more convenient compared to other previously reported animal EEG acquiring methods, there are remaining issues including how to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and how to apply this technique with freely moving animals. The proposed method utilizes easily available resources and shows a repetitive VEP response with a satisfactory signal quality. Therefore, this method could be utilized for longitudinal experimental studies and reliable translational research exploiting non-invasive paradigms.

We designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable. This paper describes the whole process from manufacturing the proposed EEG electrode to signal processing of visual evoked potential (VEP) signals measured on a mouse scalp using a dry non-invasive multi-channel EEG sensor.

誘発電位録画ドライの非侵襲的なマルチ チャネルを使用してマウスの頭皮脳波センサー

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

神経活動と Spm と頭蓋内脳波データを使用した接続の分析

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

機能的近赤外分光法による Hyperscanning 実験を実施

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...