The authors do not have any acknowledgements.

記載されている全ての手順は、ローカル機関動物実験委員会の事前承認を含む、脊椎動物の使用のためのガイドラインと規則に従って実行されなければなりません。 解剖インスツルメンツおよび培養培地の調製<ol><li>予備洗浄全ての機器は、3％過酸化水素で20分間121℃でオートクレーブに切開に使用します。フード内の真空吸引と0.22μmの細孔サイズのフィルターを使用して、抗生物質や抗真菌溶液でBGJbメディアをフィルタリングします。 </li></ol>文化機器の調製<ol><li> 70％のアルコールでスプレー、小さな三角形で口蓋器官をサポートするポリカーボネートメンブレンフィルターをカットし、それらを乾燥させます。器官培養プレート上で、清潔で滅菌正三角形状のワイヤグリッド（20ミリメートル）を配置することにより、センターウェル器官培養皿（60x15 mm）を用意します。そして、Bの1ミリリットルとよくを埋めますGJBメディア培養培地。注：メディアは舌を沈めることなく、グリッドのレベルに達するのに十分であるべきです。メンブレンフィルターを配置し、光沢のある側を下に、グリッドの上に（グリッドあたり3-4膜）実験に.Depending、治療（タンパク質、抗体または阻害剤）を培地に添加することができます</li></ol> 3.マウスの胚収集と文化のための準備<ol><li>野生型マウスの胚を得るために、使用は13.5妊娠CD-1マウスの遺伝的背景の歪みをタイムアウトしました。 70％エタノールで解剖エリアを清掃してください。 注：マウスの​​他の系統を使用することができます。私たちが原因大きなごみ番号のCD-1マウスを好みます。 </li><li>承認されたプロトコルを使用して死を保証するために、頸椎脱臼に続いて5％イソフルランとE13.5 DPC（日性交後）で妊娠マウスを安楽死させます。 </li><li>商品に腹部ヘアスティックを回避するために腹側腹部表面に70％エタノールをスプレーします。その後、腹側腹腔を開き子宮を見つけるために鋭い鈍い動作はさみとマイクロ解剖ピンセットを使用して。鉗子を使用して、子宮全体を持ち上げ、子宮体部で切断することにより、ライト動作ハサミで子宮角の先端に体から分離。 </li><li> （ケアおよび実験動物の使用のためのプロトコルガイドによる）を氷の上に清潔なペーパータオル上で子宮を置きます。汚染を防止するための別の清潔なペーパータオルで子宮をカバー。さらに使用する前に、70％エタノールのスプレーを使用して器具を滅菌します。子宮胚を氷上で実験室に輸送することができます。 </li><li>オープン層流フードでは、慎重に鋭い鈍い動作はさみとマイクロ解剖ピンセットを用いて卵黄嚢の小さな開口部を作ります。開口部が広いことを確認した後、静かに卵黄嚢から胚を体外に出すためにそれを押してください。 </li><li>冷リン酸緩衝生理食塩水1X（PBS）pH7.4でペトリ皿にすぐに胚を移します。適切な段階を保証するために、元ボディ、頭の大きさ及び四肢の形態のための解剖顕微鏡下で胚アミン。 注：開発の権利の段階ではない胚を実験に使用されていません。 </li></ol><img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53063/53063fig2.jpg" /> 図2.肢芽形態。前部と後肢が数字の間ウェビングインデント度がチェックされます。 E13.5では、すべての桁の縮合は非常に明確な登場数字の間のウェビングと遠位くぼみで、顕著です。後肢の桁が半日によって背後にある12上段：前肢、下段：後肢。 4.口蓋解剖<ol><li>解剖顕微鏡下でのPBSでペトリ皿の中で一度に一つの胚を置きます。小さな解剖ハサミとピンセットを使用すると、胚の本体からヘッドを分離します。 </li><li>慎重にピンセットで目の高さ以上のマウスの頭蓋骨を保持する（回避上顎プロセス）は、リップラインの両側にある2つの切開を行います。そして、下顎と舌を削除します。目の高さにカットすることによって上顎処理領域を分離し、脳、目、鼻中隔と隣接する組織を除去します。 </li></ol><img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53063/53063fig3.jpg" /> 図 3. 口蓋組織が ​​口蓋棚が上昇した13.5胚から採取したが、接触が行われていない。口蓋棚は静的モデルで72時間空気メディアインタフェースでのフィルタに器官培養に入れた。（A）レベル培養皿のE13.5胚の解剖。台形フィルター膜上に配置された解剖口蓋棚の（B）ブルー星解剖時に鉗子で組織を保持するための領域の境界を定める。（C）の表示。（D）は側面図の配置後味覚及び培地の添加を解剖しました。 <ol start="3"><li>後部に前方から東洋それを助けるために取り付けられた第一の味覚を保ち、口蓋口側を置き、鼻中隔とその周囲の組織を除去します。スプーンヘラを使用し、非常に慎重に培養皿にグリッド上に準備されたフィルターに（鼻側を下）口蓋棚を転送します。注：適切な空気メディア・インターフェースを可能にするために、メディアの音量を調整します。 </li><li>実体顕微鏡下では、一次口蓋を分析し、互いに近接口蓋棚を配置するためにピンセットを使用しています。彼らが接触するように配置されていない場合、口蓋棚が融合されません。口蓋の前方部分が配置されている三角形の膜フィル​​ターをカットします。台形形状は、口蓋の前方部分を局所化に役立ちます。 </li><li>培養口蓋棚単独で又は二種BGJb培地を使用して、同じ器官培養皿三有します。 </li></ol> 5.培養マウス口蓋棚<ol><li> TISSUをインキュベート72時間、加湿気体混合物（5％CO 2及び95％空気）中で37℃ES、及び培地を24時間毎に変更します。 </li></ol>組織学的分析のために6口蓋処理<ol><li> 4℃で4％ホルムアルデヒド/リン酸緩衝生理食塩水のO / Nと文化の中で72時間後に舌を修正&#160; C.次に、静かに転送ピペットを用いてPBSで培養皿に組織を洗います。カセットを埋め込むには、実験室のワイプと場所の一部で舌を包みます。 注：実験用ワイプで口蓋をラップは、脱水工程の間に彼らの損失を防ぎます。 </li><li> 70％、80％以下の、通常のパラフィン包埋手順に続いて1時間100％エタノール洗浄、まで組織を脱水。埋め込むために、トレイに直面して口蓋の前方部分を配置します。 </li><li>後部に前方から冠状方向で連続6μmのセクションをカット。完全なセクションの口蓋は、350〜450 sectiが得られますアドオン。ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシン（H＆E）。10得点、以前に説明した平均融 ​​合スコアを使用して、すべての20 番目のセクション （MFS）スケール（表1）を持つセクションを染色。8 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nawshad, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Palatal+seam+disintegration+to+die+or+not+to+die+that+is+no+longer+the+question.">Palatal seam disintegration to die or not to die that is no longer the question.</a> Developmental dynamics an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 237, 2643-2656 (2008).</li><li>Strong, E. B., Buckmiller, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+the+cleft+palate.">Management of the cleft palate.</a> Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America. 9, 15-25 (2001).</li><li>Witt, P. D., Marsh, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+assessing+outcome+of+surgical+repair+of+cleft+lip+and+cleft+palate.">Advances in assessing outcome of surgical repair of cleft lip and cleft palate.</a> Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 100, 1907-1917 (1997).</li><li>4miloro, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> principles of oral and maxillofafcial surgery. 209, 231-249 (1984).</li><li>Mima, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+the+epithelial+adhesion+molecule+CEACAM1+is+important+for+palate+formation.">Regulation of the epithelial adhesion molecule CEACAM1 is important for palate formation.</a> PloS one. 8, e61653 (2013).</li><li>Carette, M. J., Ferguson, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fate+of+medial+edge+epithelial+cells+during+palatal+fusion+in+vitro+an+analysis+by+DiI+labelling+and+confocal+microscopy.">The fate of medial edge epithelial cells during palatal fusion in vitro an analysis by DiI labelling and confocal microscopy.</a> Development (Cambridge, England). 114, 379-388 (1992).</li><li>Ferguson, M. W., Honig, L. S., Slavkin, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+cultured+palatal+shelves+from+alligator+chick+and+mouse+embryos.">Differentiation of cultured palatal shelves from alligator chick and mouse embryos.</a> The Anatomical record. 209, 231-249 (1984).</li><li>San Miguel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ephrin+reverse+signaling+controls+palate+fusion+via+a+PI3+kinase+dependent+mechanism.">Ephrin reverse signaling controls palate fusion via a PI3 kinase dependent mechanism.</a> Developmental dynamics an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 240, 357-364 (2011).</li><li>Kang, P., Svoboda, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PI+3+kinase+activity+is+required+for+epithelial+mesenchymal+transformation+during+palate+fusion.">PI 3 kinase activity is required for epithelial mesenchymal transformation during palate fusion.</a> Developmental dynamics an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 225, 316-322 (2002).</li><li>RD, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry. , (1965).</li><li>Kaufman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Atlas of Mouse Development. , (1992).</li><li>Taher, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+gene+expression+analysis+of+murine+limb+development.">Global gene expression analysis of murine limb development.</a> PloS one. 6, e28358 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors do not have any competing financial interests.

この記事のプロトコルは、胎生13.5で胚から口蓋棚を解剖する方法を提供します。マウス胚から口蓋棚を、37℃で95％O 2、5％CO 2雰囲気中で無血清培地中で培養しました。成功口蓋解剖を安楽死させたマウスの胚時から培養終了までの手順の間、各段階で複数の要因に決定的に依存しています。口蓋融合に影響を与える最も重要な要因の一つは、器官培養を開始するのに要する時間です?...

口腔顔面裂が最も優勢な頭蓋顔面の先天性欠損症です。また、考慮して可能なすべての頭蓋顔面の欠陥を取って、これらは、新生児2における第二の最も一般的な先天異常があります。裂口蓋は毎年約1米国ではすべての700の出産（米国）で発生し、口蓋裂の発生率は、裂け目月額味覚または3日目あたり裂と15人の子供を持って生まれた475人の子供に等しいです。毎年の展示世界中で生まれた子供の約1％頭蓋顔面​​異形学のいくつかのフォーム。 口蓋や唇の裂け目は、この異常を有する患者のための生涯の影響で非常に高価で複雑な手続きが必要です。経口裂と各患者の推定コストはおよそ$ 100,000個の4です。口唇口蓋裂を有する患者の治療は、頭蓋顔面外科医、耳鼻咽喉科医、遺伝学者、麻酔科医を含む医師のチームを必要とします音声言語病理学者、栄養士、歯科矯正医、補綴、心理学者、神経外科医、および眼科医。 palatogenesisでは、二次口蓋は最初垂直方向に成長し、舌の背の上口蓋棚の上昇を受けて対になった派生物として発生します。標高に続いて、対になった口蓋棚は（ヒトではマウスではE14.5 -E15で週9）正中線に向かって成長します。棚の先端をカバー内側縁上皮（MEE）は正中上皮縫い目を形成する接着します。 これは間葉合流を可能にするために間葉移行、および/またはアポトーシスの上皮が続きます。 MEEに反対の接着は、その変更口蓋裂の原因となる不可欠なイベントです。しかし、研究はわずか口蓋棚5の初期接着性を検討しました。骨芽細胞への間葉細胞の分化により硬口蓋フォーム。音部記号を生成することができます口蓋の発達異常tはまたは唇の関与なしに味覚。 口蓋器官培養技術は、過去30年間6,7に比べて多くのラボのために広く使用されていました。 このプロトコルでは、詳細に口蓋解剖し、静的な器官培養する方法を説明します。静止器官培養の利点は、口蓋棚の融合を可能にすることです。この技術は、多くの融合とシグナル伝達の実験8,9のために私たちの研究室で首尾よく使用されていました。しかし、技術の範囲は膨大であり、静的な器官培養系は、外因性の化学薬剤に対する応答の評価、異なる経路および特定のタンパク質における調節増殖因子の効果を含めて、必要なときにいつでも使用することができます。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53063/53063fig1.jpg" /> 図1.マウスPalatogenesis。マウス口蓋の発達段階。（BF）走査 ELE代表的な発達時期に二次口蓋のCTRON顕微鏡写真（SEM）。赤矢印：口蓋接着および融合の最初の部分を示しています。黄色の矢印：ポイント（PLOS 1から許可を得てカウフマン11より転載）融合後に消えますプライマリとセカンダリの口蓋との間の空間に。

&#160;
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BGJb</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza Inc.</td>
			<td>17-602E</td>
			<td>100X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-088</td>
			<td>100x15mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Center-well organ culture dish</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td>#353037</td>
			<td>60x15 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire triangular grid</td>
			<td>Custom made with stainless steel wire mesh to fit the organ culture dish well.&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycarbonate filter</td>
			<td>GE&#38; Water and Process Technologies</td>
			<td>K04BP04700</td>
			<td>Black 0.4 micron, 47 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo microscope</td>
			<td>ZEISS&#160; Stemi SR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture hood</td>
			<td>NUAIRE Laminar Flow</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdissecting forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont Medical&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>#5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>INS14003-G</td>
			<td>Vannas Scissors, straight, 8cm long, 0.1mm tips, 5mm blades, German made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>INS500086</td>
			<td>Vannas Scissors, straight, 8.5cm long, 0.025mm x 0.015mm tips, 7mm blades</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td rowspan="2">INS14127-G</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Spring scissors curved curved, 10.5cm long, 8mm blades, German made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical currete (spoon spatula)</td>
			<td>Hu-friedy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CM 2/4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protector laboratory hood</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">Incubator</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td rowspan="3"></td>
			<td>Farma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Series11 water Jacket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Co2 incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS&#160;</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>10010-023&#160;</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber optic Light source</td>
			<td>Fiber-light&#160; Dolan-Jenner</td>
			<td>PL-750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embedding cassette&#160;</td>
			<td>Statlab</td>
			<td>EC301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Kim Wipes</td>
			<td rowspan="2">VWR</td>
			<td rowspan="2">470173-504</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
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</table>

method of studying palatal fusion using static organ culture

口唇口蓋裂は、すべての先天性欠損症の最も一般的なの一つです。正中上皮縫い目を形成するために付着上皮で覆われた間葉系の棚からの二次口蓋の形（MES）。理論は、MESの細胞が融合した口蓋1を作り、間葉移行（EMT）、アポトーシスおよび移行に対する上皮に従うことを示唆しています。 MESの完全な崩壊は、間葉系細胞とその周辺口蓋合流の最終不可欠相です。私たちは、口蓋の器官培養のための方法を提供します。 試験管プロトコルで開発された溶融中に生物学的および分子プロセスの研究を可能にします。この技術の用途は、外因性の化学薬剤に対する応答を評価するなど、規制および増殖因子と特定のタンパク質の効果数多くあります。口蓋器官培養は 、インビボ研究で使用したことはできない開発の様々な段階での操作を含む、多くの利点を有します。

技術は研究が口蓋融合のin vitroでのニコチンの催奇形効果をテストするために設計された以下のexperiments.Theの異なる種類に適用することができます。 2系統のマウスは、この実験のために利用された、CD1とC57.Palatal組織は、ニコチンヘミ硫酸塩の0.06と6 mMの濃度で処理しました。これは、口蓋融合パターンとタイミングは、2つの異なる株で異なっていたことが観察されました。 CD1マウス...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture at JoVE.com

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture

口蓋開発の研究は、口蓋裂、驚異的な健康の負担を課し、外観を損なうを持続残すことができ先天異常の発生率が動機とされています。ここでは口蓋の開発および融合に関与する種々のシグナル伝達経路を研究するために使用することができる培養口蓋棚の技術を実証します。

静的器官培養を使用して口蓋の融合を研究の方法

Cleft lip and palate are among the most common of all birth defects. The secondary palate forms from mesenchymal shelves covered with epithelium that ...

method-of-studying-palatal-fusion-using-static-organ-culture

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.7K ビュー.  Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry. 口蓋開発の研究は、口蓋裂、驚異的な健康の負担を課し、外観を損なうを持続残すことができ先天異常の発生率が動機とされています。ここでは口蓋の開発および融合に関与する種々のシグナル伝達経路を研究するために使用することができる培養口蓋棚の技術を実証します。 

ビデオ: Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture

Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis controlled by Wnt signaling is required to understand how tissues are patterned during normal development. This knowledge is also critical to determine the etiology of birth defects such as lung hypoplasia and tracheobronchomalacia. Analysis of earliest stages of development of respiratory tract imposes challenges, as the limited amount of tissue prevents the performance of standard protocols better suited for postnatal studies. In this paper, we discuss methodologies to study cell differentiation and proliferation in the respiratory tract. We describe techniques such as whole mount staining, processing of the tissue for confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence in paraffin sections applied to developing tracheal lung. We also discuss methodologies for the study of tracheal mesenchyme differentiation, in particular cartilage formation. Approaches and techniques discussed in the current paper circumvent the limitation of material while working with embryonic tissue, allowing for a better understanding of the patterning process of developing conducting airways.

The use of reporter mice coupled to whole mount and section staining, microscopy and in vivo assays facilitates the analysis of mechanisms underlying the normal patterning of the respiratory tract. Here we describe how these techniques contributed to the analysis of Wnt signaling during tracheal development.

誘導気道のパターニング時にWntシグナル伝達を学びます

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis ...

発生生物学

Generation of Parabiotic Zebrafish Embryos by Surgical Fusion of Developing Blastulae

Surgical parabiosis of two animals of different genetic backgrounds creates a unique scenario to study cell-intrinsic versus cell-extrinsic roles for candidate genes of interest, migratory behaviors of cells, and secreted signals in distinct genetic settings. Because parabiotic animals share a common circulation, any blood or blood-borne factor from one animal will be exchanged with its partner and vice versa. Thus, cells and molecular factors derived from one genetic background can be studied in the context of a second genetic background. Parabiosis of adult mice has been &#160;used extensively to research aging, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and brain development. More recently, parabiosis of zebrafish embryos has been used to study the developmental biology of hematopoiesis. In contrast to mice, the transparent nature of zebrafish embryos permits the direct visualization of cells in the parabiotic context, making it a uniquely powerful method for investigating fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms. The utility of this technique, however, is limited by a steep learning curve for generating the parabiotic zebrafish embryos. This protocol provides a step-by-step method on how to surgically fuse the blastulae of two zebrafish embryos of different genetic backgrounds to investigate the role of candidate genes of interest. In addition, the parabiotic zebrafish embryos are tolerant to heat shock, making temporal control of gene expression possible. This method does not require a sophisticated set-up and has broad applications for studying cell migration, fate specification, and differentiation in vivo during embryonic development.

This protocol provides step-by-step instruction on how to generate parabiotic zebrafish embryos of different genetic backgrounds. When combined with the unparalleled imaging capabilities of the zebrafish embryo, this method provides a uniquely powerful means to investigate cell-autonomous versus non-cell-autonomous functions for candidate genes of interest.

胞胚の開発の外科的融合による並体結合ゼブラフィッシュ胚の生成

Surgical parabiosis of two animals of different genetic backgrounds creates a unique scenario to study cell-intrinsic versus cell-extrinsic roles for ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust methods for the large-scale production of functional cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that the temporal manipulation of WNT, TGF-&#946;, and SHH signaling pathways leads to highly efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of single-cell passaged hPSC lines in both static suspension and stirred suspension bioreactor systems. Employing this strategy resulted in ~ 100% beating spheroids, consistently containing &#62; 80% cardiac troponin T-positive cells after 15 days of culture, validated in multiple hPSC lines. We also report on a variation of this protocol for use with cell lines not currently adapted to single-cell passaging, the success of which has been verified in 42 hPSC lines. Cardiomyocytes generated using these protocols express lineage-specific markers and show expected electrophysiological functionalities. Our protocol presents a simple, efficient and robust platform for the large-scale production of human cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a robust, fast and scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Cardiomyocytes derived using this large-scale method can provide sufficient cell numbers for their effective use in human cardiovascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and potentially clinical applications.

再現性の高い小分子ベースの分化プロトコルを使用したヒト多能性幹細胞から心筋細胞の大規模生産

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Organ Culture and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence Staining of Mouse Wolffian Ducts

Tubal morphogenesis is a fundamental requirement for the development of most mammalian organs, including the male reproductive system. The epididymis, an integral part of the male reproductive tract, is responsible for sperm storage, maturation, and transport. The adult epididymis is a highly coiled tube that develops from a simple and straight embryonic precursor known as Wolffian duct (WD). Proper coiling of the epididymis is essential for male fertility, as sperm in the testis are unable to fertilize an oocyte. However, the mechanism responsible for epididymal development and coiling remains unclear, partially due to the lack of whole organ culture and imaging methods. In this study, we describe an in vitro culture system and whole mount immunofluorescence protocol to better visualize the process of WD coiling and development, which may also be applied to study other tubular organs.

We present a method for isolation and culture of the mouse Wolffian duct (WD). We also demonstrate a detailed procedure for whole mount immunostaining of cultured/freshly isolated WDs with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together, these techniques enable the study of WD development, coiling, and differentiation.

器官培養とマウスウォルフダクトの全マウント免疫蛍光染色

Tubal morphogenesis is a fundamental requirement for the development of most mammalian organs, including the male reproductive system. The epididymis, an ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

マウス二次口蓋融合のライブイメージング

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ideal for experimentation. Currently, the study of these developmental pathways in the chicken embryo is conducted by applying inhibitors and drugs at localized sites and at low concentrations using a variety of methods. In vitro tissue&#160;culturing is a technique that enables the study of tissues separated from the host organism, while simultaneously bypassing many of the physical limitations present when working with whole embryos, such as the susceptibility of embryos to high doses of potentially lethal chemicals. Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol for culturing the embryonic chicken half head in vitro, which presents new opportunities for the examination of developmental processes beyond the currently established methods.

Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol to grow embryonic chicken organs in vitro. Using this method, the development of embryonic chicken tissue can be studied, while maintaining a high degree of control over the culture environment.

ニワトリ胚組織の開発培養法

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...

Three-dimensional Angiogenesis Assay System using Co-culture Spheroids Formed by Endothelial Colony Forming Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more than 50 different pathological conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, oculopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and tumor metastasis. During angiogenesis drug development, it is crucial to use in vitro assay systems with appropriate cell types and proper conditions to reflect the physiologic angiogenesis process. To overcome limitations of current in vitro angiogenesis assay systems using mainly endothelial cells, we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture spheroid sprouting assay system. Co-culture spheroids were produced by two human vascular cell precursors, endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with a ratio of 5 to 1. ECFCs+MSCs spheroids were embedded into type I collagen matrix to mimic the in vivo extracellular environment. A real-time cell recorder was utilized to continuously observe the progression of angiogenic sprouting from spheroids for 24 h. Live cell fluorescent labeling technique was also applied to tract the localization of each cell type during sprout formation. Angiogenic potential was quantified by counting the number of sprouts and measuring the cumulative length of sprouts generated from the individual spheroids. Five randomly-selected spheroids were analyzed per experimental group. Comparison experiments demonstrated that ECFCs+MSCs spheroids showed greater sprout number and cumulative sprout length compared with ECFCs-only spheroids. Bevacizumab, an FDA-approved angiogenesis inhibitor, was tested with the newly-developed co-culture spheroid assay system to verify its potential to screen anti-angiogenic drugs. The IC50 value for ECFCs+MSCs spheroids compared to the ECFCs-only spheroids was closer to the effective plasma concentration of bevacizumab obtained from the xenograft tumor mouse model. The present study suggests that the 3D ECFCs+MSCs spheroid angiogenesis assay system is relevant to physiologic angiogenesis, and can predict an effective plasma concentration in advance of animal experiments.

Three-dimensional co-culture spheroid angiogenesis assay system is designed to mimic the physiologic angiogenesis. Co-culture spheroids are formed by two human vascular cell precursors, ECFCs and MSCs, and embedded in collagen gel. The new system is effective for evaluating angiogenic modulators, and provides more relevant information to the in vivo study.

内皮コロニー形成細胞と間葉系幹細胞によって形成された共培養スフェロイドを用いた3次元血管新生アッセイ系

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more ...

A Static Self-Directed Method for Generating Brain Organoids from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a three-dimensional system. Here we present a relatively straightforward and inexpensive method that yields brain organoids. In this protocol human pluripotent stem cells are broken into small clusters instead of single cells and grown in basic media without a heterologous basement membrane matrix or exogenous growth factors, allowing the intrinsic developmental cues to shape the organoid&#39;s growth. This simple system produces a diversity of brain cell types including glial and microglial cells, stem cells, and neurons of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Organoids generated from this protocol also display hallmarks of appropriate temporal and spatial organization demonstrated by brightfield images, histology, immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Because these organoids contain cell types from various parts of the brain, they can be utilized for studying a multitude of diseases. For example, in a recent paper we demonstrated the use of organoids generated from this protocol for studying the effects of hypoxia on the human brain. This approach can be used to investigate an array of otherwise difficult to study conditions such as neurodevelopmental handicaps, genetic disorders, and neurologic diseases.

This protocol was generated as a means to produce brain organoids in a simplified, low cost manner without exogenous growth factors or basement membrane matrix while still maintaining the diversity of brain cell types and many features of cellular organization.

ヒト胚性幹細胞から脳オルガノイドを生成するための静的自己指向法

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a ...

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function

Life is spatially partitioned within lipid membranes to allow the isolated formation of distinct molecular states inside cells and organelles. Cell fusion is the merger of two or more cells to form a single cell. Here we provide a protocol for cell fusion of two different cell types. Fused hybrid cells are enriched by flow cytometry-based sorting, followed by fluorescence microscopy of hybrid cell structure and function. Fluorescently tagged proteins generated by genome editing are imaged inside fused cells, allowing cellular structures to be identified based on fluorescence emission and referenced back to the cell type of origin. This robust and general method can be applied to different cell types or organelles of interest, to understand cellular structure and function across a range of fundamental biological questions.

The purpose of this protocol is to fuse two different cell types to create hybrid cells. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of fused cells is used to track the cell of origin of cellular organelles. This assay can be used to explore how cellular structure and function respond to perturbation by cell fusion.

細胞構造と機能の摂動のためのゲノム編集細胞株の細胞融合

Life is spatially partitioned within lipid membranes to allow the isolated formation of distinct molecular states inside cells and organelles. Cell fusion ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular levels and provided cells for use in regenerative applications. Standard approaches for hESC culture using colony type culture to maintain undifferentiated hESCs and embryoid body (EB) and rosette formation for differentiation into different germ layers are inefficient and time-consuming. Presented here is a single-cell culture method using hESCs instead of a colony-type culture. This method allows maintenance of the characteristic features of undifferentiated hESCs, including expression of hESC markers at levels comparable to colony type hESCs. In addition, the protocol presents an efficient method for neural progenitor cell (NPC) generation from single-cell type hESCs that produces NPCs within 1 week. These cells highly express several NPC marker genes and can differentiate into various neural cell types, including dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. This single-cell culture system for hESCs will be useful in investigating the molecular mechanisms of these processes, studies of certain diseases, and drug discovery screens.

Presented here is a protocol for the generation of a single-cell culture of human embryonic stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into neural progenitor cells. The protocol is simple, robust, scalable, and suitable for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.

ヒト胚性幹細胞の単細胞培養を用いた効率的な神経分化

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...