著者は、彼らの助けとサポートのために、以下の人々や機関に感謝したいと思います：ウィリアム·ポルタスとジェームズヒースマン（産業·アドバイザーズ、シェルE＆P）、リチャード·リトルフィールドとロドニーペニントン（シェルWesthollow技術センター）、ダニエレ·ディ·クレシェンツォ（シェルリサーチさてエンジニア）、ビル·カールーザーズ（ラファージュ）、ティム·カーク（現シェブロン付き）、ジェリーMastermanとウェイン·マヌエル（LSU PERTTラボ）、リック·ヤング（LSU岩石力学研究室）、およびSEERラボ（AROME Oyibo、タオタオのメンバー、およびIordan Bossev）。

1.複合試料（図1） NOTE：メキシコ湾（USA）のほとんどのセメントジョブがクラスHセメント18を使用して行われるため、セメントの同じタイプのフィールドのような条件をシミュレートする実験室実験を行うために使用された、SCPするためのこの技術の潜在的な適用性メキシコ湾の修復。 <ol><li>試料調製 注：61-cmの長いサンプルでは、2つのグレードのBに電気的に抵抗溶接され（ERW）炭素鋼鋼管（ 図1）で構成されています。内管は、長さ61cmであるが2.8mmの壁の厚さの直径（OD）の外側に6cm有する。外管は、59.7センチ、10センチOD 5.7程度の肉厚を有する。降伏強度とパイプの引張強度は、それぞれ、241メガパスカルと414 MPaである。 <ol><li>フィールド条件の拡大や岩の模倣気孔率の間に圧力の緩和を提供するために、外管に2.4ミリメートルの12の穴を開けます。目の上の次のドリル8 8.6ミリメートル穴E外管、90°離れ4穴トップ13センチ、4穴、上から53センチメートル付き。 </li><li>サンプルの一番下（入口）とトップ（出口）側の管継手とナイロンチューブマニホールドアセンブリとの接続を可能にするために3.2ミリメートルNPT（ナショナルパイプスレッド）スレッドチップでこれらの穴に糸を通す。入口と出口ポートは40.64センチメートル離れており、前後の拡張マルチレートガス流通実験を実行するために使用されていることを確認。 </li><li>セメントのmicrofracturingを引き起こす可能性が水酸化鉄や腐食生成物の形成に起因する実験を妨げる可能性硬化期間中に腐食を防止する腐食防止スプレーでコート外管。 注：金属の腐食は、多くの場合、坑井システム内に存在するので、このシナリオは、将来の実験で試験する。 </li><li>内管の内壁に溶接ビードアウトマシン。 </li><li> 6.35センチメートル外径パイプから4.5センチの長さにカスタムメイドのスチールカップをカット。 T内壁部分をhread 0.63 1cm厚鋼板リング（ 図2）に溶接する。 図2に示すように、溶接、カップリングとの接続を可能にするために4.5センチメートルの長さの外壁に内管の底部を通します。 </li><li>鋼板リングの外管を溶接する。 </li><li>その全長に沿って石油ゼリーとベーキングスプレーで内管の外壁に注油してください。複合試料アセンブリを完了するために、カップリングに内側パイプをねじ込み。 </li><li>比C / W 1.57グラム/ cm 3のセメントスラリーを0.87内側と外側管との間の体積を固める。 </li><li> 28日以上の期間、周囲条件下での水浴中で試料を硬化させる。高いpH環境を維持するために水のCa（OH）2を添加することによって12と13との間の水の浴のpHを維持する。 </li></ol></li><li> 13.1ポンド/ガロンのセメントスラリーの製造（2.2 Lのボリューム用） <ol><li>への水の1350グラムを注ぐ4 L、3.75馬力ラボブレンダー、低速（30,000×gで）上で5分間ベントナイトプレ和物30グラム（セメントの2重量％）。 </li><li> 5分後、消泡剤を5ml及び51755×gでの高速での40秒間の剪断ブレンダーにセメント粉末1500gを注ぐ。パイプ組立体の環状部にセメントスラリーを注ぎ、空気への暴露を避け、セメントの炭酸化を防ぐために、濡れた布やプラスチックラップでカバーしています。 </li><li>セメントスラリーは、パイプの間に注ぐ六時間後、内管バック四半期ターン前後セメント水和の次の20時間15分ごとに内管をセメント接着を防止し、マイクロチャネルを作成する回転（microannularために必要ガスフロー）。 </li><li> 28日以上の期間のための水浴中で水平に超硬合金複合試料を置きます。水浴の水20 LへのCa（OH）2を100g添加することによって達成される約13のpH値を有することを確認してください。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.予備発泡フロースルー実験<ol><li>サンプルの外管には4つの入口および出口ポートに3.2ミリメートル継手をねじ込み。継手への圧力変換器（ 図5）と、入口と出口マニホールドを接続します。 </li><li> 50キロパスカルの最初の入口圧力に、ガスシリンダを加圧する。圧力を記録するためにコンピュータソフトウェアをオンにします。 </li><li>流量計を開き、フロースルーテストを開始。入口監視し、 図6に示すように、1分間画面に圧力を出口。 </li><li> 172キロパスカルの圧力を入口さらに2分間圧力を監視するためにガスシリンダを加圧する。 </li><li>エンドフロースルー実験および圧力記録。ガスボンベを閉じて、大気中に残留ガスを排出。マニホールドを解体し、炭酸化、セメントの乾燥を防ぐために、拡張ユニットに電力を供給しながら、濡れた布でサンプルの上をカバーしています。 </li><li>コー​​トリットルと内管の内壁スムーズな拡張コーンのランニングとサンプル用のubricantは拡張のための準備ができている。 </li></ol> 3.拡張セットアップと展開手順<ol><li> 図4aに示すように、完全に、油圧シリンダによって下部ハウジングから拡張マンドレルを保持する。上部の開口部を通して固定具の低いサンプルハウジング（ 図4b）で水和セメントと複合試料を置きます。 </li><li>完全に図4cに示すように、所望の発泡倍率（ 図3）と拡張コーンは、その上に滑り込まされた後、試料を拡張マンドレル細長い。拡張マンドレル上に保持マンドレルをねじ込み、その後、下部筐体の下側のコネクタに保持マンドレルガイドをねじ込みます。サンプルでは、​​拡張のための準備ができている。 </li><li> 10.3 MPaでの最適圧力に油圧ユニットに電力を供給し、かつ軸力記録のためのコンピュータソフトウェアをオンにします。 </li><li> COをアクティブ拡張マンドレルを引っ込め、したがって、パイプを拡大し、セメント鞘を圧縮する、サンプルの内管を通じて拡大を引っ張って切り替えるntrol。 40.64センチメートル（ 図4d）の長さにサンプルを展開し、元の位置へと拡張マンドレルを細長い。軸力の記録を停止します。 </li><li>保持マンドレルガイドを外し、保持マンドレルを取り外します。拡張マンドレルから拡張コーンを脱いで、完全に下部筐体を形成したサンプルを除去するために、心棒を撤回。 </li><li>サンプルを除去した後、拡張後のマルチレートガス流通実験の準備をします。 </li></ol> 4.ポスト拡張マルチレートフロースルー実験<ol><li>搾りセメントペーストの余分からのクリーン入口および出口ポート。 </li><li>サンプルの外管には4つの入口および出口ポートに管継手をねじ込み。に示すように、継手に入口及び出口マニホルドを接続する<strong&gt;図5。 </li><li> 172キロパスカルの入口圧力を初期のガスボンベに圧力をかける。圧力を記録するためにコンピュータソフトウェアをオンにします。 </li><li>流量計を開き、フロースルーテストを開始。入口監視し、画面（ 図6）上の圧力を出口。 </li><li> 5分後、345キロパスカルの圧力入口さらに5分間圧力を監視するためのガスシリンダを加圧する。 </li><li> 5分後517キロパスカルへの入口圧力を上昇させる。 </li><li> 5分後、さらに5分間、690キロパスカルの最後の入口圧力と入口圧力を増加させる。 </li><li>フロースルー実験と圧力録音を終了。ガスボンベを閉じて、大気中に残留ガスを排出。サンプルからマニホールドを解体。 </li></ol> Microannulusの実効透磁率5.計算注：この研究の主な目的は、電子の前後のガス流の存在に関する定性的情報を提供することであったxpansion。実験デザインは、チャネルの幅を測定し、速度精度を流すことができるように洗練された構成要素を有していない。ガス流の封これらの予備実験の間の主な焦点であった。したがって、ここに示されている透過性の計算のいずれかは、研究のより半定量的ではなく、主な目標である。 <ol><li>有効透過率の計算のために、圧力安定化の際= 1.42センチメートル3 / secで約qの一定の窒素流量を使用。周囲条件における窒素ガスの偏差因子は、Z = 1、粘度μ= 0.018 cPである。 T = 535ºRの周囲条件で、すべてのフロースルーテストを実施。 </li><li>外管の内径をとることによって接合環状空間の面積を計算し、rはOinn = 4.6センチメートル、内管の外半径r = 3.05 Ioutは cmである。入口および出口ポート（ΔL）との間の距離は40.64センチメートルある。圧力差（P 入口 -P アウトレット ）、REC入口と出口の圧力変換器によってorded、予め製造microannulus（K個のEF）19の実効透磁率の計算に使用される唯一の変数は、次のとおりです。 <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq1.jpg" />式。 1 Q -窒素流量[cm 3程度/ sec]でのK EF -効果的なパーマ。 microannulusの[のmD] R Ioutは -外管のID [CM] R Oinn -インナーパイプの外径[cm]で μ -ガス粘度[cPで] Z -ガス偏差因子 T - temperatu再[ºR]ΔL -圧力変換器間の距離[cm]で P 入口 -入口圧力[ATM] P アウトレット -アウトレット圧力[ATM] </li><li>式（1）に上記の値の全ての代替と出口圧力変換器があった予膨張フロースルー実験中に記録された入口圧力がP 入口 = 12キロパスカル（0.12気圧）であった実施例1で以下に示すように、実効透磁率を計算するP アウトレット = 0.4キロパスカル（0.004気圧）。 例1： <img alt="式2" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq2.jpg" /></li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The reported experimental procedure has two main components that are critical: composite cylinders that simulate wellbores and the expansion fixture that is used to carry out mechanical manipulation of cement. When designing wellbore models (cement/pipe composite cylinders), it is critical to choose adequate cement density, store samples under total humidity conditions (100% RH) and establish pipe-cement debonding before cement slurry completely sets. Failing to achieve this would make the entire gas flow experiment impo...

坑井セメントの機械的操作を行うために使用される拡張具をシミュレート複合シリンダー：報告された実験手順は極めて重要である2つの主要な構成要素を有している。 坑井は地下流体（水、油、ガス、または蒸気）の製造と同様に種々の流体を注入するための主要なゲートウェイである。かかわらず、その機能の、坑井が生成/注入された流体の制御された流れを提供するために必要である。掘削および完成：坑井の建設は、2つの異なる事業を展開しています。坑井のセメント、補完手順の一部は、主に帯状の分離、金属パイプ（ケーシング）の機械的支持、及び腐食性流体からの金属成分の保護を提供する。これらには、妥協のない、完全に機能する坑井の不可欠な要素です。坑井のセメントシースの完全性は、cの形状、水和セメントの化学的および物理的特性の関数であるよくASED、及び周囲の形成/形成の特性は、2,3、流体。それは岩及び/又は金属との界面での強い結合の形成を妨げるので、掘削流体の不完全な除去が貧弱な帯状の分離になります。セメントシースは、井戸の寿命の間に障害の多くの種類を行うことができる。完成と生産の操作によって生じる圧力と温度振動はセメントマトリックス内骨折の発展に貢献する。剥離は、圧力および/ ​​または温度変化やセメント水和収縮4,5,6によって引き起こされる。その発生の初期または寿命の年後に検出することができるが、結果は、ほとんど常にmicroannular流体の流れの存在である。 ヒースマンとベック（2006）は、流体移行するための優先的な経路をもたらす可能性がセメントクラックの見える剥離、開始を示し、100を超える圧力と温度繰返し荷重にさらさ接合ケーシングのモデルを作成した&lt;SUP&gt; 7。フィールドには、坑井の金属成分の伸縮は、セメントシースの透過性の増加につながる、microannulusの界面剥離と形成を引き起こす、セメント及び石のものと一致しないであろう。引張応力は材料8の引張強度を越えると、増設筐負荷がセメントマトリックス内の半径方向のクラックの伝播を引き起こす可能性がある。上記のセメントの障害のすべては、ガス移行、SCPの発生、および長期的な環境リスクにつながるマイクロチャネリングをもたらすことができる。 SCPとの生産と放棄された井戸の相当数は、連続天然ガス放出9の潜在的な新しいソースを構成している。アルバータ州、カナダで315,000石油、ガス、および注入井戸のワトソンとバチュー（2009）が行った分析も坑井偏差、ウェルタイプ、放棄方法、およびセメントの品質が重要な要因の共同であることを示したウェル10の浅い部分でのポテンシャル井戸漏れntributing。既存の救済操作はコストがかかり、失敗した。スクイズセメント、最も一般的に使用される救済技術の一つは、わずか50〜11％の成功率を有している。 本論文では、漏洩坑井12,13のための新たな浄化技術として拡張ケーシング·テクノロジー（ECT）の評価について報告する。 ECTは、新規または既存の井戸14に適用することができる。この技術の最初の商用インストールは、1999年11月15にメキシコ湾の浅瀬でよく上シェブロンによって行われた。拡張可能なチューブラー用の現在の動作包絡線は205℃までの垂直、温度から100°の傾斜をカプセル化し、 2.37グラム/ cm 3であり、8763メートル、160.6 GPaでの静水圧と筒の長さ2092メートル16の深さまで泥の重み。固体膨張チューブラーの典型的な膨張率であるpproximately 2.4メートル/ 17分。 この研究は、SCPのための新たな修正操作としてECT技術の適応へのユニークなアプローチを提供しています。鋼管の膨張は界面におけるガス流の閉鎖をもたらし、ガス漏れをシールするであろうセメントを圧縮する。したがって、我々は唯一のリーキー坑の原因として、その焦点を当て、この研究の焦点は、既存のmicroannularガス流のシールであることを言及することが重要である。この目的のために、新たに適応技術の有効性を試験するために、我々は、既存のmicroannular流と坑井モデルを設計した。これは、セメント水和の際に内管を回転させることによって得られる。これは任意のフィールドの操作をシミュレートするためではなく、単に早送りする坑井の熱と圧力荷重の数十年後に何が起こるかではありません。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 40 Steel pipe - OD=10.16 cm, ID=10.04 cm, L=59.7 cm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Baker Sales</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BPE-4.00BB40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:341px;">ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 10 Steel pipe - OD=6 cm, ID=5.94 cm, L=61 cm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Service Steel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">Expansion Cones - AISI D2 grade alloy steel (60 RC hardness)</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Shell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:341px;">Pipe coupling - OD=6.35 cm, ID=6 cm, L=4.4 cm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">Steel plate ring - OD=10.16 cm, ID=5.76 cm, thickness=6.35 mm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Louisiana Cutting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:341px;">Class H Cement</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LaFarge</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-16-12 / 14-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:341px;">Defoaming agent - D-Air 3000L</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Halliburton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Bentonite clay</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Calcium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:341px;">Expansion Fixture</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Shell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:341px;">Pressure transducers</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Omega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PX480A-200GV&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Teflon tubing</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PB0754100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Union tee</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:341px;">Elbow union</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:341px;">Female elbow</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-8-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:341px;">Port connector</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-401-PC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Forged body valve</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-1RS4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:341px;">Tube adapter</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-4-TA-1-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:341px;">Pipe lubricant</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">E.F. Houghoton &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>71323998</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Instant Galvanize Zinc Coating</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">CRC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">78254184128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mechanical expansion of steel tubing as a solution to leaky wellbores

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe (casing), and protects metal components from corrosive fluids. These are essential for uncompromised wellbore integrity. Cements can undergo multiple forms of failure, such as debonding at the cement/rock and cement/metal interfaces, fracturing, and defects within the cement matrix. Failures and defects within the cement will ultimately lead to fluid migration, resulting in inter-zonal fluid migration and premature well abandonment. Currently, there are over 1.8 million operating wells worldwide and over one third of these wells have leak related problems defined as Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP)1. 
The focus of this research was to develop an experimental setup at bench-scale to explore the effect of mechanical manipulation of wellbore casing-cement composite samples as a potential technology for the remediation of gas leaks. 
The experimental methodology utilized in this study enabled formation of an impermeable seal at the pipe/cement interface in a simulated wellbore system. Successful nitrogen gas flow-through measurements demonstrated that an existing microannulus was sealed at laboratory experimental conditions and fluid flow prevented by mechanical manipulation of the metal/cement composite sample. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied not only for the remediation of leaky wellbores, but also in plugging and abandonment procedures as well as wellbore completions technology, and potentially preventing negative impacts of wellbores on subsurface and surface environments.

複合サンプル上予膨張ガス流通試験は、事前に製造されたmicroannulus（ 図7および8）を介してガスの流れを確認し、出口圧力トランスデューサに圧力記録を示した。最初の注入口の圧力は103キロパスカルであり、ガス流量は、その期間を85 ml /分で保持したところ、初期条件が同じに保たれた。最高圧力は172キロパスカル入口圧力を増加した後に記録しながら、入口と?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores at JoVE.com

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

漏洩坑の解決策として鋼チューブの機械的な拡張

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe ...

mechanical-expansion-of-steel-tubing-as-a-solution-to-leaky-wellbores

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12.1K ビュー.  Louisiana State University. This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

ビデオ: Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors, lipid-coated perfluorocarbon droplets have been developed which can be vaporized by HIFU. The vasculature in many tumors is abnormally leaky due to their rapid growth, and nanoparticles are able to penetrate the fenestrations and passively accumulate within tumors. Thus, controlling the size of the droplets can result in better accumulation within tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable droplets in a phase-shift nanoemulsion (PSNE) with a narrow size distribution is described. PSNE were synthesized by sonicating a lipid solution in the presence of liquid perfluorocarbon. A narrow size distribution was obtained by extruding the PSNE multiple times using filters with pore sizes of 100 or 200 nm. The size distribution was measured over a 7-day period using dynamic light scattering. Polyacrylamide hydrogels containing PSNE were prepared for in vitro experiments. PSNE droplets in the hydrogels were vaporized with ultrasound and the resulting bubbles enhanced localized heating. Vaporized PSNE enables more rapid heating and also reduces the ultrasound intensity needed for thermal ablation. Thus, PSNE is expected to enhance thermal ablation in tumors, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes of HIFU-mediated thermal ablation treatments.

Phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE) can be vaporized using high intensity focused ultrasound to enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable PSNE with a narrow size distribution is described. Furthermore, the impact of vaporized PSNE on ultrasound-mediated ablation is demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms.

アコースティック液滴蒸発とバブルが強化された超音波媒介アブレーションのための狭いサイズ分布を有する位相シフトナノエマルジョンの合成

High-intensity  focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To  enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in ...

工学

A Cost-effective and Reliable Method to Predict Mechanical Stress in Single-use and Standard Pumps

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping process shear forces occur which can lead to qualitative and/or quantitative product loss. To calculate the mechanical stress with limited experimental expense, an oil-water emulsion system was used, whose suitability was demonstrated for drop size detections in bioreactors1. As drop breakup of the oil-water emulsion system is a function of mechanical stress, drop sizes need to be counted over the experimental time of shear stress investigations. In previous studies, the inline endoscopy has been shown to be an accurate and reliable measurement technique for drop size detections in liquid/liquid dispersions. The aim of this protocol is to show the suitability of the inline endoscopy technique for drop size measurements in pumping processes. In order to express the drop size, the Sauter mean diameter d32 was used as the representative diameter of drops in the oil-water emulsion. The results showed low variation in the Sauter mean diameters, which were quantified by standard deviations of below 15%, indicating the reliability of the measurement technique.

Shear stress investigations on an oil-water emulsion system result in drop breakup over the experimental time. To count drop sizes in pumping processes, the suitability of inline endoscopy was successfully demonstrated in this protocol.

シングル利用と標準ポンプに機械的応力を予測するために費用対効果と信頼性の高い方法

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping ...

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators. One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator. This modulator is particularly well suited for holographic video experimentation as it is relatively simple and inexpensive to fabricate1-3. Some additional advantages of leaky mode devices include: large aggregate bandwidth, polarization separation of signal light from noise, large angular deflection and frequency control of color1. In order to realize these advantages, it is necessary to be able to adequately characterize these devices as their operation is strongly dependent on waveguide and transducer parameters4. To characterize the modulators, the authors use a commercial prism coupler as well as a custom characterization apparatus to identify guided modes, calculate waveguide thickness and finally to map the device's frequency input and angular output of leaky mode modulators. This work gives a detailed description of the measurement and characterization of leaky mode modulators suitable for full-color holographic video.

This work describes fabrication and characterization of anisotropic leaky mode modulators for holographic video.

Holovideoための異方性漏洩モードモジュレーターのキャラクタリゼーション

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators.  One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator.  This ...

The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, building and food industries, amongst others. Polyester and coatings containing both polyester and silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) have been widely used to protect steel substrata from corrosion. In this study, we utilized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements, optical profiling and atomic force microscopy to provide an insight into how exposure to sunlight can cause changes in the micro- and nanoscale integrity of the coatings. No significant change in surface micro-topography was detected using optical profilometry, however, statistically significant nanoscale changes to the surface were detected using atomic force microscopy. Analysis of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy data revealed that degradation of the ester groups had occurred through exposure to ultraviolet light to form COO&#903;, -H2C&#903;, -O&#903;, -CO&#903; radicals. During the degradation process, CO and CO2 were also produced.

Two types of surfaces, polyester-coated steel and polyester coated with a layer of silica nanoparticles, were studied. Both surfaces were exposed to sunlight, which was found to cause substantial changes in the chemistry and nanoscale topography of the surface.

日光への露出表面上にシリカナノ粒子 - ポリエステルコーティングの進化

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

カリフォルニアアシカのForeflipperを研究するためのロボットプラットフォーム

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed that, under the proper conditions, ice can be produced when water is introduced to a bath of cold brine. To make ice form, in addition to having the brine and water mix, the rate of heat transfer must bypass that of mass transfer. When water is introduced in the form of tiny droplets to the brine surface, the mode of heat and mass transfer is by diffusion. The buoyancy stops water from mixing with the brine underneath, but as the ice grows thicker, it slows down the rate of heat transfer, making ice more difficult to grow as a result. When water is introduced inside the brine in the form of a flow, a number of factors are found to influence how much ice can form. Brine temperature and concentration, which are the driving forces of heat and mass transfer, respectively, can affect the water-to-ice conversion ratio; lower bath temperatures and brine concentrations encourage more ice to form. The flow rheology, which can directly affect both the heat and mass transfer coefficients, is also a key factor. In addition, the flow rheology changes the area of contact of the flow with the bulk fluid.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate the generation of ice when water is introduced to a cold bath of brine, as a secondary refrigerant, at a range of temperatures well below the freezing point of water. It can be used as an alternative way of producing ice for industry.

塩水の冷浴に水を導入するアイス生成と熱・物質移動現象

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed ...

Preparation and High-temperature Anti-adhesion Behavior of a Slippery Surface on Stainless Steel

Anti-adhesion surfaces with high-temperature resistance have a wide application potential in electrosurgical instruments, engines, and pipelines. A typical anti-wetting superhydrophobic surface easily fails when exposed to a high-temperature liquid. Recently, Nepenthes-inspired slippery surfaces demonstrated a new way to solve the adhesion problem. A lubricant layer on the slippery surface can act as a barrier between the repelled materials and the surface structure. However, the slippery surfaces in previous studies rarely showed high-temperature resistance. Here, we describe a protocol for the preparation of slippery surfaces with high-temperature resistance. A photolithography-assisted method was used to fabricate pillar structures on stainless steel. By functionalizing the surface with saline, a slippery surface was prepared by adding silicone oil. The prepared slippery surface maintained the anti-wetting property for water, even when the surface was heated to 300 &#176;C. Also, the slippery surface exhibited great anti-adhesion effects on soft tissues at high temperatures. This type of slippery surface on stainless steel has applications in medical devices, mechanical equipment, etc.

Slippery surfaces provide a new way to solve the adhesion problem. This protocol describes how to fabricate slippery surfaces at high temperatures. The results demonstrate that the slippery surfaces showed anti-wetting for liquids and a remarkable anti-adhesion effect on soft tissues at high temperatures.

ステンレス鋼の滑りやすい表面の作製と高温の反付着挙動

Anti-adhesion surfaces with high-temperature resistance have a wide application potential in electrosurgical instruments, engines, and pipelines. A ...

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

埋め込み金属メッシュを用いた高性能で柔軟で透明な電極のための拡張可能なソリューション処理製作戦略

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

Preparation of Aligned Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite and Its Flexural Behavior

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the Earth&#39;s magnetic field, for manufacturing a cementitious composite reinforced with aligned steel fibers. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites (ASFRC) were prepared by applying a uniform electromagnetic field to fresh mortar containing short steel fibers, whereby the short steel fibers were driven to rotate in alignment with the magnetic field. The degree of alignment of steel fibers in hardened ASFRC was assessed both by counting steel fibers in fractured cross-sections and by X-ray computed tomography analysis. The results from the two methods show that the steel fibers in ASFRC were highly aligned while the steel fibers in non-magnetically treated composites were randomly distributed. The aligned steel fibers had a much higher reinforcing efficiency, and the composites, therefore, exhibited significantly enhanced flexural strength and toughness. The ASFRC is thus superior to SFRC in that it can withstand greater tensile stress and more effectively resist cracking.

This protocol describes an approach for manufacturing aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite by applying a uniform electromagnetic field. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite exhibits superior mechanical properties to ordinary fiber reinforced concrete.

一直線に並べられた鋼繊維の準備強化セメント系複合材料とその曲げ挙動

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the ...

Scalable Stamp Printing and Fabrication of Hemiwicking Surfaces

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. This wetting phenomenon is important in many technical fields ranging from physiology to aerospace engineering. Currently, several different techniques exist for fabricating hemiwicking structures. These conventional methods, however, are often time consuming and are difficult to scale-up for large areas or are difficult to customize for specific, nonhomogeneous patterning geometries. The presented protocol provides researchers with a simple, scalable, and cost-effective method for fabricating micro-patterned hemiwicking surfaces. The method fabricates wicking structures through the use of stamp printing, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding, and thin-film surface coatings. The protocol is demonstrated for hemiwicking with ethanol on PDMS micropillar arrays coated with a 70 nm thick aluminum thin-film.

A simple protocol is provided for the fabrication of hemiwicking structures of varying sizes, shapes, and materials. The protocol uses a combination of physical stamping, PDMS molding, and thin-film surface modifications via common materials deposition techniques.

Hemiwicking 表面の作製とスケーラブルなスタンプ印刷

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. ...