著者は、プロジェクト (グラント DDF - 1335-00282) を資金調達のための独立した研究のためデンマーク評議会に感謝したいと思います。COWIfonden 原油燃焼装置、ガス分析装置、ダクト挿入を含むの建設資金を提供します。マースク油およびスタット ・ オイルは、代表的な結果を得るのために使用された原油を提供しました。スポンサーのどれもは、プロトコルまたは本研究結果に関与しています。著者も感謝したい Ulises ロハス アルバ変更された円錐形の試料ホルダーを構築支援します。

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</ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

本稿で説明した 2 つの風化メソッドは、水の流出油は17に服従すること風化過程の比較的単純な近似です。他のより洗練された風化方法は、35Brandvik と Faksness によって記述される循環水路などの風化した原油のサンプルを提供するためにも使用できます。提示方法の利点は、シンプルな機器を必要とし、ラボ環境で簡単に実施することができることです。?...

その場で水で流出原油の燃焼は燃焼およびすす、ガス燃焼生成物に変換することによって水表面から流出油を除去する海洋石油流出応答法です。この応答メソッド エクソンバルディーズ号1とディープウォーターホライゾン2油流出の中に正常に適用され、北極3,4,5 の潜在的な石油流出応答法として定期的に記載されて ,6。その場でオイルの燃焼が流出応答法として成功するかどうかを決定する主要なパラメーターは、燃焼とオイルの燃焼効率です。可燃性、最初のパラメーターでは、どのように簡単に燃料の発火できるし、完全に開発された火のための燃料表面上拡散炎につながることができますをについて説明します。燃焼効率を計算、2 番目のパラメーターは、火で水表面から効果的に削除される (wt %) で油の量を表しています。つまり、燃焼とその場で燃焼条件の下で別の原油の燃焼効率が期待される理解に関連します。
その場で燃焼の目的は通常、点火システム5,7,8,9定性的な議論との現実的な問題として解決のため、水に油の着火がスリック タイヤします。点火に実用的なアプローチ流出油バイナリの問題として、「点火」または「ない点火」オイルのラベル (例えばBrandvik、フリット ・ ラスムッセンら 。10) が違います、しかし、根本的な視点から。理論的には、適切な点火源を与えられた任意の燃料を発火できます。したがって、「点火しない」としてラベルが原油の特性を理解する別の原油の種類の広い範囲のため点火要件を定量化する関連性の高いです。この目的のための入射熱流束、油と熱慣性、すなわち熱油はどのように難しいの限界熱流束関数として油の着火遅れ時間の研究を開発した方法を使用できます。
以前の研究では、我々 は燃焼効率を支配する主なパラメーターは、プール直径の機能である燃料表面11、熱フィードバックを仮定しました。理論説明研究レポート低燃焼効率 (32-80%)8,12,13と大規模な研究 (プール直径 ≥2 m) に基づく燃焼効率の明白なプールのサイズ依存性高燃焼効率 (90-99%)14,15,16を報告します。ここで説明する方法は、提案の理論をテストする設計されました。一定の外部熱流束に小規模な実験を施す、によって管理された実験室の条件の下で大規模なプール火災の高熱フィードバックをシミュレートできます。など、先進のメソッドは、外部の熱流束を変化させることにより、径の関数として効果的に燃焼効率を勉強できます。
その場での大規模をシミュレートするために外部の熱フラックスに加えて操作、冷水流量による油膜の冷却、海の流れの冷却効果をシミュレートする実験のセットアップ機能を燃焼します。議論の方法は新鮮で風化した原油と互換性がさらに。原油の風化は、その揮発性成分とフォーム水-油エマルション (例えば、 AMAP17) に水と混合の損失などの水にしたら、原油に影響を及ぼす物理的、化学的プロセスをについて説明します。蒸発と乳化18原油の燃焼性に影響を与える主な風化過程の 2 つでありこれらの風化の過程をシミュレートするためのプロトコル説明したメソッドに含まれています。
ここで、可燃性およびその場で燃焼海の操作をシミュレート条件下で原油の燃焼効率を決定する応用手法を提案します。難燃性および原油の燃焼効率に関する先行研究は、同等と別の方法を紹介しました。外部の熱フラックスの関数として新鮮で風化した原油の燃焼性は水19と北極の気温20の下で調べた。燃焼効率研究通常新鮮なの種類に焦点を当てるし、風化原油オイルと固定スケールで環境条件 (例えば、フリット ラスムッセン,ら 。8Sveum、ベックら。21). 化学の牧夫に含まれる原油の燃焼に関する最近の研究は、著者の知識の小さく、中間燃焼効率を研究する最初と大規模な実験と同様の条件13。大規模な実験は、しかし、時間とそのような実験を行うために必要なリソースの豊富な量のためのパラメトリック研究は容易に入手できません。前述のように研究の提案手法の主な利点は、同時に両方燃焼・燃焼原油半現実的な条件下での効率を計算できます。原油のこれらの 2 つのパラメーターを別の油の種類と簡単に再現性のある実験を通して (シミュレートされた) プール直径の両方の関数として勉強の組み合わせだった以前練習で可能であります。

<table><tbody><tr><td>DUC Crude Oil</td><td>Maersk</td><td>N/A</td><td>Light crude oil with r = 0.853 g/ml and h = 6.750 mPa*s.</td></tr><tr><td>Grane Crude Oil</td><td>Statoil</td><td>N/A</td><td>Heavy crude oil with r = 0.925 g/ml and h = 133.6 mPa*s.</td></tr><tr><td>SVM 3000 Stabinger Viscometer</td><td>Anton Paar</td><td>C18IP007EN-P</td><td>Viscosity and density meter for the fresh and weathered crude oils.</td></tr><tr><td>Laboshake RO500</td><td>Gerhardt</td><td>11-0002</td><td>Rotary shaking table for emulsifying water and oil mixtures.</td></tr><tr><td>Jebao Wave Maker RW-4</td><td>Jebao</td><td>N/A</td><td>Propeller (flow of 500-4000 L/h) used in the COFA setup to generate a current.</td></tr><tr><td>Aquabee UP 3000</td><td>Aquabee</td><td>UP 3000</td><td>Aquarium pump for cooling of heat flux gauge.</td></tr><tr><td>Adventurer Precision Electronic Balance</td><td>OHAUS</td><td>AX5205</td><td>Load scale used to weigh the oil for the COFA experiments and in the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td></tr><tr><td>3M Oil Sorbent Pads</td><td>VWR</td><td>MMMAHP156</td><td>Hydrophobic absorption pads used to collect oil residues to determine the burning efficiency of the fire.</td></tr><tr><td>Mass Loss Calorimeter</td><td>Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td><td>B11325-650-1-1608</td><td>A custom-made, circular holder was used for the testing of crude oil rather than the standard square sample holder. Includes a heat flux gauge with a range up to 100 kW/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.</td></tr><tr><td>34972A Data Acquisition / Data Logger Switch Unit</td><td>RS Components Ltd.</td><td>702-7958</td><td>Produced by Keysight Technologies. Operated by Keysight benchLink data logger 3 software and equipped with a 20-channel multiplexer.</td></tr><tr><td>Keysight Technologies 34901A 20-channel multiplexer</td><td>RS Components Ltd.</td><td>702-7939</td><td>Produced by Keysight Technologies.</td></tr><tr><td>Bellows-Sealed Valve</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-1GS6MM</td><td>Toggle valve to open/close the water in- and outlet of the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td></tr><tr><td>Kronos 50 Peristaltic Pump</td><td>SEKO</td><td>KRFM0210M6000</td><td>Peristaltic pump used to cool the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td></tr><tr><td>ARCTIC A28 Refrigerated Circulater</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>152-5281</td><td>Water cooling reservoir used to cool the cooling water that flows through the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup. Includes a SC 100 Immersion Circulator controller.</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Analysis Instrumentation Console with Duct Insert</td><td>Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td><td>B11328-650-1-1609</td><td>Gas analyzer for O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO. Uses a 34972A Data Acquisition / Data Logger Switch Unit.</td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic &amp;amp; Stainless Steel 2.5mm Electrode</td><td>Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td><td>M015-4</td><td>Spark igniter from the Mass Loss Calorimeter. Used in the COFA setup to measure the surface temperature upon ignition.</td></tr><tr><td>Infrared Emitter-Module M110/348</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>80046199</td><td>Original Infrared heaters on which the new design with a water-cooled holder for the heating elements was based. Includes two short wave twin tube emitters (09751751). Operated by a type CB1x25 P power controller.</td></tr><tr><td>Power Controller Heratron&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>80055836</td><td>Type CB1x25 P power controller for the infrared heaters.</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental procedure for laboratory studies of in situ burning : flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil

同時燃焼研究と 2 つの実験室のセットアップを通じて新鮮で風化の原油の燃焼効率のための新しい方法を提示します。実験は、まだ非常に現実的な場で燃焼水に原油の条件を搭載しながら運用実験 (プール直径 ≥2 m)、に比べて簡単に再現。実験条件は、流れる水のサブレイヤーは、油膜と事業規模原油プール火災の燃料表面に高い熱フィードバックをシミュレートする外部の熱フラックス (最大 50 kW/m2) を冷却を含まれます。これらの条件は、運用実験に相当する原油プール火災の燃焼効率の制御実験を有効にします。メソッドは、限界熱流束の面で原油を点火、着火遅れ時間入射熱流束、点火、時に表面温度と熱慣性の関数としての要件に関する定量的なデータを提供します。この種類のデータは、必要な強度と発火源が特定の種類の新鮮なまたは風化原油を点火するための期間を判断する使用できます。メソッドの主な制限は、流れる水の冷却効果サブ層の燃焼の原油の外部の熱流束の機能を完全に定量化されていません。流れる水の副層をどのように代表的なこのセットアップはその場で燃焼条件の改善はどの程度この表現は正確には現在あるが実験の結果を示した。それにもかかわらず、最も現実的なその場で燃焼燃焼を同時に勉強と水の原油の効率を焼くのため現在利用可能な実験条件特徴方式。

手順 2 で説明したメソッドを使用して 30 wt % の損失に複数日にわたる蒸着された軽質原油の蒸発曲線を図 5に示します。蒸発風化の最初の日 (19 h) 後、蒸発速度が低下する大幅にプロトコルで説明したように一時停止ができる明確に図であります。
図 6は新鮮なグラネ (重質原油...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil at JoVE.com

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

同時に燃焼しその場で燃焼海の操作をシミュレートする条件の下で新鮮なと風化の原油の燃焼効率を研究するためのプロトコルを紹介します。

その場で燃焼の実験的研究のための実験: 燃焼と原油の燃焼効率

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

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Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

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12.4K ビュー.  Technical University of Denmark. 同時に燃焼しその場で燃焼海の操作をシミュレートする条件の下で新鮮なと風化の原油の燃焼効率を研究するためのプロトコルを紹介します。

ビデオ: Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among the various thermochemical and biochemical routes, fast pyrolysis followed by catalytic hydrotreating is considered to be a promising near-term opportunity. This paper reports on experimental methods used 1) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils in a fluidized-bed reactor and 2) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils in a two-stage, fixed-bed, continuous-flow catalytic reactor. The configurations of the reactor systems, the operating procedures, and the processing and analysis of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels are described in detail in this paper. We also demonstrate hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil. Representative results showed successful conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuel-range hydrocarbon biofuels and, specifically, the effect of hot-vapor filtration on bio-oil production and upgrading. The protocols provided in this report could help to generate rigorous and reliable data for biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil hydrotreating research.

Experimental methods for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils and for the catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils to produce fuel range hydrocarbons are presented. Hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil was also assessed.

炭化水素液体燃料経由ホット蒸気フィルタ処理の高速熱分解および触媒水素化処理を生成するためにバイオマス変換

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among ...

生化学

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

先進ライトソースで難実験：すす生成プロセスに新たな洞察

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

工学

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system requires the careful preparation of the sample in order to accurately replicate the natural formation of the water-accommodated fraction that occurs in nature. Low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF) are carefully prepared by mixing crude oil and water at a set ratio. Aspirator bottles are then irradiated, and at set time points, the water is sampled and extracted using standard techniques. A second challenge is the representative characterization of the sample, which must take into consideration the chemical changes that occur over time. A targeted analysis of the aromatic fraction of the LEWAF can be performed using an atmospheric-pressure laser ionization source coupled to a custom-built trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;Fourier transform&#8211;ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysis provides high-resolution ion mobility and ultrahigh-resolution MS analysis, which further allow the identification of isomeric components by their collision cross-sections (CCS) and chemical formula. Results show that as the oil-water mixture is exposed to light, there is significant photo-solubilization of the surface oil into the water. Over time, the chemical transformation of the solubilized molecules takes place, with a decrease in the number of identifications of nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing species in favor of those with a greater oxygen content than were typically observed in the base oil.

The low-energy water-accommodated fraction (LEWAF) of crude oil is a challenging system to analyze, because over time, this complex mixture undergoes chemical transformations. This protocol illustrates methods for the preparation of the LEWAF sample and for performing photo-irradiation and chemical analysis by trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;FT-ICR MS.

原油の水を収容する画分の化学分析は、TIMS-FT-ICR MSを用いて流出します

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

環境学

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several technological changes to fulfill environmental and economic requirements. These developments have resulted in increasingly severe operating conditions whose suitability for conventional and alternative fuels needs to be addressed. For example, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) introduced as biodiesel are more prone to oxidation and may lead to deposit formation. Although several methods exist to evaluate fuel stability (induction period, peroxides, acids, and insolubles), no technique allows one to monitor the real-time oxidation mechanism and to measure the formation of oxidation intermediates that may lead to deposit formation. In this article, we developed an advanced oxidation procedure (AOP) based on two existing reactors. This procedure allows the simulation of different oxidation conditions and the monitoring of the oxidation progress by the means of macroscopic parameters, such as total acid number (TAN) and advanced analytical methods like gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). We successfully applied AOP to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics of a model molecule (methyl oleate) and commercial diesel and biodiesel fuels. These developments represent a key strategy for fuel quality monitoring during logistics and on-board utilization.

Oxidation stability of transport fuels has become a concern for future fuel development. This work presents an original methodology developed by IFP Energies Nouvelles for assessing fuel stability using two different reactors. This methodology was successfully applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics and pathways of model molecules and commercial fuels.

交通燃料の安定性を評価するためのオリジナル実験的アプローチ

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several ...

化学

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

This paper presents an experimental method to produce biofuels and biochemicals from canola oil mixed with a fossil-based feed in the presence of a catalyst at mild temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, and solid products from a reaction unit are quantified and characterized. Conversion and individual product yields are calculated and reported.

接触分解変換により菜種油からバイオ燃料および生化学の研究室の生産

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex interactions occurring at the interface between gas-phase flames and condensed-phase fuels. The current research provides a technique to explore the dynamic relationship between a combustible condensed fuel surface and gas-phase flames in laminar boundary layers. Experiments have previously been conducted in both forced and free convective environments over both solid and liquid fuels. A unique methodology, based on the Reynolds Analogy, was used to estimate local mass burning rates and flame heat fluxes for these laminar boundary layer diffusion flames utilizing local temperature gradients at the fuel surface. Local mass burning rates and convective and radiative heat feedback from the flames were measured in both the pyrolysis and plume regions by using temperature gradients mapped near the wall by a two-axis traverse system. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design as the condensed fuel surface burns steadily for only a limited period of time following ignition. The temperature profiles near the fuel surface need to be mapped during steady burning of a condensed fuel surface at a very high spatial resolution in order to capture reasonable estimates of local temperature gradients. Careful corrections for radiative heat losses from the thermocouples are also essential for accurate measurements. For these reasons, the whole experimental setup needs to be automated with a computer-controlled traverse mechanism, eliminating most errors due to positioning of a micro-thermocouple. An outline of steps to reproducibly capture near-wall temperature gradients and use them to assess local burning rates and heat fluxes is provided.

We describe the use of micro-thermocouples to estimate local temperature gradients in steady laminar boundary layer diffusion flames. By extension of the Reynolds Analogy, local temperature gradients can be further used to estimate the local mass burning rates and heat fluxes in such flames with high accuracy.

定常流境界層の拡散火炎における局所熱フラックスとバーニング料金の推定のための実験的方法論

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

製油所のプロセス条件下で油試料の相挙動のその場可視化で

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

Minimum Burning Pressures of Water-based Emulsion Explosives

This manuscript describes a protocol to measure the minimum pressure required for sustained burning of water-based emulsion explosives. Pumping water-based emulsion explosives for blasting applications can be very hazardous, as demonstrated by a number of pump accidents around the globe in the last decades, including some that resulted in fatalities. In Canada, the recognition of this hazard has led to the development of pumping guidelines that were endorsed by both the explosives industry and the Explosive Regulatory Division of the Canadian government. In these guidelines, it was noted that the minimum burning pressures (MBP) measured in a laboratory would provide a good guide to characterize the behaviour of these products in pumping systems. The same guidelines also call for the design of pump systems that prevent, whenever possible, pressures from exceeding the MBP of the product being pumped. At the time of publication of these guidelines, a methodology existed for measuring such MBP values but it had never been validated to measure the MBP of ammonium nitrate water-based emulsions (AWEs). AWEs are now used much more widely than any other water-based explosives and precursors in on-site bulk loading operations.
The Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory (CanmetCERL) has been conducting research over the last ten years to develop a validated testing protocol to measure and interpret representative MBP values for AWEs. The test, as it is performed today, will be described and the critical components will be justified by reference to recent published data. Results of MBP measurements, for a range of AWE products, will be presented. Inclusion of the MBP test in the test standards for the authorization of high explosives in Canada will also be discussed.

We present an apparatus based on hot-wire ignition in a pressurized enclosure and an associated methodology to measure the minimum pressure required to induce sustained combustion in water-based emulsion explosives. This method improves product characterization to allow one to use them more safely during pumping and mixing operations.

最小燃焼水性エマルション爆薬の圧力

This manuscript describes a protocol to measure the minimum pressure required for sustained burning of water-based emulsion explosives. Pumping ...

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This flexible tool offers a detailed observation of chemical gas-phase kinetics in reacting flows under well-controlled conditions. The vast range of operating conditions available in a laminar flow reactor enables access to extraordinary combustion applications that are typically not achievable by flame experiments. These include rich conditions at high temperatures relevant for gasification processes, the peroxy chemistry governing the low temperature oxidation regime or investigations of complex technical fuels. The presented setup allows measurements of quantitative speciation data for reaction model validation of combustion, gasification and pyrolysis processes, while enabling a systematic general understanding of the reaction chemistry. Validation of kinetic reaction models is generally performed by investigating combustion processes of pure compounds. The flow reactor has been enhanced to be suitable for technical fuels (e.g. multi-component mixtures like Jet A-1) to allow for phenomenological analysis of occurring combustion intermediates like soot precursors or pollutants. The controlled and comparable boundary conditions provided by the experimental design allow for predictions of pollutant formation tendencies. Cold reactants are fed premixed into the reactor that are highly diluted (in around 99 vol% in Ar) in order to suppress self-sustaining combustion reactions. The laminar flowing reactant mixture passes through a known temperature field, while the gas composition is determined at the reactors exhaust as a function of the oven temperature. The flow reactor is operated at atmospheric pressures with temperatures up to 1,800 K. The measurements themselves are performed by decreasing the temperature monotonically at a rate of -200 K/h. With the sensitive MBMS technique, detailed speciation data is acquired and quantified for almost all chemical species in the reactive process, including radical species.

An investigation of the oxidative combustion chemistry of novel biofuels, fuel components, or jet fuels by comparison of quantitative speciation data is presented. The data can be used for kinetic model validation and enables fuel assessment strategies.This manuscript describes the atmospheric high-temperature flow reactor and demonstrates its capabilities.

燃料の燃焼化学: と大気の高温流動反応器から得られる定量的な種分化データ結合分子線質量分析計

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This ...

Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low velocity fire wind tunnel where two distinct layers of fuel were constructed to represent surface and crown fuels in chaparral. Chamise, a common chaparral shrub, comprised the live crown layer. The dead fuel surface layer was constructed with excelsior (shredded wood). We developed a methodology to measure mass loss, temperature, and flame height for both fuel layers. Thermocouples placed in each layer estimated temperature. A video camera captured the visible flame. Post-processing of digital imagery yielded flame characteristics including height and flame tilt. A custom crown mass loss instrument developed in-house measured the evolution of the mass of the crown layer during the burn. Mass loss and temperature trends obtained using the technique matched theory and other empirical studies. In this study, we present detailed experimental procedures and information about the instrumentation used. The representative results for the fuel mass loss rate and temperature filed within the fuel bed are also included and discussed.

This protocol describes wind tunnel experiments designed to study the transition of a fire from the ground to the canopy of chaparral shrubs.

風洞実験によるシャパラル クラウン火災を検討

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low ...

その場で燃焼の実験的研究のための実験: 燃焼と原油の燃焼効率

要約

さらに動画を探す

炭化水素液体燃料経由ホット蒸気フィルタ処理の高速熱分解および触媒水素化処理を生成するためにバイオマス変換

先進ライトソースで難実験：すす生成プロセスに新たな洞察

原油の水を収容する画分の化学分析は、TIMS-FT-ICR MSを用いて流出します

交通燃料の安定性を評価するためのオリジナル実験的アプローチ

接触分解変換により菜種油からバイオ燃料および生化学の研究室の生産

定常流境界層の拡散火炎における局所熱フラックスとバーニング料金の推定のための実験的方法論

製油所のプロセス条件下で油試料の相挙動のその場可視化で

最小燃焼水性エマルション爆薬の圧力

燃料の燃焼化学: と大気の高温流動反応器から得られる定量的な種分化データ結合分子線質量分析計

風洞実験によるシャパラルクラウン火災を検討

その場で燃焼の実験的研究のための実験: 燃焼と原油の燃焼効率

要約

さらに動画を探す

炭化水素液体燃料経由ホット蒸気フィルタ処理の高速熱分解および触媒水素化処理を生成するためにバイオマス変換

先進ライトソースで難実験：すす生成プロセスに新たな洞察

原油の水を収容する画分の化学分析は、TIMS-FT-ICR MSを用いて流出します

交通燃料の安定性を評価するためのオリジナル実験的アプローチ

接触分解変換により菜種油からバイオ燃料および生化学の研究室の生産

定常流境界層の拡散火炎における局所熱フラックスとバーニング料金の推定のための実験的方法論

製油所のプロセス条件下で油試料の相挙動のその場可視化で

最小燃焼水性エマルション爆薬の圧力

燃料の燃焼化学: と大気の高温流動反応器から得られる定量的な種分化データ結合分子線質量分析計

風洞実験によるシャパラル クラウン火災を検討

風洞実験によるシャパラルクラウン火災を検討