Name: concentration of metabolites from low-density planktonic communities for environmental metabolomics using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Uploaded: 2012-04-07T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Concentration of Metabolites from Low-density Planktonic Communities for Environmental Metabolomics using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

This research was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research for challenging exploratory research (J.K.), and Scientific Research (A) (J.K. and S.M.) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan. A RIKEN FPR fellowship (R.C.E.) provided additional support. The authors express their gratitude to Drs. Eisuke Chikayama, Yasuyo Sekiyama and Mami Okamoto for technical assistance with NMR and statistical analyses.

1. Filter Preparation to Remove Extractables
<ol>
 <li>Use 25-mm diameter 0.22 &mu;m pore-size Durapore PVDF hydrophilic filters (Millipore). Place filters in a clean 500 ml Pyrex beaker using tweezers. Pre-rinse three times with distilled water. Swirl well as you rinse to prevent the filters from sticking to each other. Add 300 ml Milli-Q (Millipore) or equivalent high-quality water. Autoclave to facilitate complete removal of extractables from the filters. </li>
 <li>Pour off the Milli-Q and again triple rinse the f...

<ol>
	<li>Bundy, J. G., Davey, M. P., Viant, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+metabolomics:+a+critical+review+and+future+perspectives.">Environmental metabolomics: a critical review and future perspectives.</a> Metabolomics. 5, 3-21 (2008).</li><li>Chikayama, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+indices+for+simultaneous+large-scale+metabolite+detections+for+a+single+NMR+spectrum.">Statistical indices for simultaneous large-scale metabolite detections for a single NMR spectrum.</a> Anal. Chem. 82, 1653-1658 (2010).</li><li>Lewis, I. A., Schommer, S. C., Markley, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=rNMR:+open+source+software+for+identifying+and+quantifying+metabolites+in+NMR+spectra.">rNMR: open source software for identifying and quantifying metabolites in NMR spectra.</a> Magn. Reson. Chem. 47, S123-S126 (2009).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Symbiotic+gut+microbes+modulate+human+metabolic+phenotypes.">Symbiotic gut microbes modulate human metabolic phenotypes.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 2117-2122 (2008).</li><li>Mochida, K., Furuta, T., Ebana, K., Shinozaki, K., Kikuchi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlation+exploration+of+metabolic+and+genomic+diversity+in+rice.">Correlation exploration of metabolic and genomic diversity in rice.</a> BMC Genomics. 10, 568 (2009).</li><li>Fukuda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bifidobacteria+can+protect+from+enteropathogenic+infection+through+production+of+acetate.">Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate.</a> Nature. 469, 543-547 (2011).</li><li>Kikuchi, J., Hirayama, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practical+aspects+of+stable+isotope+labeling+of+higher+plants+for+a+hetero-nuclear+multi-dimensional+NMR-based+metabolomics.">Practical aspects of stable isotope labeling of higher plants for a hetero-nuclear multi-dimensional NMR-based metabolomics.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 358, 273-286 (2007).</li><li>Martin, F. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+top-down+systems+biology+view+of+microbiome-mammalian+metabolic+interactions+in+a+mouse+model.">A top-down systems biology view of microbiome-mammalian metabolic interactions in a mouse model.</a> Mol. Syst. Biol. 3, 112 (2007).</li><li>Mahrous, E. A., Lee, R. B., Lee, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+approach+to+lipid+profiling+of+mycobacteria+using+2D+HSQC+NMR+maps.">A rapid approach to lipid profiling of mycobacteria using 2D HSQC NMR maps.</a> J. Lipid Res. 49, 455-463 (2008).</li><li>Fukuda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+and+characterization+of+bacterial+metabolic+dynamics+with+a+novel+profiling+technique,+real-time+metabolotyping.">Evaluation and characterization of bacterial metabolic dynamics with a novel profiling technique, real-time metabolotyping.</a> PloS ONE. 4, e4893 (2009).</li><li>Date, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+monitoring+approach+for+metabolic+dynamics+in+microbial+ecosystems+using+stable-isotope-labeling+technologies.">New monitoring approach for metabolic dynamics in microbial ecosystems using stable-isotope-labeling technologies.</a> J. Biosci. Bioeng. 110, 87-93 (2010).</li><li>Nakanishi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+omics+approach+identifies+nutrition-mediated+microbial+interactions.">Dynamic omics approach identifies nutrition-mediated microbial interactions.</a> J. Proteome Res. 10, 824-836 (2011).</li><li>Falkowski, P., Barber, R., Smetacek, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogeochemical+controls+and+feedbacks+on+ocean+primary+production.">Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production.</a> Science. 281, 200-207 (1998).</li><li>Viant, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolomics+of+aquatic+organisms:+the+new+'omics'+on+the+block.">Metabolomics of aquatic organisms: the new 'omics' on the block.</a> Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 332, 301-306 (2007).</li><li>Sekiyama, Y., Chikayama, E., Kikuchi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+semipolar+solvent+system+as+a+step+toward+heteronuclear+multidimensional+NMR-based+metabolomics+for+13C-labeled+bacteria,+plants,+and+animals.">Evaluation of a semipolar solvent system as a step toward heteronuclear multidimensional NMR-based metabolomics for 13C-labeled bacteria, plants, and animals.</a> Anal. Chem. 83, 719-726 (2011).</li><li>Delaglio, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMRPipe:+A+multidimensional+spectral+processing+system+based+on+UNIX+pipes.">NMRPipe: A multidimensional spectral processing system based on UNIX pipes.</a> J. Biomol. NMR. 6, 277-293 (1995).</li><li>Wang, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automics:+an+integrated+platform+for+NMR-based+metabonomics+spectral+processing+and+data+analysis.">Automics: an integrated platform for NMR-based metabonomics spectral processing and data analysis.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 10, 83 (2009).</li><li>Eldon, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BioMagResBank.">BioMagResBank.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D402-D408 (2007).</li><li>Sekiyama, Y., Chikayama, E., Kikuchi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+polar+and+semipolar+plant+metabolites+throughout+extraction+processes+using+a+combined+solution-state+and+high-resolution+magic+angle+spinning+NMR+approach.">Profiling polar and semipolar plant metabolites throughout extraction processes using a combined solution-state and high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR approach.</a> Anal. Chem. 82, 1643-1652 (2011).</li></ol>

The filtration and metabolite extraction method demonstrated here allows for microbial planktonic biomass to be collected in sufficient amount for NMR metabolomics. While only extraction of aqueous-soluble metabolites using KPi and 1D 1H NMR is demonstrated, other extraction solvents and spectroscopic approaches can be used. One useful example is the use of deuterated methanol as a semi-polar solvent, which has been shown to produce superior NMR spectra from heterogeneous samples and is less sensitive to conta...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &mu;m hydrophilic Durapore PVDF filters, 25 mm</td>
			<td>Millipore </td>
			<td>GVWP02500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microanalysis Filter Holder, 25 mm, fritted glass support</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>XX1002500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-place manifold, 47 mm, stainless steel</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>XX2504735</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>169-04245</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>164-04295</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deuterium oxide, 2H &gt; 90%</td>
			<td>Campridge Isotope Laboratoties</td>
			<td>DLM-4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DSS</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>92754</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automill</td>
			<td>Tokken</td>
			<td>TK-AM4</td>
			<td>Stainless steel crushers included</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermomixer comfort</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5355 000.011</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioruptor</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>UCD-200</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum evaporator</td>
			<td>EYELA</td>
			<td>CVE-3100</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NMR</td>
			<td>Bruker </td>
			<td>DRX-500 with 5 mm-TXI probe</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectral binning tool</td>
			<td>Originally developed</td>
			<td>FT2DB</td>
			<td><a href="https://database.riken.jp/ecomics/">https://database.riken.jp/ecomics/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metabolite annotation tool and database</td>
			<td>Originally developed</td>
			<td>SpinAssign</td>
			<td><a href="http://prime.psc.riken.jp/?action=nmr_search">http://prime.psc.riken.jp/?action=nmr_search</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

concentration of metabolites from low-density planktonic communities for environmental metabolomics using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Environmental metabolomics is an emerging field that is promoting new understanding in how organisms respond to and interact with the environment and each other at the biochemical level1. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of several technologies, including gas chromatography&#x2013;mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with considerable promise for such studies. Advantages of NMR are that it is suitable for untargeted analyses, provides structural information and spectra can be queried in quantitative and statistical manners against recently available databases of individual metabolite spectra2,3. In addition, NMR spectral data can be combined with data from other omics levels (e.g. transcriptomics, genomics) to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the physiological responses of taxa to each other and the environment4,5,6. However, NMR is less sensitive than other metabolomic techniques, making it difficult to apply to natural microbial systems where sample populations can be low-density and metabolite concentrations low compared to metabolites from well-defined and readily extractable sources such as whole tissues, biofluids or cell-cultures. Consequently, the few direct environmental metabolomic studies of microbes performed to date have been limited to culture-based or easily defined high-density ecosystems such as host-symbiont systems, constructed co-cultures or manipulations of the gut environment where stable isotope labeling can be additionally used to enhance NMR signals7,8,9,10,11,12. Methods that facilitate the concentration and collection of environmental metabolites at concentrations suitable for NMR are lacking. Since recent attention has been given to the environmental metabolomics of organisms within the aquatic environment, where much of the energy and material flow is mediated by the planktonic community13,14, we have developed a method for the concentration and extraction of whole-community metabolites from planktonic microbial systems by filtration. Commercially available hydrophilic poly-1,1-difluoroethene (PVDF) filters are specially treated to completely remove extractables, which can otherwise appear as contaminants in subsequent analyses. These treated filters are then used to filter environmental or experimental samples of interest. Filters containing the wet sample material are lyophilized and aqueous-soluble metabolites are extracted directly for conventional NMR spectroscopy using a standardized potassium phosphate extraction buffer2. Data derived from these methods can be analyzed statistically to identify meaningful patterns, or integrated with other omics levels for comprehensive understanding of community and ecosystem function.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Concentration of Metabolites from Low-density Planktonic Communities for Environmental Metabolomics using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

Concentration of Metabolites from Low-density Planktonic Communities for Environmental Metabolomics using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

A method for metabolite extraction from microbial planktonic communities is presented. Whole community sampling is achieved by filtration onto specially prepared filters. After lyophilization, aqueous-soluble metabolites are extracted. This approach allows for application of environmental metabolomics to trans-omics investigations of natural or experimental microbial communities.

Environmental metabolomics is an emerging field that is promoting new understanding in how organisms respond to and interact with the environment and each ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview

In vitro Labeling of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of ...

Analyzing Gene Expression from Marine Microbial Communities using Environmental Transcriptomics

Analogous to metagenomics, environmental transcriptomics (metatranscriptomics) retrieves and sequences environmental mRNAs from a microbial assemblage ...

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Mixing is a unit operation that combines two or more components into a homogeneous mixture.  This work involves mixing two viscous liquid streams using an ...

Cryosectioning Yeast Communities for Examining Fluorescence Patterns

Microbes typically live  in communities. The spatial organization  of cells within a community is believed to impact the survival and function of the  ...

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

The cryosphere offers access to preserved organisms that persisted under past environmental conditions. In fact, these frozen materials could reflect ...

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Emergent properties and external factors (population-level and ecosystem-level interactions, in particular) play important roles in mediating ...

Synthesis of 68Ga Core-doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Dual Positron Emission Tomography /(T1)Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Synthesis of 68Ga Core-doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Dual Positron Emission Tomography /T1Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Here, we describe a microwave synthesis to obtain iron oxide nanoparticles core-doped with 68Ga. Microwave technology enables fast and reproducible ...