Name: plant promoter analysis: identification and characterization of root nodule specific promoter in the common bean
Uploaded: 2017-12-23T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Plant Promoter Analysis: Identification and Characterization of Root Nodule Specific Promoter in the Common Bean at JoVE.com

This work was partially supported by the Direcci&#243;n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad&#233;mico, DGAPA/PAPIIT-UNAM (grant no. IN219916 to M.L and IA205117 to M-K.A) and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnol&#242;gia (CONACYT grant no. 240614 to M.L.).

1. Identification, Isolation, and Cloning of P. Vulgaris NIN Promoter
<ol>
	<li>Identify the promoter sequence for the gene of interest. There are several genome databases and analysis tools available for plants such as Phytozome, Ensembl Plants, NCBI, etc. A legume promoter P. vulgaris NIN (PvNIN; Phvul.009G115800) was used in this study20.</li>
	<li>Design oligos either for Gateway or traditional restriction enzyme cloning depending on the vector system used (<strong...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polar+localization+of+a+symbiosis-specific+phosphate+transporter+is+mediated+by+a+transient+reorientation+of+secretion.">Polar localization of a symbiosis-specific phosphate transporter is mediated by a transient reorientation of secretion.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (11), E665-E672 (2012).</li><li>Kryvoruchko, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MtSWEET11,+a+Nodule-Specific+Sucrose+Transporter+of+Medicago+truncatula.">MtSWEET11, a Nodule-Specific Sucrose Transporter of Medicago truncatula.</a> Plant Physiol. 171 (1), 554-565 (2016).</li><li>Suzaki, T., Yano, K., Ito, M., Umehara, Y., Suganuma, N., Kawaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+and+negative+regulation+of+cortical+cell+division+during+root+nodule+development+in+Lotus+japonicus+is+accompanied+by+auxin+response.">Positive and negative regulation of cortical cell division during root nodule development in Lotus japonicus is accompanied by auxin response.</a> Development. 139 (21), 3997-4006 (2012).</li><li>Suzaki, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoreduplication-mediated+initiation+of+symbiotic+organ+development+in+Lotus+japonicus.">Endoreduplication-mediated initiation of symbiotic organ development in Lotus japonicus.</a> Development. 141 (12), 2441-2445 (2014).</li><li>Qin, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+high-affinity+phosphate+transporter+GmPT5+regulates+phosphate+transport+to+nodules+and+nodulation+in+soybean.">The high-affinity phosphate transporter GmPT5 regulates phosphate transport to nodules and nodulation in soybean.</a> Plant Physiol. 159 (4), 1634-1643 (2012).</li><li>Wang, Z., Panfeng, L., Yan, Y., Chi, Y., Fan, B., Chen, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+and+Functional+Analysis+of+a+Novel+Group+of+Legume-specific+WRKY+and+Exo70+Protein+Variants+from+Soybean.">Expression and Functional Analysis of a Novel Group of Legume-specific WRKY and Exo70 Protein Variants from Soybean.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 32090 (2016).</li><li>Montiel, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Phaseolus+vulgaris+NADPH+oxidase+gene+is+required+for+root+infection+by+Rhizobia.">A Phaseolus vulgaris NADPH oxidase gene is required for root infection by Rhizobia.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 53 (10), 1751-1767 (2012).</li><li>Arthikala, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PvRbohB+negatively+regulates+Rhizophagus+irregularis+colonization+in+Phaseolus+vulgaris.">PvRbohB negatively regulates Rhizophagus irregularis colonization in Phaseolus vulgaris.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 54 (8), 1391-1402 (2013).</li><li>Arthikala, M. K., S&#225;nchez-L&#243;pez, R., Nava, N., Santana, O., C&#225;rdenas, L., Quinto, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RbohB+a+Phaseolus+vulgaris+NADPH+oxidase+gene,+enhances+symbiosome+number,+bacteroid+size,+and+nitrogen+fixation+in+nodules+and+impairs+mycorrhizal+colonization.">RbohB a Phaseolus vulgaris NADPH oxidase gene, enhances symbiosome number, bacteroid size, and nitrogen fixation in nodules and impairs mycorrhizal colonization.</a> New Phytol. 202 (3), 886-900 (2014).</li><li>Barraza, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Down-regulation+of+PvTRE1+enhances+nodule+biomass+and+bacteroid+number+in+the+common+bean.">Down-regulation of PvTRE1 enhances nodule biomass and bacteroid number in the common bean.</a> New Phytol. 197 (1), 194-206 (2013).</li><li>Estrada-Navarrete, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+autophagy-related+kinase+is+essential+for+the+symbiotic+relationship+between+Phaseolus+vulgaris+and+both+rhizobia+and+arbuscular+mycorrhizal+fungi.">An autophagy-related kinase is essential for the symbiotic relationship between Phaseolus vulgaris and both rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.</a> Plant Cell. 28 (9), 2326-2341 (2016).</li><li>Nanjareddy, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Legume+TOR+Protein+Kinase+Regulates+Rhizobium+Symbiosis+and+Is+Essential+for+Infection+and+Nodule+Development.">A Legume TOR Protein Kinase Regulates Rhizobium Symbiosis and Is Essential for Infection and Nodule Development.</a> Plant Physiol. 172 (3), 2002-2020 (2016).</li><li>Fr&#252;hling, M., Schr&#246;der, G., Hohnjec, N., P&#252;hler, A., Perlick, A. M., K&#252;ster, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+promoter+of+the+Vicia+faba+L.+gene+VfEnod12+encoding+an+early+nodulin+is+active+in+cortical+cells+and+nodule+primordia+of+transgenic+hairy+roots+of+Vicia+hirsuta+as+well+as+in+the+prefixing+zone+II+of+mature+transgenic+V.+hirsuta+root+nodules.">The promoter of the Vicia faba L. gene VfEnod12 encoding an early nodulin is active in cortical cells and nodule primordia of transgenic hairy roots of Vicia hirsuta as well as in the prefixing zone II of mature transgenic V. hirsuta root nodules.</a> Plant Science. 160 (1), 67-75 (2000).</li><li>Szabados, L., Ratet, P., Grunenberg, B., de Bruijn, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+analysis+of+the+Sesbania+rostrata+leghemoglobin+glb3+gene+5'-upstream+region+in+transgenic+Lotus+corniculatus+and+Nicotiana+tabacum+plants.">Functional analysis of the Sesbania rostrata leghemoglobin glb3 gene 5'-upstream region in transgenic Lotus corniculatus and Nicotiana tabacum plants.</a> Plant Cell Online. 2 (10), 973-986 (1990).</li><li>Madsen, L. H., Tirichine, L., Jurkiewicz, A., Sullivan, J. T., Heckmann, A. B., Bek, A. S., Ronson, C. W., James, E. 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During functional analysis of genes, the study of gene expression patterns plays a crucial role in understanding the spatial and temporal regulation of the genes in vivo. A well-known method to study gene expression patterns is to clone the gene promoter region of interest, upstream to reporter genes such as fluorescent marker genes (GFP, RFP, etc.) or &#946;-glucuronidase. Herein, we have selected a promoter region of the root nodule symbiosis (RNS) specific gene, NIN, to study the spatio-temporal expr...

Promoters are important molecular biological tools which play a crucial role in understanding the regulation of the expression of genes of interest. Promoters are DNA sequences located upstream of the translation initiation codon of gene sequences and they carry the central regulatory information of genes; therefore, their correct annotation and characterization are vital to understanding gene function. Depending on the expression patterns, plant promoters are classified as constitutive, tissue-specific, or development-stage-specific and inducible1. Advances in transcriptomic technologies, improvements in computer modeling, and the availability of increasing numbers of genome sequences for different plant species have facilitated the large-scale prediction of promoter sequences2.
On the other hand, it is also critical to establish promoter evaluation tools and genetic transformation techniques that are fast, efficient, and reproducible. Unlike the other model plants, the functional characterization of common bean legume (P. vulgaris) genes is impeded chiefly due to the recalcitrant nature of Phaseolus sp. for stable genetic transformation. Transient transformation systems serve as an alternative for rapid gene functional characterization studies3. In legume symbiosis research, the interaction between the legume host plant and rhizobial bacterium is one of the most tractable model systems for the functional analysis of nodule-specific genes and promoter studies. So far, several legume promoters related to these symbioses have been characterized, viz., Medicago truncatula PT44, SWEET115, Lotus japonicus Cyclops, UBQ6, VAG17, Glycine max PT58, Exo70J9, P. vulgaris RbohB10,11,12, TRE113, PI3K14, TOR15, etc.Cis elements directly influence gene regulation. The transcription factor ENBP1A binds to a Cis regulatory region (&#8722;692 bp) of early nodulin VfENOD12, and this facilitates the expression of a reporter gene in nodule primordia of Vicia faba16. Replacement of Cis regulatory regions (&#8722;161 to &#8722;48 bp) of the nodule-specific promoter leghemoglobin GLB3 with the heterologous truncated promoters &#948;-p35S and &#948;-pNOS, resulted in a loss of nodule specificity and reduced promoter activity17.
Previous reports show that the transcription factor NIN is required for the initiation of rhizobial infection in the root hair cells and is also essential for nodule organogenesis in L. japonicus18. In the present study, we describe a protocol for identification, isolation, cloning, and characterization of nodule-specific promoter in the common bean hairy roots. To achieve this, we selected a rhizobial symbiosis-specific NIN promoter of P. vulgaris and cloned in a transcriptional fusion to the chimeric reporter GUS-enhanced::GFP. Further, this protocol describes a rapid and versatile system of genetic transformation in the P. vulgaris using A. rhizogenes induced hairy roots. This system generates hairy roots in less than 2 weeks after transformation. Finally, we assessed the spatiotemporal expression of NIN promoter in rhizobia colonized root nodules by GUS staining.
The procedure described here may be useful not only for the study of nodulation and mycorrhization11 of legume plants, but also for the study of promoter expression patterns in roots19. Moreover, this protocol is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1125">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Primers for qRT-PCR assay</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
			<td style="width:460px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">pNIN Forward</td>
			<td>CACC ATA GCT CCC CAA AAT GGT AT</td>
			<td style="width:460px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">pNIN Reverse</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">CAT CTT CCT TCC ACT AAC TAA C</td>
			<td style="width:460px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">M13 Forward</td>
			<td>GTA AAA CGA CGG CCA G</td>
			<td style="width:460px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">M13 Reverse</td>
			<td>CAG GAA ACA GCT ATG AC</td>
			<td style="width:460px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">REAGENTS</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
			<td style="width:460px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">K243520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gateway LR Clonase II Enzyme Mix&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">11791100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">pBGWFS7.0&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Plant systems biology</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">https://gateway.psb.ugent.be/vector/show/pBGWFS7/search/index/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">10966018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">DNeasy Plant Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>69104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">PureLink Quick Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">K210012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">11708013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:245px;">Certified Molecular Biology Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1613102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:245px;">One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">C404006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Nacl</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">T7293-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">Y1625-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Bacteriological agar</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">A5306-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Kanamycin sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">60615-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Spectinomycin sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>PHR1441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Bacteriological peptone</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">P0556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">C1016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Nalidixic acid</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">N8878</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">M7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Gel loading solution</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">G7654</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">EQUIPMENT</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Thermocycler</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Veriti Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">4375786</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">Sigma 1-14K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Gel documentation unit</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Carestream&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">Gel Logic 212 PRO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:245px;">MaxQ SHKE6000 6000 Shaking Incubator - 115VAC</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">EW-51708-70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Plant growth chamber</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">MRC</td>
			<td>PGI-550RH&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Horizantal laminarair flow cabinate</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Lumistell</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">LH-120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Leica&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">DM4500 B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Petridish</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">sym laboratorios</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">90X15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Scalpel Blade&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">53223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:245px;">Falcon 15mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">14-959-53A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">22 mL glass tubes</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Thomas scientific</td>
			<td style="width:460px;">45048-16150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

plant promoter analysis: identification and characterization of root nodule specific promoter in the common bean

The upstream sequences of gene coding sequences are termed as promoter sequences. Studying the expression patterns of promoters are very significant in understanding the gene regulation and spatiotemporal expression patterns of target genes. On the other hand, it is also critical to establish promoter evaluation tools and genetic transformation techniques that are fast, efficient, and reproducible. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the rhizobial symbiosis-specific nodule inception (NIN) promoter of Phaseolus vulgaris in the transgenic hairy roots. Using plant genome databases and analysis tools we identified, isolated, and cloned the P. vulgaris NIN promoter in a transcriptional fusion to the chimeric reporter &#946;-glucuronidase (GUS) GUS-enhanced::GFP. Further, this protocol describes a rapid and versatile system of genetic transformation in the P. vulgaris using Agrobacterium rhizogenes induced hairy roots. This system generates &#8805;2 cm hairy roots at 10 to 12 days after transformation. Next, we assessed the spatiotemporal expression of NIN promoter in Rhizobium inoculated hairy roots at periodic intervals of post-inoculation. Our results depicted by GUS activity show that the NIN promoter was active during the process of nodulation. Together, the present protocol demonstrates how to identify, isolate, clone, and characterize a plant promoter in the common bean hairy roots. Moreover, this protocol is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories.

The objective of this study was to assess the spatiotemporal expression pattern of nodule-specific P. vulgaris NIN. To do this, a 700 bp region upstream of the translation initiation codon of the NIN gene was selected and a set of oligos was designed as depicted in Figure 1A. Using a high-fidelity polymerase, the NIN promoter fragment was amplified, isolated (Figure 1B), and cloned into the destination binary ve...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Plant Promoter Analysis: Identification and Characterization of Root Nodule Specific Promoter in the Common Bean at JoVE.com

Plant Promoter Analysis: Identification and Characterization of Root Nodule Specific Promoter in the Common Bean

Promoter expression analyses are crucial to improving the understanding of gene regulation and the spatiotemporal expression of target genes. Herein we present a protocol to identify, isolate, and clone a plant promoter. Further, we describe the characterization of the nodule-specific promoter in the common bean hairy roots.

The upstream sequences of gene coding sequences are termed as promoter sequences. Studying the expression patterns of promoters are very significant in ...

Hairy roots are used to obtain transformed roots in Phaseolus with a reporter construct. The resulting transgenic roots are used to examine the expression of the reporter gene. Promoter expression studies are crucial to understand the spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes.Today we are going to demonstrate the methodologies for hairy root induction and to study promoter expression patterns in transgenic hairy roots under root nodule symbiotic conditions in Phaseolus. Estrada-Navarrete and colleagues have previously established Agrobacterium rhizogenes induced hairy root system in Phaseolus. The current method will help accelerate the duration of hairy root induction and thereby improving the versatility of the system.Demonstrating the procedures will be my colleague Manoj-Kumar Arthikala and undergraduate students Alma Leticia and Brenda Mariana from my lab. To begin with, search the NIN gene sequence in Phaseolus vulgaris genome database from Phytozome, and select the required length of sequence upstream to ATG. Design the oligonucleotides following the appropriate promoter sequence analysis.Freshly prepared Phaseolus genomic DNA will serve as the template to PCR amplify the promoter sequence. Prepare the PCR master mix with high-fidelity Taq polymerase and standard PCR components, along with the prior-designed oligonucleotides. Aliquot the master mix into 2 mL PCR tubes, and perform the promoter fragment amplification in a thermocycler and with a suitable program.Separate the PCR product electrophoretically on a 1.2%agarose gel. Visualize the NIN fragment amplified at 700 base pairs under UV transillumination. Excise, elute, and clone the fragment into the Gateway entry vector pENTR/D-TOPO vector following the standard instructions.Transform two microliters of the reaction mix into competent E.coli cells at 42 degrees Celsius for 50 seconds, and plate the transformed E.coli on LB supplemented with 50 milligrams per liter kanamycin. Grow the plated cells at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. Perform a PCR reaction for plasmids isolated from randomly selected E.coli colonies using M13 oligonucleotides.The fragment at 1024 base pairs should indicate positive clones. Perform the LR reaction between the positive entry clone and destination binary vector. Transform two microliters of reaction mix into E.coli, and select the colonies on 100 milligrams per liter of spectinomycin at 37 degrees Celsius.Amplify the plasmids with NIN-specific oligonucleotides. The positive clone should amplify at 700 base pairs. Sequence and verify the correctness of the clone fragment.Mobilize the NIN promoter construct into electrocompetent K599 Agrobacterium rhizogenes cells. And once again, confirm the clone with promoter-specific oligonucleotides. Sulfur sterilize Phaseolus vulgaris seeds and germinate on sterile, wet filter papers for two days in dark at 28 degrees Celsius.Spread 150 microliters of Agrobacterium rhizogenes cells with NIN construct and control vector on LB plates with spectinomycin selection. Grow the culture overnight at 28 degrees Celsius. Decoat Phaseolus seedlings, and scrape out Agrobacterium rhizogenes cells with a bent, 200-microliters tip from the plate.And resuspend into Eppendorf Tube with one mL sterile, distilled water. Collect Agrobacterium rhizogenes cells into a three mL syringe, and place Phaseolus seedlings into previously prepared tube setup. Slightly prick the hypocotyls of germinated seeds with the needle tip, simultaneously injecting the Agrobacterium rhizogenes cells.Care should be taken that the needle do not pass through the hypocotyl. Maintain the injected seedlings in a growth chamber at 28 degrees Celsius with 16 hours light and eight hour dark photoperiod. Callus on the wounded hypocotyls should be visible by five to seven days.After two weeks, remove the primary root by cutting the stem two centimeters below the hairy roots, and transplant them into pots containing sterile vermiculite. Simultaneously, inoculate the plants with one ml Rhizobium tropici to induce nodulation. Make sure to dilute the Rhizobium culture to 6 at OD 600.Maintain the plants in a growth chamber at 28 degrees Celsius, 16 hours light, and eight hours dark photoperiod, and irrigate with B and D solution. To study spatiotemporal expression patterns of NIN promoter, sampling is done at different time points. Take out the plants without damaging the roots, and wash the roots without any specks of vermiculite.Randomly select the roots from NIN and control plants, and proceed to GUS histochemical staining by incubating the samples in GUS assay buffer at 37 degrees Celsius for 16 hours in dark. Observe the GUS-stained roots under stereo and compound microscope. This picture shows the Rhizobium-induced NIN promoter expression in the primary roots.NIN promoter expression could also be seen in Rhizobium-infected root hair cells. Further, the GUS expression can be documented at different stages of root nodule development. No GUS expression was seen in vector control roots.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of designing your promoter constructs and studying the promoter expression patterns in transgenic hairy roots of Phaseolus. This system could be further extended to study the promoter expression patterns under other symbiotic and pathogen interactions in Phaseolus and also other eudicots.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation using Specific Endo- and Exoglycosidases

Glycosylation, the addition of covalently linked sugars, is a major post-translational modification of proteins that can significantly affect processes such as cell adhesion, molecular trafficking, clearance, and signal transduction1-4. In eukaryotes, the most common glycosylation modifications in the secretory pathway are additions at consensus asparagine residues (N-linked); or at serine or threonine residues (O-linked) (Figure 1). Initiation of N-glycan synthesis is highly conserved in eukaryotes, while the end products can vary greatly among different species, tissues, or proteins. Some glycans remain unmodified ("high mannose N-glycans") or are further processed in the Golgi ("complex N-glycans"). Greater diversity is found for O-glycans, which start with a common N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residue in animal cells but differ in lower organisms1.
The detailed analysis of the glycosylation of proteins is a field unto itself and requires extensive resources and expertise to execute properly. However a variety of available enzymes that remove sugars (glycosidases) makes possible to have a general idea of the glycosylation status of a protein in a standard laboratory setting. Here we illustrate the use of glycosidases for the analysis of a model glycoprotein: recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin beta (hCG&beta;), which carries two N-glycans and four O-glycans 5. The technique requires only simple instrumentation and typical consumables, and it can be readily adapted to the analysis of multiple glycoprotein samples.
Several enzymes can be used in parallel to study a glycoprotein. PNGase F is able to remove almost all types of N-linked glycans6,7. For O-glycans, there is no available enzyme that can cleave an intact oligosaccharide from the protein backbone. Instead, O-glycans are trimmed by exoglycosidases to a short core, which is then easily removed by O-Glycosidase. The Protein Deglycosylation Mix contains PNGase F, O-Glycosidase, Neuraminidase (sialidase), &beta;1-4 Galactosidase, and &beta;-N-Acetylglucosaminidase. It is used to simultaneously remove N-glycans and some O-glycans8 . Finally, the Deglycosylation Mix was supplemented with a mixture of other exoglycosidases (&alpha;-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase, &alpha;1-2 Fucosidase, &alpha;1-3,6 Galactosidase, and &beta;1-3 Galactosidase ), which help remove otherwise resistant monosaccharides that could be present in certain O-glycans.
SDS-PAGE/Coomasie blue is used to visualize differences in protein migration before and after glycosidase treatment. In addition, a sugar-specific staining method, ProQ Emerald-300, shows diminished signal as glycans are successively removed. This protocol is designed for the analysis of small amounts of glycoprotein (0.5 to 2 &mu;g), although enzymatic deglycosylation can be scaled up to accommodate larger quantities of protein as needed.

Using specific glycosidases to remove sugars from glycoproteins followed by SDS-PAGE is a valuable method to detect glycan modifications on protein samples and is a good choice for initial glycobiology studies. Changes following deglycosylation can be detected as shifts in gel mobility or by staining with glycan sensitive reagents.

Glycosylation, the addition of covalently linked sugars, is a major post-translational modification of proteins that can significantly affect processes ...

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Plants adapt quickly to changing environments due to elaborate perception and signaling systems. During pathogen attack, plants rapidly respond to infection via the recruitment and activation of immune complexes. Activation of immune complexes is associated with post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, or ubiquitination. Understanding how these PTMs are choreographed will lead to a better understanding of how resistance is achieved.
Here we describe a protein purification method for nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR)-interacting proteins and the subsequent identification of their post-translational modifications (PTMs). With small modifications, the protocol can be applied for the purification of other plant protein complexes. The method is based on the expression of an epitope-tagged version of the protein of interest, which is subsequently partially purified by immunoprecipitation and subjected to mass spectrometry for identification of interacting proteins and PTMs.
This protocol demonstrates that: i). Dynamic changes in PTMs such as phosphorylation can be detected by mass spectrometry; ii). It is important to have sufficient quantities of the protein of interest, and this can compensate for the lack of purity of the immunoprecipitate; iii). In order to detect PTMs of a protein of interest, this protein has to be immunoprecipitated to get a sufficient quantity of protein.

We describe here a protocol for the purification and characterization of plant protein complexes. We demonstrate that by immunoprecipitating a single protein within a complex, so we can identify its post-translational modifications and its interacting partners.

Plants adapt quickly to changing environments due to elaborate perception and signaling systems. During pathogen attack, plants rapidly respond to ...

Generation of Plasmid Vectors Expressing FLAG-tagged Proteins Under the Regulation of Human Elongation Factor-1&#945; Promoter Using Gibson Assembly

Gibson assembly (GA) cloning offers a rapid, reliable, and flexible alternative to conventional DNA cloning methods. We used GA to create customized plasmids for expression of exogenous genes in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Expression of exogenous genes under the control of the SV40 or human cytomegalovirus promoters diminishes quickly after transfection into mESCs. A remedy for this diminished expression is to use the human elongation factor-1 alpha (hEF1&#945;) promoter to drive gene expression. Plasmid vectors containing hEF1&#945; are not as widely available as SV40- or CMV-containing plasmids, especially those also containing N-terminal 3xFLAG-tags. The protocol described here is a rapid method to create plasmids expressing FLAG-tagged CstF-64 and CstF-64 mutant under the expressional regulation of the hEF1&#945; promoter. GA uses a blend of DNA exonuclease, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase to make cloning of overlapping ends of DNA fragments possible. Based on the template DNAs we had available, we designed our constructs to be assembled into a single sequence. Our design used four DNA fragments: pcDNA 3.1 vector backbone, hEF1&#945; promoter part 1, hEF1&#945; promoter part 2 (which contained 3xFLAG-tag purchased as a double-stranded synthetic DNA fragment), and either CstF-64 or specific CstF-64 mutant. The sequences of these fragments were uploaded to a primer generation tool to design appropriate PCR primers for generating the DNA fragments. After PCR, DNA fragments were mixed with the vector containing the selective marker and the GA cloning reaction was assembled. Plasmids from individual transformed bacterial colonies were isolated. Initial screen of the plasmids was done by restriction digestion, followed by sequencing. In conclusion, GA allowed us to create customized plasmids for gene expression in 5 days, including construct screens and verification.

Generation of Plasmid Vectors Expressing FLAG-tagged Proteins Under the Regulation of Human Elongation Factor-1&amp;#945; Promoter Using Gibson Assembly

Synthesis of custom plasmids is labor and time consuming. This protocol describes the use of Gibson assembly cloning to reduce the work and duration of custom DNA cloning procedure. The protocol described also produces reliable tagged protein constructs for mammalian expression at similar cost to the traditional cut-and-paste DNA cloning.

Gibson assembly (GA) cloning offers a rapid, reliable, and flexible alternative to conventional DNA cloning methods. We used GA to create customized ...

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is however tedious, because it occurs only in a few cells inside the root and in an unpredictable manner. To circumvent this problem, a Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) has been developed. By treating seedlings consecutively with an auxin transport inhibitor and a synthetic auxin, highly controlled lateral root initiation occurs synchronously in the primary root, allowing abundant sampling of a desired developmental stage. The LRIS has first been developed for Arabidopsis thaliana, but can be applied to other plants as well. Accordingly, it has been adapted for use in maize (Zea mays). A detailed overview of the different steps of the LRIS in both plants is given. The combination of this system with comparative transcriptomics made it possible to identify functional homologs of Arabidopsis lateral root initiation genes in other species as illustrated here for the CYCLIN B1;1 (CYCB1;1) cell cycle gene in maize. Finally, the principles that need to be taken into account when an LRIS is developed for other plant species are discussed.

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

The Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) allows for synchronous induction of lateral roots and is presented for Arabidopsis thaliana and maize.

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is ...

Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1

Gene expression in different tissues is often controlled by alternative promoters that result in the synthesis of mRNA with unique &#8212; usually untranslated &#8212; first exons. Bcrp1 (Abcg2), the murine orthologue of the ABC transporter Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2), has at least four alternative promoters that are designated by the corresponding four alternative first exons produced: E1U, E1A, E1B, and E1C. Herein, in-silico protocols are presented to predict alternative promoter usage for Bcrp1. Furthermore, reporter assay methods are described to produce reporter constructs for alternative promoters and to determine the functionality of putative promoters upstream of the alternative first exons that are identified.

With the murine ABC transporter Bcrp1 (Abcg2) as an example, in-silico protocols are presented to detect alternative promoter usage in genes expressed in mouse tissues, and to evaluate the functionality of the alternative promoters identified using reporter assays.

Gene expression in different tissues is often controlled by alternative promoters that result in the synthesis of mRNA with unique &#8212; usually ...

Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Transpiration by Large-Scale Thermal Imaging Screening in Helianthus Annuus

Plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses is governed by a variety of factors, among which the regulation of stomatal aperture in response to water deficit or pathogens plays a crucial role. Identifying small molecules that regulate stomatal movement can therefore contribute to understanding the physiological basis by which plants adapt to their environment. Large-scale screening approaches that have been used to identify regulators of stomatal movement have potential limitations: some rely heavily on the abscisic acid (ABA) hormone signaling pathway, therefore excluding ABA-independent mechanisms, while others rely on the observation of indirect, long-term physiological effects such as plant growth and development. The screening method presented here allows the large-scale treatment of plants with a library of chemicals coupled with a direct quantification of their transpiration by thermal imaging. Since evaporation of water through transpiration results in leaf surface cooling, thermal imaging provides a non-invasive approach to investigate changes in stomatal conductance over time. In this protocol, Helianthus annuus seedlings are grown hydroponically and then treated by root feeding, in which the primary root is cut and dipped into the chemical being tested. Thermal imaging followed by statistical analysis of cotyledonary temperature changes over time allows for the identification of bioactive molecules modulating stomatal aperture. Our proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate that a chemical can be carried from the cut root to the cotyledon of the sunflower seedling within 10 minutes. In addition, when plants are treated with ABA as a positive control, an increase in leaf surface temperature can be detected within minutes. Our method thus allows the efficient and rapid identification of novel molecules regulating stomatal aperture.

Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Transpiration by Large-Scale Thermal Imaging Screening in Helianthus Annuus

We provide a method for identifying modulators of foliar transpiration by large-scale screening of a compound library.

Plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses is governed by a variety of factors, among which the regulation of stomatal aperture in response to water ...

Laser-Capture Microdissection RNA-Sequencing for Spatial and Temporal Tissue-Specific Gene Expression Analysis in Plants

The development of a complex multicellular organism is governed by distinct cell types that have different transcriptional profiles. To identify transcriptional regulatory networks that govern developmental processes it is necessary to measure the spatial and temporal gene expression profiles of these individual cell types. Therefore, insight into the spatio-temporal control of gene expression is essential to gain understanding of how biological and developmental processes are regulated. Here, we describe a laser-capture microdissection (LCM) method to isolate small number of cells from three barley embryo organs over a time-course during germination followed by transcript profiling. The method consists of tissue fixation, tissue processing, paraffin embedding, sectioning, LCM and RNA extraction followed by real-time PCR or RNA-seq. This method has enabled us to obtain spatial and temporal profiles of seed organ transcriptomes from varying numbers of cells (tens to hundreds), providing much greater tissue-specificity than typical bulk-tissue analyses. From these data we were able to define and compare transcriptional regulatory networks as well as predict candidate regulatory transcription factors for individual tissues. The method should be applicable to other plant tissues with minimal optimization.

Presented here is a protocol for laser-capture microdissection (LCM) of plant tissues. LCM is a microscopic technique for isolating areas of tissue in a contamination-free manner. The procedure includes tissue fixation, paraffin embedding, sectioning, LCM and RNA extraction. RNA is used in the downstream tissue-specific, temporally resolved analysis of transcriptomes.

The development of a complex multicellular organism is governed by distinct cell types that have different transcriptional profiles. To identify ...

Divergence of Root Microbiota in Different Habitats based on Weighted Correlation Networks

The root microbiome plays an important role in plant growth and environmental adaptation. Network analysis is an important tool for studying communities, which can effectively explore the interaction relationship or co-occurrence model of different microbial species in different environments. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide details on how to use the weighted correlation network algorithm to analyze different co-occurrence networks that may occur in microbial communities due to different ecological environments. All analysis of the experiment is performed in the WGCNA package. WGCNA is an R package for weighted correlation network analysis. The experimental data used to demonstrate these methods were microbial community data from the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database for three niches of the rice (Oryza sativa) root system. We used the weighted correlation network algorithm to construct co-abundance networks of microbial community in each of the three niches. Then, differential co-abundance networks among endosphere, rhizoplane and rhizosphere soil were identified. In addition, the core genera in network were obtained by the "WGCNA" package, which plays an important regulated role in network functions. These methods enable researchers to analyze the response of microbial network to environmental disturbance and verify different microbial ecological response theories. The results of these methods show that the significant differential microbial networks identified in the endosphere, rhizoplane and rhizosphere soil of rice.

Network analysis was applied to evaluate the association of various ecological microbial communities, such as soil, water and rhizosphere. Presented here is a protocol on how to use the WGCNA algorithm to analyze different co-occurrence networks that may occur in the microbial communities due to different ecological environments.

The root microbiome plays an important role in plant growth and environmental adaptation. Network analysis is an important tool for studying communities, ...

An Improved Chemotaxis Assay for the Rapid Identification of Rhizobacterial Chemoattractants in Root Exudates

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward method to quickly identify the chemoattractants that could induce the chemotactic movement of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria on sterile glass slides via simple steps. Bacteria solution (OD600 = 0.5) and sterile chemoattractant aqueous solution were added dropwise on the glass slide at an interval of 1 cm. An inoculating loop was used to connect the chemoattractant aqueous solution to the bacterial solution. The slide was kept at room temperature for 20 min on the clean bench. Finally, the chemoattractant aqueous solution was collected for bacterial counting and microscopic observation. In this study, through multiple comparisons of experimental results, the method overcame multiple shortcomings of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods. The method reduced the error of plate counting and shortened the experimental cycle. For the identification of chemoattractant substances, this new method can save 2-3 days compared to the traditional method. Additionally, this method allows any researcher to systematically complete a bacterial chemotaxis experiment within 1-2 days. The protocol can be considered a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Here, we present an improved chemotaxis assay protocol. The goal of this protocol is to reduce the steps and costs of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods and to serve as a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward ...

Isolation and Characterization of Intact Phycobilisome in Cyanobacteria

In cyanobacteria, phycobilisome is a vital antenna protein complex that harvests light and transfers energy to photosystem I and II for photochemistry. Studying the structure and composition of phycobilisome is of great interest to scientists because it reveals the evolution and divergence of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria. This protocol provides a detailed and optimized method to break cyanobacterial cells at low cost by a bead-beater efficiently. The intact phycobilisome can then be isolated from the cell extract by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. This method has demonstrated being suitable for both model and non-model cyanobacteria with different cell types. A step-by-step procedure is also provided to confirm the integrity and property of phycobiliproteins by 77K fluorescence spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE stained by zinc sulfate and Coomassie Blue. The isolated phycobilisome can also be subjected to further structural and compositional analyses. Overall, this protocol provides a helpful starting guide that allows researchers unfamiliar with cyanobacteria to quickly isolate and characterize intact phycobilisome.

The current protocol details the isolation of phycobilisomes from cyanobacteria by centrifugation through a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. The fractions of intact phycobilisomes are confirmed by 77K fluorescent emission spectrum and SDS-PAGE analysis. The resulting phycobilisome fractions are suitable for negative staining of TEM and mass spectrometry analysis.

In cyanobacteria, phycobilisome is a vital antenna protein complex that harvests light and transfers energy to photosystem I and II for photochemistry. ...