Name: selection-dependent and independent generation of crispr/cas9-mediated gene knockouts in mammalian cells
Uploaded: 2017-06-16T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Selection-dependent and Independent Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockouts in Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge Gissell Sanchez, Megan Lee, and Jason Estep for experimental assistance, and Weifeng Gu and Xuemei Chen for sharing reagents.

1. Identification of Homology Regions Around the Desired Deletion
NOTE: Only necessary if using selection-based editing.
<ol>
	<li>Select two regions, initially 1.5-2 kb, on either side of the desired deletion locus, which will serve as homology arms in the HDR template (Figure 1A). Identify regions that lack BsaI recognition sites on either strand (GGTCTC) to facilitate cloning. If BsaI sites are unavoidable, use an alternate type IIs restriction enzyme (BsmBI,...

<ol>
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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+cycle+and+genetic+requirements+of+two+pathways+of+nonhomologous+end-joining+repair+of+double-strand+breaks+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Cell cycle and genetic requirements of two pathways of nonhomologous end-joining repair of double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 16 (5), 2164-2173 (1996).</li><li>Liang, F., Han, M., Romanienko, P. J., Jasin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homology-directed+repair+is+a+major+double-strand+break+repair+pathway+in+mammalian+cells.">Homology-directed repair is a major double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (9), 5172-5177 (1998).</li><li>Gratz, S. 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The CRISPR/Cas9 system has allowed for efficient generation of stable genomic modifications, which provide a more consistent alternative to other transient manipulation methods. Here, we have presented two methods for rapid identification of CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockouts in mammalian cell lines. Both methods require little cellular material, so testing can be done in early stages of clonal culture, saving time and reagents. To increase the efficiency of both methods, we recommend testing multiple sgRNAs, as efficiencies var...

Stable genetic alterations provide an advantage over transient methods of cellular perturbation, which can be variable in their efficiency and duration. Genomic editing has become increasingly common in recent years due to the development of target specific nucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases1,2,3,4,5, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)6,7,8,9 and RNA-guided nucleases derived from the clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system10.
The CRISPR/Cas9 editing machinery is adapted from an immune system that bacteria and archaea use to defend against viral infections11,12,13. In this process, short, 20-30 nt fragments of invading viral sequence are incorporated into a genomic locus as &#34;spacers&#34; flanked by repeating units14,15. Subsequent transcription and RNA processing generates small CRISPR-associated RNAs16 (crRNAs) that, together with a trans-activating crRNA17 (tracrRNA), assemble with the effector Cas9 endonuclease. The crRNAs thus provide specificity to Cas9 targeting, guiding the complex to cleave complementary viral DNA sequences and preventing further infections18,19. Any &#34;protospacer&#34; sequence in the targeted DNA can serve as the source of the crRNA, as long as it is directly 5&#39; to a short protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), NGG in the case of S. pyogenes Cas920. The absence of the PAM sequence near the spacer in the host&#39;s CRISPR locus distinguishes between self and non-self, preventing targeting of the host. Because of its universality and flexibility, this biological system has been powerfully adapted for genomic editing, such that nearly any PAM-adjacent DNA site can be targeted. In this version, a further modification fused the crRNA and tracrRNA into a single guide RNA (sgRNA) component that is loaded into the Cas9 protein21.
Upon expression of Cas9 and an sgRNA in eukaryotic cells, the Cas9 protein cleaves both DNA strands at the targeted locus. In the absence of a suitable region of homologous sequence, the cell fixes this break via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)22,23,24, which typically introduces small deletions or, rarely, insertions. When targeting an open reading frame, the repair likely leads to a translational frameshift that produces a non-functional protein product. In contrast, when provided with an exogenous template with large regions of homology, the cell may fix the double-strand break by homology directed repair25,26. This route allows for larger precise deletions, replacements or insertions in the genome, coupled with the introduction of excisable selection markers27.
Here, we present protocols for generating knockout cell lines by either of these two CRISPR/Cas9 methods (Figure 1A). The NHEJ approach uses a single sgRNA cut site and selection-independent screening, and thus requires little upfront preparation. When using this method, guide RNAs complementary to exons near the 5&#39; end of the transcript, which are most likely to produce a knockout, must be designed. Since the modifications to the genome in this case are small, screening for knockout clones is based on dot blots, where the protein product is assessed in a high-throughput manner. We use the generation of ELAV-like 1 protein (ELAVL1) knockout lines as an example. The second approach relies on homology directed repair (HDR) and uses two sgRNA cut sites that span the gene or region of interest, allowing for deletions of tens of kb. A plasmid with two regions of homology that flank the cleavage sites provides a replacement template (Figure 1B), introducing a selectable resistance marker that increases efficiency of knockout generation. This method can also be adapted to introduce gene modifications with properly designed homology arms. In this case, the integration of a new DNA fragment allows for PCR based screening (Figure 1C). Here, we use the generation of Pumilio RNA binding family member 2 (PUM2) knockout lines as an example.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="740">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:227px;">Competent E. coli cells</td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">plasmid prep kit</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pSpCas9(BB) plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>42230</td>
			<td>Ran et al 2013, cloning sgRNAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BbsI enzyme</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>FD1014</td>
			<td>Ran et al 2013, cloning sgRNAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">T7 DNA ligase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0318L</td>
			<td>Ran et al 2013, cloning sgRNAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tango Buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>BY5</td>
			<td>Ran et al 2013, cloning sgRNAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PlasmidSafe exonuclease</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>E3105K</td>
			<td>Ran et al 2013, cloning sgRNAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Q5 hot start high fidelity polymerase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0494A</td>
			<td>HA amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pUC19-BsaI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Modified pUC19 plasmid, mutated existing BsaI site and inserted two outward facing BsaI sites after BamHI/EcoRI digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pGolden-Neo</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>51422</td>
			<td>Resistance cassette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pGolden-Hygro</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>51423</td>
			<td>Resistance cassette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BsaI enzyme</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R3535S</td>
			<td>Homology arm contruction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">T7 DNA ligase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0318L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PlasmidSafe exonuclease</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>E3105K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Toothpicks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>bacterial PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Taq polymerase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>bacterial colony PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HEK293 human cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>MT35010CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Penicillin-Strep (opt.)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">6 well plates</td>
			<td>BioLite</td>
			<td>12556004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TransIT-LTI Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Mirus</td>
			<td>MIR2300</td>
			<td>for lipofection only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Opti-MEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>31985062</td>
			<td>for lipofection only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">G418 (Neomycin)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1720-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hygromycin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3274-250MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 well plates</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12556008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:18px;">Passive Lysis Buffer, 5x</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:18px;">1xSDS loading buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>recipe decribed in protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nitrocellulose Membrane</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>162-0115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TBST</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>recipe decribed in protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dehydrated milk</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>34075</td>
			<td>for HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Extracta DNA prep for PCR</td>
			<td>Quantabio</td>
			<td>95091-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KOD polymerase</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>71316</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

selection-dependent and independent generation of crispr/cas9-mediated gene knockouts in mammalian cells

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide RNA (sgRNA) that confers specificity, the Cas9 protein cleaves both DNA strands at the targeted locus. The DNA break can trigger either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR). NHEJ can introduce small deletions or insertions which lead to frame-shift mutations, while HDR allows for larger and more precise perturbations. Here, we present protocols for generating knockout cell lines by coupling established CRISPR/Cas9 methods with two options for downstream selection/screening. The NHEJ approach uses a single sgRNA cut site and selection-independent screening, where protein production is assessed by dot immunoblot in a high-throughput manner. The HDR approach uses two sgRNA cut sites that span the gene of interest. Together with a provided HDR template, this method can achieve deletion of tens of kb, aided by the inserted selectable resistance marker. The appropriate applications and advantages of each method are discussed.

For the generation of ELAVL1 knockout lines, a robust antibody was available, so editing using single sgRNAs (Figure 1A, left) was performed, followed by dot immunoblot. Three sgRNAs were transfected independently to compare efficiencies and to rule out off target effects in the resulting clones. After collecting and blotting cell lysates from clonal populations onto two nitrocellulose membranes, the blots were probed for both ELAVL1 and PUM2 (as a normalizat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Selection-dependent and Independent Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockouts in Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

Selection-dependent and Independent Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockouts in Mammalian Cells

Recent advances in the ability to genetically manipulate somatic cell lines hold great potential for basic and applied research. Here, we present two approaches for CRISPR/Cas9 generated knockout production and screening in mammalian cell lines, with and without the use of selectable markers.

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide ...

The goal of this procedure is to isolate and identify clonal knockout cell lines generated by two types of CRIPSR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. One method detects protein knockout caused by nonhomologous end joining while the other detects genomic perturbations generated by homology-directed repair. This method is particularly useful in the field of molecular biology, where generation of cell lines with genetic perturbations is an important tool in dissecting gene function.The main advantage of this technique is that it is a quick and relatively high-throughput method that can be easily executed using basic molecular biology techniques. Nonhomologous end joining introduces small deletions or insertions, and are assessed by a dot immunoblot, while homology-directed repair allows for larger and more precise perturbations, and are assessed by colony PCR. This experiment uses T-REx-293 cells cultured in DMEM media, supplemented with 10%FBS at 37 degrees Celsius, and 5%carbon dioxide.Prior to transvection, plate the cells onto six well plates and include a well for an untransvected control. Grow the cells to approximately 70%confluency. Transvect the cells with 2.5 micrograms of total plasmid using a commercial transvection protocol.For transvection of cells without selection, use 2.5 micrograms of Cas9-sgRNA plasmid. For transvection of cells with selection, use 0.75 micrograms of Cas9-sgRNA1, 0.75 micrograms of Cas9-sgRNA2, and one microgram of homologous recombination template. Incubate the transvected cells and the untransvected control at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 48 hours.For cells transvected with selection, begin the drug selection by treating the cells with the appropriate drug, which is Neomycin in this case. Return the six-well plate to the incubator. Observe the treated cells once a day to check for rates of cell death, until all cells in the untransvected control die.To isolate clonal populations, first grow the cells to 100%confluency in the original well after selection. Next make serial dilutions of the cells and count the cells. Since the proper generation of monoclonal colonies is key to obtaining a full knockout, care must be taken to determine the correct dilution for seating cells at the desired density.Once the correct dilution has been determined, seat the cells into 96-well plates at a density of 0.33 cells per well. Seating three 96=well plates is a good starting point to ensure isolation of more than one correct clone. Over a two-to-four week period, observe the colonies until colonies are visible to the eye.These representative images show colonies at different stages of growth. A single cell at seating, cells at day five, and a well-established colony at day 10. Using a sterile pipette tip, pick visible colonies with care and precision, and reseat in new wells to encourage monolayer growth.Continue growing the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Knockout candidates without selection are screened by dot immunoblot to assess the protein product in a high-throughput manner. After growing individual clones to 50 to 100%confluency, dislodge the monolayer of cells by pipetting within the well.Aliquot 90 microliters of the 100 microliter total volume from each well to a clean microcentrifuge tube. For the purposes of this video, only two samples will be processed. Spin down at 6, 000 RPM for five minutes, remove the media, and lyse the cell pallet in 10 microliters of 1X SDS loading buffer.Add 90 microliters of new media to the remainder of the cells in the well, and return the plate to the incubator to continue propagating the cells. Pipette one microliter of cell lysate onto a dry nitrocellulose membrane to form a dot. Blot each sample twice on two separate membranes, creating two identical patterns of samples.Block the membranes in 5%milk in TBST at room temperature, with rocking, for one hour. After one hour, blot the membranes with primary antibodies at the recommended primary antibody dilution, and TBST plus 5%milk. On one membrane use the primary antibody against the target protein, ELAVL1 in this experiment.On the other membrane, use the primary antibody for a control protein that is not expected to change, PUM2 is used here. Incubate at room temperature for one hour. Remove the primary antibody solution from each blot, add TBST, and incubate for five minutes.In this manner, wash the blots three times with TBST. Next, add to each membrane the appropriate HRP conjugated secondary antibody, and blot at room temperature for one hour. After one hour, wash the membranes three times with TBST for five minutes each time.Apply a chemiluminescent substrate solution to the blots, following the manufacturer's instructions, and image the blotted membranes on a digital chemiluminescence imager. Lastly, quantify dot intensities for the target and control proteins using the appropriate software, and analyze the results as described in the text protocol. Candidates with the selectable resistance marker are screened by colony PCR.Begin this procedure by duplicating individual colonies in a new 96-well plate, and growing them to 100%confluency for preparation of cell lysates. Remove the media from one set of the clones, resuspend the cells from each well in 30 microliters of extraction buffer from a commercial DNA preparation kit, and transfer to a clean 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube. Heat the solution to 96 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes, and then let cool to room temperature.Add 30 microliters of stabilization buffer to each microcentrifuge tube and mix well. To identify wild-type and monoallelic or biallelic mutant lines by colony PCR, design two separate sets of PCR primers to amplify regions around the homology arms based on either successful or unsuccessful integration of the resistance cassette. On each side, use a common primer that anneals outside of the homology arm.To test for the wild-type allele, use the common primer with the corresponding paired primer that is complementary to the endogenous sequence spanning the homology region. To test for the desired mutation, use the common primer with another paired primer, complementary to the inserted resistance cassette. For each sample to be tested, prepare a reaction mixture containing the following, 0.5 microliters of cell lysate, 1.25 microliters of 10X KOD buffer, 0.75 microliters of 25 millimolar magnesium sulfate, 1.25 microliters of two millimolar dNTPs, 0.375 microliters of forward primer, 0.375 microliters of reverse primer, 0.25 microliters of KOD polymerase, and 7.75 microliters of water.Perform PCR using the following conditions, 95 degrees Celsius for two minutes, followed by 25 cycles of 95 degree Celsius for 20 seconds, primer melting temperature for 10 seconds, and 70 degrees Celsius for 20 seconds per KB.Subsequently, visualize the PCR products by agarose gel electrophoresis. Genome editing using non-homologous end joining was performed to generate ELAVL1 knockout lines followed by dot immunoblot, probing for ELAVL1 and PUM2. Clones that displayed little control signal were marked with an X, and excluded from further analysis.Clones with low ELAVL1 signals were further tested by western blot. Confirmed candidates are indicated in green, and invalidated candidates are indicated in gray. This graphic shows the ratios of ELAVL1 to control protein signal in increasing order.In most cases, clonal populations with the lowest relative ELAVL1 signal were correctly identified as knockouts. Candidates generated by the homology directed repair method were screened by colony PCR, and the PCR products visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Shown are example results using primers spanning the upstream integration junction using endogenous inside primers and knockout inside primers.Primers were first validated in both parental cells and bulk selected cells. Results from 24 individual candidate clones are shown together with the expected band patters for wild-type, knockout, and monoallelic deletion clones. The black arrows indicate the correct amplification products, stars indicate biallelic knockout clones.The biallelic mutant lines were further validated by western blot. Nonhomologous end joining uses a single Cas9 cut and selection-independent screening, thus requiring little up-front preparation, and screening for knockout clones by dot blots can quickly determine if a knockout generation was successful. PCR-based screening accurately detects correct candidates with large genomic perturbations generated by homology-directed repair.These techniques enable researchers in molecular biology to easily and efficiently identify knockouts, allowing them to explore normal or dysfunctional cellular processes using cell lines. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to isolate and identify clonal knockout cell lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing.

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

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A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells

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Formaldehyde-assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements to Measure Chromatin Accessibility in Mammalian Cells

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Highly Efficient Gene Disruption of Murine and Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by CRISPR/Cas9

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Preparation and Gene Modification of Nonhuman Primate Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

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