この作品は、NIAMSからR01-AR053645によって資金を供給された。

すべての手順は、UCSFの動物実験によって承認され、委員会を使用して、国のガイドラインに準拠していた。 1。手術に先立ちFixatorsの準備<ol><li>安定した骨折を作成する前に、一つはカスタム設計外固定装置を組み立てる必要があります。カスタム設計された外固定フレームは3ステンレス製の＃0/56スレッドロッド、8＃56分の2六角ナット、17のマッチングボルト（小部（株）、マイアミレイクス、フロリダ州の3）により安定化された2つのアルミニウムのリングから成っていた。 </li><li> 2つのアルミニウムリングは骨折につき必要とされている。 1のリングに適切な穴に4＃56分の2六角ナット（ごく一部（株）、マイアミレイクス、フロリダ州）とのマッチングボルトを組み立て、これらは緩いままにしてください。これは、近位リングになります。遠位リングが3ボルトとナットを組み立てるために、再び完全に締めないでください。 </li></ol> 2。麻酔、破壊の作成、および固定器の応用<ol><li>マウス（年齢、性別、体重量）は、ユーザーによって決定される50mg/mlケタミン、0.5 mg / mlのメデトミジン（0.03ミリリットル/マウス）の腹腔内注射により麻酔しています。 </li><li>マウスの目には目の潤滑剤を適用して、手順の中で彼らの目を保護するために頭全体にテープの一部を配置します。 </li><li>動物は、プロシージャの残りのための加熱パッド上に配置されます。 </li><li>のTransfix 4 0.25ミリメートル不妊虫ピン（Anticorro：ファイン科学ツール、フォスターシティ、カリフォルニア州）を使用して、左脛骨の近位および遠位骨幹端ドレメルツールにピンを接続し、骨を介してそれらをドリルで。 </li><li>ピンはお互いに脛骨の長軸に垂直に配向であり、90°。近位および遠位ピンの間に少なくとも10ミリメートル。 </li><li>ピンに向かって内側に直面しているナッツ、近位ピンが上記の最初のリングを置きます。アルミリング内の中央に配置脛骨を維持するリングにピンを固定します。 </li><li>ディ下記の二番目のリングを置き、STALピンと以前のように六角ナットを使用してリングにピンを固定します。遠位固定器に第四ナット·ボルトの組み合わせを追加します。 </li><li>適切なデバイスとの三点曲げによる横骨折を作成します。我々はBonnarensとアインホーン4の重力システムを使用しています。 、ブロック間の脛骨の後外側表面を休まドロップアームに沿って所定の高さに重量を上げるとそれに接触脛骨の前外側面が鈍骨折を生成するように体重をドロップします。高さは、重量は脛骨の排他的に単一の破壊を確実にするために、マウスの各菌株について決定する必要がありますから削除されます。 </li><li>骨折はX線によって確認されています。 </li><li>骨折を確認後、3ステンレス鋼＃0/56のねじ棒はリングに接続されています。遠位端から開始すると、ロッドを挿入し、ロッドを確保するために遠位リングにナットを通します。その後、ロッドの上に別のナットを入れて、近位リングは、このnの上に座りますUT。つのリングが等しい距離で開催されるとピンに負担をかけていないことを確認します。第三ナットでロッドに近位リングを固定します。 </li><li>鎮痛のためのブプレノルフィンの皮下注射（1.0 mg / kg体重）は、手術や動物の直後に与えられている痛みのために監視し、必要に応じてブプレノルフィンを与えられている。 </li><li>麻酔はアチパメゾールを投与することにより反転され、それらが反応するとambulatingになるまで、動物が監視されています。 </li></ol> 3。仮骨延長術（参照：12,13） 気晴らし骨を収容するためにこの手順を変更することは簡単です。リングは、ねじ棒によって位置に保持され、所定の位置にロッドを保持しているナットを回して、リングを離れて移動することができます。 <ol><li>待ち時間：このモデルを使用して、標準の仮骨延長術はfixatorsが脛骨の上に配置され、5日間の潜伏期間のため放置。 </li><li>気晴らし：気晴らしosteogenesisが安定化ロッド¼ターン（0.25ミリメートル）毎日7日間のナットを回すことによって行うことができます。 </li><li>成熟：骨のブリッジングが10日で観察され、完全な統合が気晴らしの完了後27日間観察される。 </li></ol> 4。クリティカルサイズの欠陥の作成以前に以下の変更で説明したように、重要なサイズの欠陥を作成するために外部fixatorsが適用されます。 <ol><li>手順を開始する前に、皮膚を70％エタノールで洗浄されています。 </li><li> fixatorsは、欠陥を作成する前に完全に適用されます。 </li><li>マウスは、内側脛骨を可視化するために解剖顕微鏡下に置きされており、切開（5-7 mm）のメスの上に＃10ブレードで作られています。 </li><li>筋肉を穏やかに脛骨の中間骨幹を公開するために切断し、分離されています。 </li><li>骨の3 mmのセグメントはその後半ば骨幹を使用してはさみから削除されます。 tを使用して彼はハサミのポイントは、骨が徐々に切り取られ、必要に応じて骨片をピンセットで除去されています。ケアは、大規模な機械的な力を用いて脛骨を変位さを避けるためにハサミの先端で撮影する必要があります。 </li><li>これらは治癒を促進する可能性があるため、全く骨の断片が存在しないことを確認するために手術部位を確認します。 </li><li>脛骨の平滑端のまわりの筋肉を交換してください。 </li><li> 6から0ポリアミンモノフィラメントの2-3縫合糸で皮膚に切開を閉じます。 </li><li>麻酔が反転され、動物が痛みのために監視し、前述のように鎮痛薬を与えられている。 </li></ol> 5。代表的な結果正しく適用された場合は、外部fixatorsは、優れた減少（ 図1、図2）で閉鎖脛骨骨折のより厳格な安定性を提供します。しかし、いくつかのケースでは不十分な減少（骨端または複数の骨折の間に明白な、大きなギャップがある（ 図3発生する</strong&gt;）、およびこれらのマウスは、分析から除外されます。骨折は主に膜内骨化（ 図4）を介して癒すこのメソッドを使用して安定した。骨折が安定されていない場合とは対照的に、大規模な軟骨のカルスは、骨折のギャップ（ 図5）に形成され、これは膜内骨化のプロセスを介して骨に置換されます。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3552/3552fig1.jpg" /> 図1脛骨骨折を安定化させるために使用される外部固定装置を示すX線写真。レントゲン写真は、よく整列骨セグメント（矢印）を示す骨折後に撮影。 <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3552/3552fig2.jpg" /> 図2固定器が適用された後のマウスのイメージ。 <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3552/3552fig3.jpg" /> 図3 X線写真は、f後に撮影ractureの位置がずれて、断片化した骨のセグメント（矢印）を示しています。 <img alt="図4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3552/3552fig4.jpg" /> 図4安定破壊は膜内骨化を経由して癒してくれます。安定した骨折のトリクローム染色は、骨折部位のいくつかの新しい骨（b）に示しています。スケールバー= 500μmである。 <img alt="図5" src="/files/ftp_upload/3552/3552fig5.jpg" /> 図5非安定骨折は軟骨内骨化を経由して癒してくれます。非安定破壊の三重染色（b）は、骨折部位での軟骨（c）と骨を示しています。スケールバー= 500μmである。

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我々は、開示することは何もありません。

骨は機械的安定性（：14に日）に応じて2つの異なるモダリティによって癒す。壊れた骨の両端を埋めるために骨に置換され破壊ギャップに不安定な大型軟骨テンプレートフォームを去ったとき。近位と遠位のブレークに、骨は、骨膜と骨内膜内膜内骨化によって直接形成している。対照的に、安定した骨折の治癒には膜内骨化3を介して排他的に発生します。しかし、これら?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名前 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> コメント </td></tr><tr><td> 0.25ミリメートルの昆虫ピン</td><td>ファイン科学ツール</td><td> 26000から25 </td><td>黒くアルマイトスチール、0.25ミリメートルロッド径、タテ4㎝ </td></tr><tr><td>ステンレス鋼製六角ナット</td><td>スモールパーツ</td><td> ＃2-56 </td><td> 1/8 &quot;長さ、インチあたり56スレッド</td></tr><tr><td>ステンレス鋼製六角ナット</td><td>スモールパーツ</td><td> ＃0から80 </td><td> 1/8 &quot;長さ、インチあたり80スレッド</td></tr><tr><td>ステンレススチール製の小ネジ</td><td>スモールパーツ</td><td> ＃0から80 </td><td> 1/8 &quot;長さ、インチあたり80スレッド</td></tr><tr><td>ステンレススチール製のマシンは、ねじ付きロッドをカット</td><td>スモールパーツ</td><td> ＃0から80 </td><td> 6 &quot;長さ、インチあたり80スレッド</td></tr><tr><td> 18-8ステンレススチールヘッドマシンのScREW </td><td>マクマスター - カー</td><td></td><td> 2から56までのスレッド、3月6日 &quot;の長さ</td></tr><tr><td>外部の固定装置</td><td>機械工場</td><td>カスタム設計</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

creating rigidly stabilized fractures for assessing intramembranous ossification, distraction osteogenesis, or healing of critical sized defects

骨格修復のモードを評価することは骨折の治療に臨床的に使用される治療法を開発するために不可欠である。機械的安定性は骨損傷の治癒に大きな役割を果たしています。最悪のシナリオでは機械的な不安定性は、ヒトの遅延または非組合につながることができます。しかし、動きはまた、治癒過程を刺激することができます。モーション軟骨を持っている骨折では骨折の骨端部を安定させるために形成し、この軟骨が徐々に軟骨内骨化の発達過程の要約を介して骨に置換されます。対照的に、骨折はしっかりと膜内骨化を介して直接骨フォームを安定している。臨床的には、両方の軟骨と膜内骨化が同時に発生します。効果的にBonnarens 4で説明したように、このプロセスの研究者は骨の髄管にピンを挿入して複製します。 rotatioを可能にしながら、この実験法は、優れた横方向の安定性を提供しています内部不安定性が持続します。しかし、これら2つの異なるプロセスを制御するメカニズムの理解にも実験的にこれらの各プロセスを単離することによって拡張することができます。我々は、回転と横方向の安定性を提供する安定化プロトコルを開発しました。 、このモデルでは、膜内骨化が観察された癒しの唯一のモードであり、癒しのパラメータは、治癒10の生理的パラメータを変更した後、生理活性分子8,9の適用後、5-7遺伝子改変マウスの異なる系統間で比較することができます気晴らし骨12の後、安定化11の量や時間を変更した後、非組合13の作成 ​​後、または重要なサイズの欠陥の作成 ​​後。ここでは、マウスでは脛骨骨折治癒と仮骨延長術を研究するために変更されたイリザロフfixatorsを適用する方法を示しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects at JoVE.com

Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects

この資料では、変更されたイリザロフ外部fixatorsのアプリケーションに基づいて長骨の骨折を安定化する方法について説明します。<sup&gt; 1月3日</sup&gt;。骨損傷のfixatorsと創造の適用後、治癒が評価することができ、仮骨延長術を行うことができ、または非組合または重要なサイズの欠陥が作成され、治療的介入を研究するために使用することができます。

膜内骨化、仮骨延長術、またはCriticalサイズの欠損の治癒を評価するための剛安定骨折を作成する

Assessing modes of skeletal repair is essential for developing therapies to be used clinically to treat fractures. Mechanical stability plays a large role ...

creating-rigidly-stabilized-fractures-for-assessing-intramembranous

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.2K ビュー.  University of California, San Francisco. この資料では、変更されたイリザロフ外部fixatorsのアプリケーションに基づいて長骨の骨折を安定化する方法について説明します。 1月3日。骨損傷のfixatorsと創造の適用後、治癒が評価することができ、仮骨延長術を行うことができ、または非組合または重要なサイズの欠陥が作成され、治療的介入を研究するために使用することができます?...

ビデオ: Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects

Repair of a Critical-sized Calvarial Defect Model Using Adipose-derived Stromal Cells Harvested from Lipoaspirate

Craniofacial skeletal repair and regeneration offers the promise of de novo tissue formation through a cell-based approach utilizing stem cells. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have proven to be an abundant source of multipotent stem cells capable of undergoing osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic differentiation. Many studies have explored the osteogenic potential of these cells in vivo with the use of various scaffolding biomaterials for cellular delivery. It has been demonstrated that by utilizing an osteoconductive, hydroxyapatite-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (HA-PLGA) scaffold seeded with ASCs, a critical-sized calvarial defect, a defect that is defined by its inability to undergo spontaneous healing over the lifetime of the animal, can be effectively show robust osseous regeneration. This in vivo model demonstrates the basis of translational approaches aimed to regenerate the bone tissue - the cellular component and biological matrix. This method serves as a model for the ultimate clinical application of a progenitor cell towards the repair of a specific tissue defect.

This protocol describes the isolation of adipose-derived stromal cells from lipoaspirate and the creation of a 4 mm critical-sized calvarial defect to evaluate skeletal regeneration.

吸引脂肪から採取した脂肪由来間質細胞を使用したクリティカル·サイズの頭蓋冠欠損モデルの修復

Craniofacial skeletal repair and regeneration offers the promise of de novo tissue formation through a cell-based approach utilizing stem cells. ...

医学

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

創傷治癒のマウスモデル

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

One desirable endpoint of general anesthesia is the state of unconsciousness, also known as hypnosis. Defining the hypnotic state in animals is less straightforward than it is in human patients. A widely used behavioral surrogate for hypnosis in rodents is the loss of righting reflex (LORR), or the point at which the animal no longer responds to their innate instinct to avoid the vulnerability of dorsal recumbency. We have developed a system to assess LORR in 24 mice simultaneously while carefully controlling for potential confounds, including temperature fluctuations and varying gas flows. These chambers permit reliable assessment of anesthetic sensitivity as measured by latency to return of the righting reflex (RORR) following a fixed anesthetic exposure. Alternatively, using stepwise increases (or decreases) in anesthetic concentration, the chambers also enable determination of a population's sensitivity to induction (or emergence) as measured by EC50 and Hill slope. Finally, the controlled environmental chambers described here can be adapted for a variety of alternative uses, including inhaled delivery of other drugs, toxicology studies, and simultaneous real-time monitoring of vital signs.

Loss of the righting reflex has long served as a standard behavioral surrogate for unconsciousness, also called hypnosis, in laboratory animals. Alterations in volatile anesthetic sensitivity caused by pharmacological interventions can be detected with a carefully controlled high-throughput assessment system, which may be adapted for delivery of any inhaled therapeutic.

局所または全身薬理学的介入後のマウスの揮発性全身麻酔の感度変化を評価する

One desirable endpoint of general anesthesia is  the state of unconsciousness, also known as hypnosis. Defining the hypnotic state in animals is  less ...

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

マウスの簡単な重要なサイズの大腿欠陥モデル

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical procedures. The majority of animal models used to study HO rely on the application of exogenous substances, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), exogenous cell constructs, or genetic mutations in BMP signaling. While these models are useful they do not accurately reproduce the inflammatory states that cause the majority of cases of HO. Here we describe a burn/tenotomy model in mice that reliably produces focused HO. This protocol involves creating a 30% total body surface area partial thickness contact burn on the dorsal skin as well as division of the Achilles tendon at its midpoint. Relying solely on traumatic injury to induce HO at a predictable location allows for time-course study of endochondral heterotopic bone formation from intrinsic physiologic processes and environment only. This method could prove instrumental in understanding the inflammatory and osteogenic pathways involved in trauma-induced HO. Furthermore, because HO develops in a predictable location and time-course in this model, it allows for research to improve early imaging strategies and treatment modalities to prevent HO formation.

An Achilles tenotomy and burn injury model of heterotopic ossification allows for the reliable study of trauma induced ectopic bone formation without the application of exogenous factors.

直接マウストラウマ/異所性骨化のモデルバーン

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical ...

Establishment of a Segmental Femoral Critical-size Defect Model in Mice Stabilized by Plate Osteosynthesis

The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a model organism, the mouse has already been widely used in bone-related research. Large diaphyseal bone defect models in mice, however, are sparse and often use bone fixation which fills the bone marrow cavity and does not provide optimal mechanical stability. The objectives of the current study were to develop a critical-size, segmental, femoral defect in nude mice. A 3.5-mm mid-diaphyseal femoral ostectomy (approximately 25% of the femur length) was performed using a dedicated jig, and was stabilized with an anterior located locking plate and 4 locking screws. The bone defect was subsequently either left empty or filled with a bone substitute (syngenic bone graft or coralline scaffold). Bone healing was monitored noninvasively using radiography and in vivo micro-computed-tomography and was subsequently assessed by ex vivo micro-computed-tomography and undecalcified histology after animal sacrifice, 10 weeks postoperatively. The recovery of all mice was excellent, a full-weight-bearing was observed within one day following the surgical procedure. Furthermore, stable bone fixation and consistent fixation of the implanted materials were achieved in all animals tested throughout the study. When the bone defects were left empty, non-union was consistently obtained. In contrast, when the bone defects were filled with syngenic bone grafts, bone union was always observed. When the bone defects were filled with coralline scaffolds, newly-formed bone was observed in the interface between bone resection edges and the scaffold, as well as within a short distance within the scaffold. 
The present model describes a reproducible critical-size femoral defect stabilized by plate osteosynthesis with low morbidity in mice. The new load-bearing segmental bone defect model could be useful for studying the underlying mechanisms in bone regeneration pertinent to orthopaedic applications.

Although mouse models are invaluable tools for bone tissue engineering, models of long bone defects are sparse. This need motivated development of the present protocol which uses a locking plate with four screws and a dedicated jig to perform and stabilize a reproducible, femoral, critical-size defect with low morbidity.

プレート骨接合によって安定化マウスにおけるセグメント別大腿臨界サイズ欠陥モデルの確立

The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a ...

Scleral Cross-linking Using Riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A Radiation for Prevention of Axial Myopia in a Rabbit Model

Myopic individuals, especially those with severe myopia, are at higher-than-normal risk of cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and chorioretinal abnormalities. In addition, pathological myopia is a common irreversible cause of visual impairment and blindness1-3. Our study demonstrates the effect of scleral crosslinking using riboflavin and ultraviolet-A radiation on the development of axial myopia in a rabbit model. The axial length of the eyeball was measured by A-scan ultrasound in New Zealand white rabbits aged 13 days (male and female). The eye then underwent 360&#176; conjunctival peritomy with scleral crosslinking, followed by tarsorrhaphy. Axial elongation was induced in 13 day-old New Zealand rabbits by suturing their right eye eyelids (tarsorrhaphy). The eyes were divided into quadrants, and every quadrant had two scleral irradiation zones, each with an area of 0.2 cm&#178; and a radius of 4 mm. Crosslinking was performed by dropping 0.1% dextran-free riboflavin-5-phosphate onto the irradiation zones 20 sec before ultraviolet-A irradiation and every 20 sec during the 200 sec irradiation time. UVA radiation (370 nm) was applied perpendicular to the sclera at 57 mW/cm&#178; (total UVA light dose, 57 J/cm&#178;). Tarsorrhaphies were removed on day 55, followed by repeated axial length measurements. This study demonstrates that scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A radiation effectively prevents occlusion-induced axial elongation in a rabbit model.

We demonstrate the effect of scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and UVA on an axial elongation rabbit eye. Axial elongation was induced in 13 day-old New Zealand rabbits (male and female) by suturing their right eye eyelids (tarsorrhaphy).

強膜ウサギモデルで軸性近視の予防のためのリボフラビンおよび紫外線A放射線を用いて架橋

Myopic individuals, especially those with severe myopia, are at higher-than-normal risk of cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and chorioretinal ...

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies that promote efficient bone healing are non-existent and in high demand. Effective and reproducible animal models of fractures healing are needed to understand the complex biological processes associated with bone regeneration. Many animal models of fracture healing have been generated over the years; however, murine fracture models have recently emerged as powerful tools to study bone healing. A variety of open and closed models have been developed, but the closed femoral fracture model stands out as a simple method for generating rapid and reproducible results in a physiologically relevant manner. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice and facilitate a post-fracture stabilization of the femur by inserting an intramedullary steel rod. Although devices such as a nail or a screw offer greater axial and rotational stability, the use of an intramedullary rod provides a sufficient stabilization for consistent healing outcomes without producing new defects in the bone tissue or damaging nearby soft tissue. Radiographic imaging is used to monitor the progression of callus formation, bony union, and subsequent remodeling of the bony callus. Bone healing outcomes are typically associated with the strength of the healed bone and measured with torsional testing. Still, understanding the early cellular and molecular events associated with fracture repair is critical in the study of bone tissue regeneration. The closed femoral fracture model in mice with intramedullary fixation serves as an attractive platform to study bone fracture healing and evaluate therapeutic strategies to accelerate healing.

The murine closed femoral fracture model is a powerful platform to study fracture healing and novel therapeutic strategies to accelerate bone regeneration. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice using an intramedullary steel rod to stabilize the femur.

マウスで閉じた大腿骨骨折の生成: 骨の治癒を研究するためのモデル

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...

Fracture Apparatus Design and Protocol Optimization for Closed-stabilized Fractures in Rodents

The reliable generation of consistent stabilized fractures in animal models is essential for understanding the biology of bone regeneration and developing therapeutics and devices. However, available injury models are plagued by inconsistency resulting in wasted animals and resources and imperfect data. To address this problem of fracture heterogeneity, the purpose of the method described herein is to optimize fracture generation parameters specific to each animal and yield a consistent fracture location and pattern. This protocol accounts for variations in bone size and morphology that may exist between mouse strains and can be adapted to generate consistent fractures in other species, such as rat. Additionally, a cost-effective, adjustable fracture apparatus is described. Compared to current stabilized fracture techniques, the optimization protocol and new fracture apparatus demonstrate increased consistency in stabilized fracture patterns and locations. Using optimized parameters specific to the sample type, the described protocol increases the precision of induced traumas, minimizing the fracture heterogeneity typically observed in closed-fracture generation procedures.

The goal of the protocol is to optimize the fracture generation parameters to yield consistent fractures. This protocol accounts for the variations in bone size and morphology that may exist between animals. Additionally, a cost-effective, adjustable fracture apparatus is described.

破壊装置設計と齧歯動物で閉じて安定骨折に対するプロトコルの最適化

The reliable generation of consistent stabilized fractures in animal models is essential for understanding the biology of bone regeneration and developing ...

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

We are in the midst of the 3D era in most aspects of life, and especially in medicine. The surgical discipline is one of the major players in the medical field using the constantly developing 3D planning and printing capabilities. Computer-assisted design (CAD) and computer assisted manufacturing (CAM) are used to describe the 3D planning and manufacturing of the product. The planning and manufacturing of 3D surgical guides and reconstruction implants is performed almost exclusively by engineers. As technology advances and software interfaces become more user-friendly, it raises a question regarding the possibility of transferring the planning and manufacturing to the clinician. The reasons for such a shift are clear: the surgeon has the idea of what he wants to design, and he also knows what is feasible and could be used in the operating room. It allows him to be prepared for any scenario/unexpected results during the operation and allows the surgeon to be creative and express his new ideas using the CAD software. The purpose of this method is to provide clinicians with the ability to create their own surgical guides and reconstruction implants. In this manuscript, a detailed protocol will provide a simple method for segmentation using segmentation software and implant planning using a 3D design software. Following the segmentation and stl file production using segmentation software, the clinician could create a simple patient specific reconstruction plate or a more complex plate with a cradle for bone graft positioning. Surgical guides can be created for accurate resection, hole preparation for proper reconstruction plate positioning or for bone graft harvesting and re-contouring. A case of lower jaw reconstruction following plate fracture and nonunion healing of a trauma sustained injury is detailed.

This protocol describes the use of 3D planning and printing for reconstruction of bony defects. We use segmentation tools to create 3D models followed by 3D design software to create patient specific implants for reconstruction purposes concomitant to ablative surgery or as a second stage.

骨の欠陥の再構築のための患者特有のインプラントの3D計画と印刷

We are in the midst of the 3D era in most aspects of life, and especially in medicine. The surgical discipline is one of the major players in the medical ...