我々は技術支援のために博士孟チン林さんと元ドン感謝。この作品は、健康HD053767の国立研究所からの助成金（NLWに下請け）でサポートされている、研究担当副学長、カリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校（NLW）の生理学とOfficeの部門からの資金によってされました。

1。大人のメダカから脳の解剖<ol><li>に浸漬することにより（ 図1A）、男性または女性成人を麻酔5ミリリットルMS-222（150 mg / Lで、pHは7.4）、エラの動きがdecapitating前に中止した後、数分待ってください。すべての手順は、カリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校の制度動物実験委員会によって承認された。 </li><li> 60 mmの直径のペトリ皿にハサミで蓋の尾側端で魚の生理食塩水で魚の首を刈る。 </li><li>脳の解剖のために頭を置き、保護するためにその中にうつ病を持っている35 mmの直径ペトリ皿、半魚の生理食塩水で満たされ、シルガードが並んへの転送魚の頭を。位置や虫ピンと背側の頭を固定します。 </li><li>注意深く細かいハサミでその周囲に頭蓋骨の背の部分をカットし、静かに脊髄の前方部分を含む完全に脳の背の部分を露出させ、ピンセットでそれを削除します。 </li> &lt;リチウム&gt;細かいチップピンセットで軽く脊髄を持ち上げて、先の細いハサミで二国間の結合神経切断：の前方部分に脳神経、脊髄神経と視神経、脳の腹側に、そして嗅覚神経を脳。 </li><li>魚の生理食塩水で満たされた新鮮なペトリ皿に完全に解剖脳を置き、全体の脳は、任意の切り傷や刺し傷なし（下垂体を含む）を無傷であることを確認するために、顕微鏡下で慎重に確認してください。損傷した脳を実験のために使用されていません。 </li></ol> 2。録音室における脳の取り付け<ol><li>記録室の中心に針を持つシアノアクリレートまたはいくつかの他の速効性接着剤の小滴を置き、1cm 2の約 ​​のりを広げた。 </li><li>迅速に腹側を上位置に脳とのり、それを下に移す。 </li><li>それは録音室を埋め、脳を覆うように、魚の生理食塩水1 mlを加える。連続灌流少なくとも200μL/分の速度で通気魚の生理食塩水で脳。 </li><li>微先端鉗子を使用すると、慎重に脳の記録領域の表面上髄膜を除去します。 </li></ol> 3。電気生理学<ol><li>活動電位の発火の緩いパッチ記録<ol><li>ガラス微小電極（MΩ6-10）は、電極プラー（ 例えばサッターP-87）を使用して、ホウケイ酸ガラスピペット（1B150F-4、世界の精密機器）から構成され、バックアップルーズパッチ録音ソリューション中途半端で満たされている電極。 </li><li>次いで、40×水浸対物レンズ（ 図1C）、冷却された電荷結合素子（CCD）カメラで直立蛍光顕微鏡を用いて、GFPを発現する10倍（ 図1B）を介してTN-GnRH3ニューロンを見つける。彼らは終脳のすぐ前方嗅球の腹面内または付近に位置しています。 </li><li>提供しているビデオモニターに切り替え顕微鏡からリアルタイム画像TN-GnRH3ニューロンクラスター（ 図1C）を検索する。 </li><li>電極の先端がニューロン目標を超えているように、お風呂に微小電極を配置します。それが目詰まりしないように、微小電極に一定の若干正圧を適用し、ゆっくりと電極の先端とターゲットニューロンに近づく。 </li><li> AxoGraphソフトウェアとAxographソフトウェア（アクソン·インスツルメンツ）のアンプAxoclamp 200Bを使用して電圧クランプモードで電極抵抗を確認し、監視する。あなたは、電極の先端が神経細胞の表面上に、抵抗が若干変化することAxoGraph表示からであると、ビデオモニタから見ることができる場合には、低オン抵抗のシールを作るために正圧を解放し、必要に応じてわずかな負圧を適用するニューロン（&lt;100MΩ）。 </li><li>電流クランプモードに切り替えて、スケールを調整し、任意の現在の入力なしで連続して膜電位を記録電圧と記録速度の必要に応じ。データは、パワーラブソフトウエア（ADInstruments社製）により回収し、分析する。 </li><li>任意の治療（ 図2A）の前に、約5分間、通常の魚の生理食塩水のレコードベースラインの電気的活動。薬、ホルモン、ペプチドなどの浴灌流。魚の生理食塩水に加え、通常の魚の生理食塩水5、6、11でウォッシュアウト期間が続く200μL/分の速度、に続く。 </li></ol></li><li>膜電位の全細胞記録 3.1.4 - 全細胞パッチクランプ電気生理学的手順は、ステップ3.1.1から、上述した外ルーズパッチ記録過程と同様である。その後の手順は、それに応じてずれる。 <ol><li>電圧クランプモードで電極抵抗を確認し、監視する。あなたは、電極の先端が神経細胞の表面上に、抵抗変化がわずかに正を解放することをオシロスコープであることから、ビデオモニタから見ることができる圧力とニューロン（〜3ギガΩ）上の高抵抗シールを作るには少し負圧を適用する。破裂パッチを適用した膜に口で優しく吸引を適用し、あなたはMΩ約120から250への抵抗の急激な低下が表示されます。 </li><li>電流クランプモードに切り替え、必要に応じて電圧と記録速度のスケールを調整し、任意の現在の入力なしで連続して膜電位を記録します。 </li><li> 3.1.7（ 図2B）で上記のように任意の治療の前に、約5分間の通常の魚の生理食塩水のレコードベースラインの電気的活動。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kah, O., Lethimonier, C., Lareyre, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+(GnRH)+in+the+animal+kingdom.">Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the animal kingdom.</a> J. Soc. Biol. 198 (1), 53-60 (2004).</li><li>Ramakrishnan, S., Wayne, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+cues+from+conspecifics+alter+electrical+activity+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neurons+in+the+terminal+nerve+via+visual+signals.">Social cues from conspecifics alter electrical activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the terminal nerve via visual signals.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 297 (1), R135-R141 (2009).</li><li>Abe, H., Oka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+neuromodulation+by+a+nonhypophysiotropic+GnRH+system+controlling+motivation+of+reproductive+behavior+in+the+teleost.">Mechanisms of neuromodulation by a nonhypophysiotropic GnRH system controlling motivation of reproductive behavior in the teleost.</a> 57 (6), 665-674 (2011).</li><li>Oka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrodotoxin-resistant+persistent+Na++current+underlying+pacemaker+potentials+of+fish+gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+neurones.">Tetrodotoxin-resistant persistent Na+ current underlying pacemaker potentials of fish gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones.</a> J. Physiol. 482 (Pt. 1), 1-6 (1995).</li><li>Zhao, Y., Wayne, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Kisspeptin1+on+Electrical+Activity+of+an+Extrahypothalamic+Population+of+Gonadotropin-Releasing+Hormone+Neurons+in+Medaka.">Effects of Kisspeptin1 on Electrical Activity of an Extrahypothalamic Population of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in Medaka.</a> PLoS One. 7 (5), e37909 (2012).</li><li>Wayne, N. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-cell+electrophysiology+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neurons+that+express+green+fluorescent+protein+in+the+terminal+nerve+of+transgenic+medaka+(Oryzias+latipes).">Whole-cell electrophysiology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons that express green fluorescent protein in the terminal nerve of transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes).</a> Biol. Reprod. 73 (6), 1228-1234 (2005).</li><li>Okubo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forebrain+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neuronal+development:+insights+from+transgenic+medaka+and+the+relevance+to+X-linked+Kallmann+syndrome.">Forebrain gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal development: insights from transgenic medaka and the relevance to X-linked Kallmann syndrome.</a> Endocrinology. 147 (3), 1076-1084 (2006).</li><li>Okubo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+form+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+in+the+medaka,+Oryzias+latipes.">A novel form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the medaka, Oryzias latipes.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276 (1), 298-303 (2000).</li><li>Ramakrishnan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acquisition+of+spontaneous+electrical+activity+during+embryonic+development+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone-3+neurons+located+in+the+terminal+nerve+of+transgenic+zebrafish+(Danio+rerio).">Acquisition of spontaneous electrical activity during embryonic development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-3 neurons located in the terminal nerve of transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio).</a> Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 168 (3), 401-407 (2010).</li><li>Abraham, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone-3+neuron+ablation+in+zebrafish:+effects+on+neurogenesis,+neuronal+migration,+and+reproduction.">Targeted gonadotropin-releasing hormone-3 neuron ablation in zebrafish: effects on neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and reproduction.</a> Endocrinology. 151 (1), 332-340 (2010).</li><li>Wayne, N. L., Kuwahara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-endorphin+alters+electrical+activity+of+gonadotropin+releasing+hormone+neurons+located+in+the+terminal+nerve+of+the+teleost+medaka+(Oryzias+latipes.">Beta-endorphin alters electrical activity of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons located in the terminal nerve of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes.</a> Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 150 (1), 41-47 (2007).</li><li>Oka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+types+of+gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+neurones+and+steroid-sensitive+sexually+dimorphic+kisspeptin+neurones+in+teleosts.">Three types of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones and steroid-sensitive sexually dimorphic kisspeptin neurones in teleosts.</a> J. Neuroendocrinol. 21 (4), 334-338 (2009).</li><li>Molleman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Patch Clamping: An Introductory Guide To Patch Clamp Electrophysiology. , (2003).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

GnRHの3：GFPトランスジェニック魚は、直接·間接的に再生3、8-10に関与している行動の中央制御の神経統合や規制の基礎となる神経生理学的メカニズムを研究するためのユニークなモデルを提供します。このモデルシステムの重要な利点の一つは、12、神経回路6を中断することなく、電気生理学的記録のための神経細胞、9、11には比較的簡単にアクセス?...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microscope</td>
 <td>Olympus</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>BX50W (Upright)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Amplifier</td>
 <td>Axon Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Axoclamp 200B </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>A-D converter</td>
 <td>Computer Interference Corp.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Digidata ITC-18 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cooled CCD camera</td>
 <td>PCO Computer Optics </td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Sensicam</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Xenon lamp</td>
 <td>Sutter Instruments Co.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>GFP filter set</td>
 <td>Chroma Technologies</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Imaging Software</td>
 <td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Slidebook software </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrophysiology Data Acquisition Software</td>
 <td>Axon Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Axograph software </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrophysiology Data Acquisition Software</td>
 <td>AD Instruments Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>PowerLab </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Headstage for electrophysiology</td>
 <td>Axon Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>CV 203BU </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micromanipulator</td>
 <td>Sutter Instrument Co </td>
 <td>MP-285 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Recording Chamber Platform</td>
 <td>Warner Instrument Corp.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>P1 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Recording Chamber</td>
 <td>Warner Instrument Corp.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>RC-26G </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode Puller</td>
 <td>Sutter instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>P87 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filament for electrode puller</td>
 <td>Sutter Instruments</td>
 <td>FB330B</td>
 <td>3.0 mm wide trough filament</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1.5 mm glass capillaries</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>1B150-4</td>
 <td>Microelectrode for recording</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Syringe</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>309586</td>
 <td>3 ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MS-222 </td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>E10521-10G</td>
 <td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fish saline</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>mM: 134 NaCl; 2.9 KCl; 2.1 CaCl2; 1.2 MgCl2; 10 HEPES </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode solution (loose-patch) </td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>mM: 150 NaCl; 3.5 KCl; 2.5 CaCl2; 1.3 MgCl2; 10 HEPES; 10 glucose </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode solution (whole-cell patch) </td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>mM: 112.5 K-gluconate; NaCl; 17.5 KCl; 0.5 CaCl2; 1 MgCl2; 5 MgATP; 1 EGTA; 10 HEPES; 1 GTP; 0.1 leupeptin;10 phospho-creatine </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

recording electrical activity from identified neurons in the intact brain of transgenic fish

複雑な行動を調節する神経回路の細胞生理学を理解することは、この作業はCNSの神経回路は無傷のままで無傷の脳の調製において実行可能なモデルシステムを使用して、大幅に高められる。私たちは、ゴナドトロピン放出ホルモン（GnRH）ニューロンは遺伝的に無傷の脳内の識別のための緑色蛍光タンパク質でタグ付けされたトランスジェニック魚を使用しています。魚のGnRHニューロンの複数の集団があり、その機能は、脳内の場所と、彼らは1を表現することのGnRH遺伝子に依存しています。我々は、トランスジェニックメダカの無傷の脳（ 図1BおよびC）を使用して、嗅球に関連付けられているターミナル·神経（TN）に位置GnRH3ニューロンに私たちのデモを当てている。研究はメダカTN-GnRH3ニューロンは外部環境から中枢神経系への情報の送信器として作用する、神経調節であることを示唆している。トンちょっとなどのよく知られた視床下部GnRH1ニューロン2、3を実行します。TN-GnRH3ニューロンの自発活動電位の発火のトニックパターンが固有の特性4-6、周波数であり、下垂体-性腺機能の調節に直接的な役割を果たしていない同種2と神経ペプチドキスペプチン1 5からの視覚的な手がかりによって変調となっている。このビデオでは、TN-GnRH3のニューロンは神経細胞を識別し、脳全体での電気的活動を監視する方法をお見せするために強化された緑色蛍光タンパク質7にリンクGnrh3のプロモーター領域を含む導入遺伝子を発現するトランスジェニックメダカの安定したラインを使用準備6。

メダカの摘出脳からGFP標識TN-GnRH3ニューロンの二国間のクラスタの例を図1B及び1Cに示されている。各クラスタは、約8-10のGnRHニューロンを含んでいます。ターゲットTN-GnRH3の自発神経活動は、0.5〜6 Hzでの典型的な発火率と電流クランプモード（I = 0）で記録した。活動電位の発火のパターンはかなり規則的なスパイク間間隔で、通常はトニックや鼓動パターンです。?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish at JoVE.com

Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish

このビデオでは、複雑な神経回路を維持し、脳全体の準備、で識別される単一のニューロンからの電気的活動を記録する方法を説明します。私たちは、ゴナドトロピン放出ホルモン（GnRH）ニューロンは遺伝的に無傷の脳の準備の識別のための蛍光タンパク質でタグ付けされたトランスジェニック魚を使用しています。

トランスジェニックフィッシュの無傷の脳内で識別ニューロンからの電気的活動を記録する

Understanding the cell physiology of neural circuits that regulate complex behaviors is greatly enhanced by using model systems in which this work can be ...

recording-electrical-activity-from-identified-neurons-intact-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.4K ビュー.  University of California, Los Angeles. このビデオでは、複雑な神経回路を維持し、脳全体の準備、で識別される単一のニューロンからの電気的活動を記録する方法を説明します。私たちは、ゴナドトロピン放出ホルモン（GnRH）ニューロンは遺伝的に無傷の脳の準備の識別のための蛍光タンパク質でタグ付けされたトランスジェニック魚を使用しています。

ビデオ: Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated. Thus, simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity and behavior are essential to correlate brain activity to behavior. For such behavioral analyses, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, allows us to incorporate genetically encoded calcium indicators such as GCaMP1, to monitor neuronal activity, and to use sophisticated genetic manipulations for optogenetic or thermogenetic techniques to specifically activate identified neurons2-5. Use of a thermogenetic technique has led us to find critical neurons for feeding behavior (Flood et al., under revision). As a main part of feeding behavior, a Drosophila adult extends its proboscis for feeding6 (proboscis extension response; PER), responding to a sweet stimulus from sensory cells on its proboscis or tarsi. Combining the protocol for PER7 with a calcium imaging technique8 using GCaMP3.01, 9, I have established an experimental system, where we can monitor activity of neurons in the feeding center &#x2013; the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), simultaneously with behavioral observation of the proboscis. I have designed an apparatus ("Fly brain Live Imaging and Electrophysiology Stage": "FLIES") to accommodate a Drosophila adult, allowing its proboscis to freely move while its brain is exposed to the bath for Ca2+ imaging through a water immersion lens. The FLIES is also appropriate for many types of live experiments on fly brains such as electrophysiological recording or time lapse imaging of synaptic morphology. Because the results from live imaging can be directly correlated with the simultaneous PER behavior, this methodology can provide an excellent experimental system to study information processing of neuronal networks, and how this cellular activity is coupled to plastic processes and memory.

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, extends its proboscis for feeding, responding to a sugar stimulus from its proboscis or tarsus. I have combined observations of the proboscis extension response (PER) with a calcium imaging technique, allowing us to monitor the activity of neurons in the brain, simultaneously with behavioral observation.

同定されたニューロンと摂食行動からカルシウム信号の同時記録キイロショウジョウバエ</em

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated.  Thus, ...

神経科学

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

逆行性蛍光標識は、特定された神経細胞から標的細胞外シングルユニット記録を可能にします<em生体内で&gt;</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Voltage-sensitive Dye Recording from Axons, Dendrites and Dendritic Spines of Individual Neurons in Brain Slices

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding how the brain works. The primary function of any nerve cell is to process electrical signals, usually from multiple sources. Electrical properties of neuronal processes are extraordinarily complex, dynamic, and, in the general case, impossible to predict in the absence of detailed measurements. To obtain such a measurement one would, ideally, like to be able to monitor, at multiple sites, subthreshold events as they travel from the sites of origin on neuronal processes and summate at particular locations to influence action potential initiation. This goal has not been achieved in any neuron due to technical limitations of measurements that employ electrodes. To overcome this drawback, it is highly desirable to complement the patch-electrode approach with imaging techniques that permit extensive parallel recordings from all parts of a neuron. Here, we describe such a technique - optical recording of membrane potential transients with organic voltage-sensitive dyes (Vm-imaging) - characterized by sub-millisecond and sub-micrometer resolution. Our method is based on pioneering work on voltage-sensitive molecular probes 2. Many aspects of the initial technology have been continuously improved over several decades 3, 5, 11. Additionally, previous work documented two essential characteristics of Vm-imaging. Firstly, fluorescence signals are linearly proportional to membrane potential over the entire physiological range (-100 mV to +100 mV; 10, 14, 16). Secondly, loading neurons with the voltage-sensitive dye used here (JPW 3028) does not have detectable pharmacological effects. The recorded broadening of the spike during dye loading is completely reversible 4, 7. Additionally, experimental evidence shows that it is possible to obtain a significant number (up to hundreds) of recordings prior to any detectable phototoxic effects 4, 6, 12, 13. At present, we take advantage of the superb brightness and stability of a laser light source at near-optimal wavelength to maximize the sensitivity of the Vm-imaging technique. The current sensitivity permits multiple site optical recordings of Vm transients from all parts of a neuron, including axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines. The acquired information on signal interactions can be analyzed quantitatively as well as directly visualized in the form of a movie.

An imaging technique for monitoring of membrane potential changes with sub-micrometer spatial and sub-millisecond temporal resolution is described. The technique, based on laser excitation of voltage-sensitive dyes, allows measurements of signals in axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines.

軸索、樹状突起および脳スライスにおける個々のニューロンの樹状突起棘から電位感受性色素記録

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding ...

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of neurophysiology, neuroethology, and developmental biology. The goal of this report is to consolidate experimental techniques from the leech system into a single article that will be of use to physiologists with expertise in other nervous system preparations, or to biology students with little or no electrophysiology experience. We demonstrate how to dissect the leech for recording intracellularly from identified neural circuits in the ganglion. Next we show how individual cells of known function can be removed from the ganglion to be cultured in a Petri dish, and how to record from those neurons in culture. Then we demonstrate how to prepare a patch of innervated skin to be used for mapping sensory or motor fields. These leech preparations are still widely used to address basic electrical properties of neural networks, behavior, synaptogenesis, and development. They are also an appropriate training module for neuroscience or physiology teaching laboratories.

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

This article describes three nervous system preparations using leeches: intracellular recording from neurons in ventral ganglia, culturing neurons from ventral ganglia, and recording from a patch of innervated skin to map sensory fields.

細胞内記録、感覚野のマッピング、および培養は、リーチのニューロンを同定しヒルドmedicinalis</i

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

無傷アダルトゼブラフィッシュの脳における電気生理学的記録

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex using a method developed by Lima and colleagues1. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. This technique &#8211; termed &#8220;PINP&#8221;, or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations &#8211; can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment. It can serve as an inexpensive and accessible alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching, for the purpose of targeting extracellular recordings to genetically-identified cells. Here we provide a set of guidelines for optimizing the method in everyday practice. We refined our strategy specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons.

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

へのガイド<em&gt;インビボ</emOptogenetically同定された皮質抑制性介在から&gt;シングル単位記録

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

無傷の神経上皮におけるマウス嗅細胞の穿孔パッチクランプ記録：同定された嗅覚受容体を発現するニューロンの機能解析

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. However, there is piling evidence that olfaction is not solely limited to chemical sensitivity, but also includes temperature sensitivity. Premetamorphic Xenopus laevis are translucent animals, with protruding nasal cavities deprived of the cribriform plate separating the nose and the olfactory bulb. These characteristics make them well suited for studying olfaction, and particularly thermosensitivity. The present article describes the complete procedure for measuring temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of X. laevis larvae. Firstly, the electroporation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is performed with spectrally distinct dyes loaded into the nasal cavities in order to stain their axon terminals in the bulbar neuropil. The differential staining between left and right receptor neurons serves to identify the &#947;-glomerulus as the only structure innervated by contralateral presynaptic afferents. Secondly, the electroporation is combined with focal bolus loading in the olfactory bulb in order to stain mitral cells and their dendrites. The 3D brain volume is then scanned under line-illumination microscopy for the acquisition of fast calcium imaging data while small temperature drops are induced at the olfactory epithelium. Lastly, the post-acquisition analysis allows the morphological reconstruction of the thermosensitive network comprising the &#947;-glomerulus and its innervating mitral cells, based on specific temperature-induced Ca2+ traces. Using chemical odorants as stimuli in addition to temperature jumps enables the comparison between thermosensitive and chemosensitive networks in the olfactory bulb.

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Here we describe a protocol for measuring and analyzing temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis. Olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells are differentially stained, after which calcium changes are recorded, reflecting a sensitivity of some neural networks in the bulb to temperature drops induced at the nose.

の嗅球にカルシウム変化をモニタリングを通じて温度によって誘発される神経活動を記録<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1を用いた一次体性感覚野における神経活動のイメージング-GCaMP6s トランスジェニック マウス

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Wireless Electrophysiological Recording of Neurons by Movable Tetrodes in Freely Swimming Fish

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain activity from freely moving fish would advance research on the neural basis of fish behavior considerably. Moreover, precise control of the recording location in the brain is critical to studying coordinated neural activity across regions in fish brain. Here, we present a technique that records wirelessly from the brain of freely swimming fish while controlling for the depth of the recording location. The system is based on a neural logger associated with a novel water-compatible implant that can adjust the recording location by microdrive-controlled tetrodes. The capabilities of the system are illustrated through recordings from the telencephalon of goldfish.

A novel wireless technique for recording extracellular neural signals from the brain of freely swimming goldfish is presented. The recording device is composed of two tetrodes, a microdrive, a neural data logger, and a waterproof case. All parts are custom-made except for the data logger and its connector.

自由に泳ぐ魚における可動テトロデスによるニューロンの無線電気生理学的記録

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain ...