この作品は、米航空宇宙局（NASA）の許可NNX11AC68Gとワシントンのカーネギー研究所によってサポートされていました。私は、データの収集と彼の援助のためチーチャンに感謝します。私はまた、この原稿の参考になったレビューのためアナトシャハーとヴァレリーHillgrenに感謝します。

1。出発物質及びサンプルチャンバーを準備する<ol><li>固体シリケートマトリックス中に液状の鉄合金のパーコレーションをシミュレートするため、10重量％の硫黄（4〜30重量％の範囲の金属/ケイ酸塩の比）を有する出発材料の2つのタイプ、（1）天然ケイ石との混合物と金属鉄粉末を作製小遊星本体の初期核形成の間、遊星内側コア結晶化を決定するための微細に接地純鉄と硫化鉄（2）均質な混合物。 </li><li> 1時間メノウ乳鉢でエタノールの下で細かい混合粉末に原料を粉砕し、100℃で乾燥</li><li>その後、焼結のMgOやAl 2 O 3のカプセル（長さ、直径1.5における通常1.5ミリメートル）、およびマルチアンビル実験のための高圧セルアセンブリでそれを所定の位置に、出発物質をロードします。 </li><li>小さな試料室に鉄フェスの混合物をロードします（通常は100直径程度と25＆＃181;ダイヤモンドアンビルセルにおけるレーザー加熱実験用preindentedレニウムガスケットに掘削厚さM）。断熱材としてのNaClの層の間のFe-FeSの混合物を挟む。 </li></ol> 2。マルチアンビル装置の高圧高温実験<ol><li>マルチアンビル高圧セルアセンブリーは、圧力媒体は、熱絶縁体としてのZrO 2スリーブと、円筒状のレニウム又は黒鉛ヒータとしてのMgO八面体からなる。サンプルカプセルは、ヒーター内に収まる。 -C型の熱電対は、試料温度を決定するために試料室に挿入される。 </li><li>加圧のためのマルチアンビル高圧装置内の高圧アセンブリを配置。 </li><li>マルチアンビル装置は、中央に15立方空洞を形成する6取り外し可能なプッシュウェッジで保持リングが含まれている1500トン油圧プレスと圧力モジュールで構成されています。立方空洞H切り捨てられた角を持つ8炭化タングステンキューブをouses。八面体セルアセンブリーに収束する切頭キューブは、圧縮可能なガスケットによって互いに分離されている。油圧ラムは、2段アンビル構成によって試料集成体上に効果的に力を伝達する。 図1は、マルチアンビル実験のための実験手順を示す。 </li><li>修正点圧力較正曲線16に基づいて、室温でGPaの2-27の間の目標圧力にサンプルを加圧し、その後、電気抵抗加熱によって、最大2,300の実験温度に°Cを、加熱し、一定温度で実験を保つ実験期間中、実験終了時に室温にサンプルを急冷の電源をオフにします。 </li><li>油圧バルブを開くことによって、徐々に圧力を解放し、実験的な電荷を回復する。 </li></ol> 3。におけるレーザー加熱実験ダイヤモンドアンビルセル<ol><li>ダイヤモンドアンビルセル内の圧力が2宝石品質の単結晶ダイヤモンドアンビル（約0.25カラットずつ）との間に生成される。私たちは、ピストンシリンダーシステムと完全に整列反対アンビルを駆動するために、対称ダイヤモンドアンビルセルを使用しています。細胞は、地球のコア17の圧力条件に対応する圧力を生成することができる。高温は、ダイヤモンドアンビルセルにレーザー加熱することによって達成される。我々は、両面レーザ加熱技術に基づいており、2つのファイバレーザ、両側から試料を加熱するための光学系、及び両側の温度測定のための2つの分光放射システムで構成されているアドバンス光子源（APS）でシステムを使用する18。このシステムは、大規模な加熱スポット（直径25ミクロン）を生成するダイヤモンドアンビルセル内に半径方向および軸方向の両方のサンプルの温度勾配を最小限に抑え、加熱安定性を最大にするように設計されている。 図2に概略示すレーザー加熱スポットをイメージしたダイヤモンドアンビルセルにおけるレーザー加熱実験のための実験的な構成のS。 </li><li> 300ミクロンculetsとダイヤモンドアンビルの位置を合わせて、250ミクロンの初期厚さから30μmの厚さにレニウムガスケットをpreindent。 </li><li>中心に120〜150μmの直径を有するpreindentedガスケットに穴を開け、穴にサンプルをロードします。 </li><li>室温での目標圧力にサンプルを加圧し、次いで温度を測定しながらレーザパワーを増加させることによって、シンクロトロン施設でのその場 X線回折測定において試料を加熱する。 </li><li>部分溶融が熱放射での回折パターンからの変化によって検出された場合、サンプルをクエンチするレーザーパワーをオフにします。 </li><li> 域外の特性評価のための加熱されたサンプルを回復。 </li></ol> 4。サンプル回収と分析<ol><li>モーUNTエポキシ樹脂中にマルチアンビルサンプルを取得し、150ミクロンから0.25ミクロンにダイヤモンド粉末グリットのスイートを使用して、その表面を研磨。 </li><li>カーボンコート試料の表面および分析のためのツァイスぎょしゃ座のFIB / SEMのクロスビーム装置（ 図3A）の試料室にロードします。 </li><li> 5ミリメートル（ 図3B）の作動距離で、FIBとSEMの一致点にサンプルを合わせ、予備摩サンプルは15×20×20μmの3（ 図3C）の体積を露出させる。 </li><li>ツァイスホテルアウリガFIB / SEM装置（自動約35nmの典型的な画像解像度を有するイオンビームミリング後の一連の画像を記録する）にスライス·ビュー機能を使用して25nmの間隔でSEM画像を取る。 </li><li>視覚化ソフトウェアへとクエンチし、試料中の溶融物分配およびコネクティビティ（ 図3を可視化する3D画像を再構成する入力画像データファイルD）。 </li></ol>

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利害の対立が宣言されていません。

マルチアンビル実験のための技術は、実行長期間安定した圧力及び温度を発生し、比較的大きな試料体積を生成、確立される。それは、特に、特定のサンプル量を必要とするような溶融パーコレーションなどの実験、、のため、惑星の内部のプロセスをシミュレートするための強力なツールです。制限は27炭化タングステン（WC）アンビルとGPaで、火星と水星のコア圧力に達したが、地球と金...

このような地球、金星、火星、水星などの惑星は、ケイ酸塩のマントルと金属コアからなる天体を区別している。近代的な惑星形成モデルでは、地球型惑星が重力相互作用を通して1〜2キロサイズ以上の微惑星から成長したムン·トゥ·マーズサイズの惑星胚の衝突から形成されたことを示唆している。金属鉄合金による放射性など26 Alおよび60 Feなどの短寿命の同位体の崩壊、衝撃、および潜在的なエネルギー3のリリースなどのソースからの加熱溶融温度に達した後、微惑星はおそらくすでに分化させた。それは、液体金属が早期に分化中にケイ酸マトリックスを通して濾過方法を理解することが重要です。 遊星分化は依存して、固体のケイ酸塩マトリックスに効率的な液 - 液分離を介して、または液体金属の浸出により進行することができ大きさや天体の内部の温度に。温度が全体遊星体を溶融するのに十分に高くない場合に固体シリケートマトリックス中の液体金属の浸出は、おそらく初期分化における支配的なプロセスである。パーコレーションの効率は、固体 - 固体および固体 - 液体界面の界面エネルギーによって決定される二面角に依存する。我々は、鉄合金及びシリケートの混合物を高圧高温実験を行うことにより、実験室でこのプロセスをシミュレートすることができる。最近の研究は4-7は 、高い圧力および温度で固体シリケートマトリックス中に液状の鉄合金の濡れ性を調べた。彼らは真の二面角の測定のために洗練された横断面上で急冷液体金属とケイ酸塩粒子間の見かけの二面角の相対頻度分布を測定するために、従来の方法を使用していました。従来の方法は、比較的大きいのuncを生じる測定された二面角と、サンプリング統計に応じて可能バイアスertainties。ここでは、FIBミリング、高解像度電界放出SEMイメージングの組み合わせによる三次元（3D）中のケイ酸塩マトリックス中に液体金属の分布を可視化するための新しいイメージング技術を提示する。新しいイメージング技術は二面角と液相の体積分率と接続性の定量的測定の正確な決定を提供しています。 地球の核は、おそらく、その初期の歴史で液体の状態で、比較的短い時間（&lt;100万年）8に形成された。火星と水星も、それぞれの遊星回転10、に結び付けマーズ·グローバル·サーベイヤーのラジオトラッキングデータ9とレーダースペックルパターンから太陽潮の変形に基づく液体のコアを持っている。コア材料への熱進化モデルと高圧融解実験は、さらに、液体火星のコアをサポート11月12日。最近のメッセンジャー探査機データは、マーキュリー13の液体コアのための追加の証拠を提供する。小さ ​​くても月はおそらくAppollo月の地震波形14の最近の再分析に基づいて少量の液体コアを有する。液体遊星コアは惑星形成の初期段階で高い付着エネルギーと一致する。その後の冷却は、いくつかの惑星のための強固な内部コアの形成につながる可能性があります。地震データは、地球が液体外核と固体内部コアで構成されていることを明らかにした。内核の形成は、熱および組成対流と地球の磁場の発生によって駆動コアのダイナミクスに重要な意味を持っています。 内側コアの凝固は、コア材料の融解温度とコアの熱的進化によって制御される。地球型惑星のコア形成は、同様の降着パスを共有し、コアの化学組成をBと考えられているeは、硫黄（S）、ケイ素（Si）、酸素（O）、炭素（C）及び水素（H）15と約10重量％の光素子と鉄が優勢。これは、組成物のを理解するために、例えばFe-FeSの、鉄-C、鉄のFeO、鉄FEH、およびFe-FeSiat高圧炉心として、関連するシステムでの溶融関係の知識を有することが必須である惑星のコア。本研究では、惑星のコアの条件を模倣、マルチアンビル装置内で行われた実験とダイヤモンドアンビルセルのデモンストレーションを行います。実験は、内部コアの結晶と結晶内核と外液体コア間の軽元素の分布の要件のためのより良い理解につながる、固体と液体金属との間の結晶配列と、元素分配に関する情報を提供します。非常に高い圧力に溶融関係を拡張するために、我々は、レーザー加熱ダイヤモンド-αから回収されたクエンチ試料を分析する新しい技術を開発したnvil細胞実験。レーザー加熱スポットの精密FIBミリングにより、我々はサブミクロンの空間分解能でのシリコンドリフト検出器での高分解能SEMおよび定量化学分析で撮像さ消光テクスチャ基準を使用して溶融決定する。 ここでは、その後の冷却による早期降着と内核結晶化の間にケイ酸マトリックス中の溶融金属の浸透によって惑星のコア形成を模倣する2組の実験の概要を説明します。シミュレーションは、惑星のコアの進化の過程で二つの重要なプロセスを理解することを目的とする。

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	</colgroup>
	<tbody> 
		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Multi-anvil apparatus</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Geophysical Lab</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Home Builder</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;border-top:none;
 width:66pt" width="88">Diamond-anvil cell</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Geophysical Lab</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Home Builder</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> </td>
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		<tr height="64" style="height:48.0pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="64" style="height:48.0pt;border-top:none;
 width:66pt" width="88">Laser-heating system</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">APS GSECARS</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Designed by beamline staff</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> Public beamline</td>
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			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;border-top:none;
 width:66pt" width="88">FIB/SEM Crossbeam</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Carl Zeiss Ltd.</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Auriga</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> </td>
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		<tr height="64" style="height:48.0pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="64" style="height:48.0pt;border-top:none;
 width:66pt" width="88">Avizo 3D software</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">VSG</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Fire for materials science</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> </td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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simulation of the planetary interior differentiation processes in the laboratory

遊星内部は、高圧及び高温の条件下であり、それは層状構造を有している。その層状構造、遊星分化によって固体シリケートマトリクス内の液体金属の（1）パーコレーション、冷却続く惑星（2）内側コアの結晶化をもたらした二つの重要なプロセスがある。我々は、実験室で両方のプロセスをシミュレートするために、高圧及び高温の実験を行う。パーコレーション惑星コアの形成は、二面（湿潤）の角度によって制御され、溶融浸透の効率に依存する。パーコレーションシミュレーションは、ケイ酸が固体のままの鉄 - 硫黄合金が溶融される目標温度に高い圧力で試料を加熱し、次いで3次元可視化により、結晶マトリクス内の液体の移行のスタイルを評価するために、真の二面角を決定することを含む。 3Dボリュームレンダリングは、集束イオンビーム（FIB）を用いて回収し、taの試料をスライスすることによって達成されるFIB / SEMクロスビーム測定器と各スライスの王SEM像。実験の第2のセットは高圧で溶融温度および要素分割を決定することによって液体の外核と固体との間の内側コア、内側コアの結晶化および素子の分布を理解するために設計されている。融解実験は、最大27 GPaでのマルチアンビル装置で行われ、レーザー加熱ダイヤモンドアンビルセル内の高い圧力に拡張されています。我々は、高精度のFIBミリングによって加熱された小さな試料を回収し、高圧で溶融テクスチャーを示すレーザー加熱スポットの高解像度画像を得る技術を開発した。共存する液相及び固相の化学組成を分析することによって、我々は正確に、内側コア結晶化プロセスを理解するために必要なデータを提供する、液相曲線を決定する。

我々は、出発物質として、サンカルロスオリビンと異なる金属ケイ酸塩比を有する鉄のFeS金属合金の混合物を用いて一連の実験を行った。金属のS含有量は10重量％であるS.ここでは良く校正マルチアンビルアセンブリ15を使用して、6 GPaで1800℃で行った高圧実験からのいくつかの代表的な結果を示す。実験条件下で、鉄フェス金属合金が完全に溶融し、珪酸塩（サンカルロスオリビン?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

ここに記載の高圧及び高温の実験は、遊星内部分化プロセスを模倣する。プロセスは、高解像度の3Dイメージングおよび定量化学分析によって可視化し、よりよく理解される。

研究室での惑星インテリア分化過程のシミュレーション

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to ...

simulation-planetary-interior-differentiation-processes

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.5K ビュー.  Carnegie Institution of Washington. ここに記載の高圧及び高温の実験は、遊星内部分化プロセスを模倣する。プロセスは、高解像度の3Dイメージングおよび定量化学分析によって可視化し、よりよく理解される。 

ビデオ: Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Revealing Dynamic Processes of Materials in Liquids Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy

The recent development for in situ transmission electron microscopy, which allows imaging through liquids with high spatial resolution, has attracted significant interests across the research fields of materials science, physics, chemistry and biology. The key enabling technology is a liquid cell. We fabricate liquid cells with thin viewing windows through a sequential microfabrication process, including silicon nitride membrane deposition, photolithographic patterning, wafer etching, cell bonding, etc. A liquid cell with the dimensions of a regular TEM grid can fit in any standard TEM sample holder. About 100 nanoliters reaction solution is loaded into the reservoirs and about 30 picoliters liquid is drawn into the viewing windows by capillary force. Subsequently, the cell is sealed and loaded into a microscope for in situ imaging. Inside the TEM, the electron beam goes through the thin liquid layer sandwiched between two silicon nitride membranes. Dynamic processes of nanoparticles in liquids, such as nucleation and growth of nanocrystals, diffusion and assembly of nanoparticles, etc., have been imaged in real time with sub-nanometer resolution. We have also applied this method to other research areas, e.g., imaging proteins in water. Liquid cell TEM is poised to play a major role in revealing dynamic processes of materials in their working environments. It may also bring high impact in the study of biological processes in their native environment.

We have developed a self-contained liquid cell, which allows imaging through liquids using a transmission electron microscope. Dynamic processes of nanoparticles in liquids can be revealed in real time with sub-nanometer resolution.

液晶セルの透過型電子顕微鏡を使用して液体の材料の動的過程を明らかにする

The recent development for in situ transmission electron microscopy, which allows imaging through liquids with high spatial resolution, has attracted ...

工学

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

先進ライトソースで難実験：すす生成プロセスに新たな洞察

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System

For the purpose of investigating the evolution of dust aggregates in the early Solar System, we developed two vacuum drop towers in which fragile dust aggregates with sizes up to ~10 cm and porosities up to 70% can be collided. One of the drop towers is primarily used for very low impact speeds down to below 0.01 m/sec and makes use of a double release mechanism. Collisions are recorded in stereo-view by two high-speed cameras, which fall along the glass vacuum tube in the center-of-mass frame of the two dust aggregates. The other free-fall tower makes use of an electromagnetic accelerator that is capable of gently accelerating dust aggregates to up to 5 m/sec. In combination with the release of another dust aggregate to free fall, collision speeds up to ~10 m/sec can be achieved. Here, two fixed high-speed cameras record the collision events. In both drop towers, the dust aggregates are in free fall during the collision so that they are weightless and match the conditions in the early Solar System.

We present a technique to achieve low-velocity to intermediate-velocity collisions between fragile dust aggregates in the laboratory. For this purpose, two vacuum drop-tower setups have been developed that allow collision velocities between &#60;0.01 and ~10 m/sec. The collision events are recorded by high-speed imaging.

原始太陽系におけるダスト凝集衝突の実験的シミュレーションのための研究室のドロップタワー

For the purpose of investigating the evolution of dust aggregates in the early Solar System, we developed two vacuum drop towers in which fragile dust ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

核反応分析と深さ方向分析を通じて表面・界面層とバルク材料中の水素濃度の定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With designs governed by the dynamic performance under human-induced loads, a strong demand exists for the verification and refinement of currently available load models. The present contribution uses a 3D inertial motion tracking technique for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior. The technique is first tested in laboratory experiments with simultaneous registration of the corresponding ground reaction forces. The experiments include walking persons as well as rhythmical human activities such as jumping and bobbing. It is shown that the registered motion allows for the identification of the time variant pacing rate of the activity. Together with the weight of the person and the application of generalized force models available in literature, the identified time-variant pacing rate allows to characterize the human-induced loads. In addition, time synchronization among the wireless motion trackers allows identifying the synchronization rate among the participants. Subsequently, the technique is used on a real footbridge where both the motion of the persons and the induced structural vibrations are registered. It is shown how the characterized in-field pedestrian behavior can be applied to simulate the induced structural response. It is demonstrated that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads. The main potential applications of the proposed methodology are the estimation of human-structure interaction phenomena and the development of suitable models for the correlation among pedestrians in real traffic conditions.

A protocol is presented for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior and the simulation of the resulting structural response. Field-tests demonstrate that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate among the participants constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads.

特徴付けインフィールド歩行者の行動に基づいて、人間によって誘発される振動のシミュレーション

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With ...

Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes

The use of Finite Element (FE) simulation software to adequately predict the outcome of sheet metal forming processes is crucial to enhancing the efficiency and lowering the development time of such processes, whilst reducing costs involved in trial-and-error prototyping. Recent focus on the substitution of steel components with aluminum alloy alternatives in the automotive and aerospace sectors has increased the need to simulate the forming behavior of such alloys for ever more complex component geometries. However these alloys, and in particular their high strength variants, exhibit limited formability at room temperature, and high temperature manufacturing technologies have been developed to form them. Consequently, advanced constitutive models are required to reflect the associated temperature and strain rate effects. Simulating such behavior is computationally very expensive using conventional FE simulation techniques.
This paper presents a novel Knowledge Based Cloud FE (KBC-FE) simulation technique that combines advanced material and friction models with conventional FE simulations in an efficient manner thus enhancing the capability of commercial simulation software packages. The application of these methods is demonstrated through two example case studies, namely: the prediction of a material's forming limit under hot stamping conditions, and the tool life prediction under multi-cycle loading conditions.

The following paper presents a novel FE simulation technique (KBC-FE), which reduces computational cost by performing simulations on a cloud computing environment, through the application of individual modules. Moreover, it establishes a seamless collaborative network between world leading scientists, enabling the integration of cutting edge knowledge modules into FE simulations.

シートメタル成形プロセスの知識ベースのクラウドFEシミュレーション

The use of Finite Element (FE) simulation software to adequately predict the outcome of sheet metal forming processes is crucial to enhancing the ...

Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify their influence on void formation in composite parts. Wicking in a fibrous medium described by the Washburn equation was considered equivalent to a flow under the effect of capillary pressure according to the Darcy law. Experimental tests for the characterization of wicking were conducted with both carbon and flax fiber reinforcement. Quasi-unidirectional fabrics were then tested by means of a tensiometer to determine the morphological and wetting parameters along the fiber direction. The procedure was shown to be promising when the morphology of the fabric is unchanged during capillary wicking. In the case of carbon fabrics, the capillary pressure can be calculated. Flax fibers are sensitive to moisture sorption and swell in water. This phenomenon has to be taken into account to assess the wetting parameters. In order to make fibers less sensitive to water sorption, a thermal treatment was carried out on flax reinforcements. This treatment enhances fiber morphological stability and prevents swelling in water. It was shown that treated fabrics have a linear wicking trend similar to those found in carbon fabrics, allowing for the determination of capillary pressure.

An experimental method to measure geometrical parameters and the apparent advancing contact angles describing capillary wicking in unidirectional synthetic and natural fabrics is proposed. These parameters are mandatory for the determination of the capillary pressures that must be taken into account for liquid composite molding (LCM) applications.

単方向生地のためのテストをウィッキング：キャピラリーパラメータの測定を液体複合成形プロセスに毛細管圧力を評価します

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify ...

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

One of the challenges in microstructure analysis nowadays resides in the reliable and accurate characterization of ultra-fine grained (UFG) and nanocrystalline materials. The traditional techniques associated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), such as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), do not possess the required spatial resolution due to the large interaction volume between the electrons from the beam and the atoms of the material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has the required spatial resolution. However, due to a lack of automation in the analysis system, the rate of data acquisition is slow which limits the area of the specimen that can be characterized. This paper presents a new characterization technique, Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD), which enables the analysis of the microstructure of UFG and nanocrystalline materials using an SEM equipped with a standard EBSD system. The spatial resolution of this technique can reach 2 nm. This technique can be applied to a large range of materials that would be difficult to analyze using traditional EBSD. After presenting the experimental set up and describing the different steps necessary to realize a TKD analysis, examples of its use on metal alloys and minerals are shown to illustrate the resolution of the technique and its flexibility in term of material to be characterized.

This paper provides a detailed method to characterize the microstructure of ultra-fine grained and nanocrystalline materials using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a standard electron backscatter diffraction system. Metal alloys and minerals presenting refined microstructures are analyzed using this technique, showing the diversity of its possible applications.

トランスミッション菊池回折を用いて超微細粒とナノ結晶材料のキャラクタリゼーション

One of the challenges in microstructure analysis nowadays resides in the reliable and accurate characterization of ultra-fine grained (UFG) and ...

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory

Given their potential for significant property improvements relative to their large grained counterparts, much work has been devoted to the continued development of nanocrystalline metals. Despite these efforts, the transition of these materials from the lab bench to actual applications has been blocked by the inability to produce large scale parts that retain the desired nanocrystalline microstructures. Following the development of a method proven to stabilize the nanosized grain structure to temperatures approaching that of the melting point for the given metal, the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has progressed to the next stage in the development of these materials - namely the production of large scale parts suitable for testing and evaluation in a range of relevant test environments. This report provides a broad overview of the ongoing efforts in the processing, characterization, and consolidation of these materials at ARL. In particular, focus is placed on the methodology used for producing the nanocrystalline metal powders, in both small and large-scale amounts, that are at the center of ongoing research efforts.

This paper provides a brief overview of the ongoing efforts at the Army Research Laboratory on the processing of bulk nanocrystalline metals with an emphasis on the methodologies used for the production of the novel metal powders.

米国陸軍研究所で一括ナノ多結晶金属の処理

Given their potential for significant property improvements relative to their large grained counterparts, much work has been devoted to the continued ...

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic glasses (MGs). Despite their amorphous nature, the identification of hyperfine interactions unveils faint structural modifications. For this purpose, we have employed two techniques that utilize nuclear resonance among nuclear levels of a stable 57Fe isotope, namely M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation. The effects of heat treatment upon (Fe2.85Co1)77Mo8Cu1B14 MG are discussed using the results of ex situ and in situ experiments, respectively. As both methods are sensitive to hyperfine interactions, information on structural arrangement as well as on magnetic microstructure is readily available. M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry performed ex situ describes how the structural arrangement and magnetic microstructure appears at room temperature after the annealing under certain conditions (temperature, time), and thus this technique inspects steady states. On the other hand, NFS data are recorded in situ during dynamically changing temperature and NFS examines transient states. The use of both techniques provides complementary information. In general, they can be applied to any suitable system in which it is important to know its steady state but also transient states.

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Here, we present a protocol to describe ex situ and in situ investigations of structural transformations in metallic glasses. We employed nuclear-based analytical methods which inspect hyperfine interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation during temperature-driven experiments.

Ex その場その場で調査構造変換の方法: 金属ガラスの結晶化の事例

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic ...