Name: removal of an internal translational start site from mrna while retaining expression of the full-length protein
Uploaded: 2022-03-16T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein at JoVE.com

The project was supported by National Institutes of Health grants (R01HL152691, R01HL138577, and R01HL159983) to RMS.

`All animal care and study protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and the University of Utah. C57BL/6J female mice obtained from commercial sources at 8-9 weeks of age (see Table of Materials) were used for the experiments.
1. Preparation for gene targeting
<ol>
	<li>Select the guide target sequence around the targeted mutation site coding M213 using CRISPOR web algorithm4<...

<ol>
	<li>Smyth, J. W., Shaw, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoregulation+of+connexin43+gap+junction+formation+by+internally+translated+isoforms.">Autoregulation of connexin43 gap junction formation by internally translated isoforms.</a> Cell Reports. 5 (3), 611-618 (2013).</li><li>Basheer, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GJA1-20k+arranges+actin+to+guide+Cx43+delivery+to+cardiac+intercalated+discs.">GJA1-20k arranges actin to guide Cx43 delivery to cardiac intercalated discs.</a> Circulation Research. 121 (9), 1069-1080 (2017).</li><li>Fu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cx43+isoform+GJA1-20k+promotes+microtubule+dependent+mitochondrial+transport.">Cx43 isoform GJA1-20k promotes microtubule dependent mitochondrial transport.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 8, 905 (2017).</li><li>Xiao, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auxiliary+trafficking+subunit+GJA1-20k+protects+connexin-43+from+degradation+and+limits+ventricular+arrhythmias.">Auxiliary trafficking subunit GJA1-20k protects connexin-43 from degradation and limits ventricular arrhythmias.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 130 (9), 4858-4870 (2020).</li><li>Syvanen, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+gels+to+chips:+&amp;#34;minisequencing&amp;#34;+primer+extension+for+analysis+of+point+mutations+and+single+nucleotide+polymorphisms.">From gels to chips: &amp;#34;minisequencing&amp;#34; primer extension for analysis of point mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms.</a> Human Mutation. 13 (1), 1-10 (1999).</li><li>Han, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+SNP+discovery+in+tetraploid+alfalfa+using+454+sequencing+and+high+resolution+melting+analysis.">Genome-wide SNP discovery in tetraploid alfalfa using 454 sequencing and high resolution melting analysis.</a> BMC Genomics. 12, 1-11 (2011).</li><li>Han, Y., Khu, D. M., Monteros, M. 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P., Haeussler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPOR:+Intuitive+guide+selection+for+CRISPR/Cas9+genome+editing+experiments+and+screens.">CRISPOR: Intuitive guide selection for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing experiments and screens.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 46 (1), 242-245 (2018).</li><li>Hsu, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+targeting+specificity+of+RNA-guided+Cas9+nucleases.">DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 31 (9), 827-832 (2013).</li><li>Jinek, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+programmable+dual-RNA-guided+DNA+endonuclease+in+adaptive+bacterial+immunity.">A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.</a> Science. 337 (6096), 816-821 (2012).</li><li>Paquet, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+introduction+of+specific+homozygous+and+heterozygous+mutations+using+CRISPR/Cas9.">Efficient introduction of specific homozygous and heterozygous mutations using CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Nature. 533 (7601), 125-129 (2016).</li><li>Behringer, R., Gertsenstein, M., Nagy, K., Nagy, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual. , (2014).</li><li>Pomp, D., Critser, E. S., Rutledge, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+sodium+lactate+in+Whitten's+medium+improves+in+vitro+developmental+capacity+of+one-cell+mouse+embryos.">Lower sodium lactate in Whitten's medium improves in vitro developmental capacity of one-cell mouse embryos.</a> Theriogenology. 29 (5), 1019-1025 (1988).</li><li>Summers, M. C., McGinnis, L. K., Lawitts, J. A., Raffin, M., Biggers, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IVF+of+mouse+ova+in+a+simplex+optimized+medium+supplemented+with+amino+acids.">IVF of mouse ova in a simplex optimized medium supplemented with amino acids.</a> Human Reproduction. 15 (8), 1791-1801 (2000).</li><li>Green, M. R. 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(95), e51879 (2015).</li><li>Iyer, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+unexpected+CRISPR-Cas9+off-target+activity+revealed+by+trio+sequencing+of+gene-edited+mice.">No unexpected CRISPR-Cas9 off-target activity revealed by trio sequencing of gene-edited mice.</a> PLoS Genetics. 14 (7), 1007503 (2018).</li><li>Nature Medicine. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keep+off-target+effects+in+focus.">Keep off-target effects in focus.</a> Nature Medicine. 24 (8), 1081 (2018).</li><li>Mayer, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+EcoRI-activity+of+EcoRI+endonuclease.">Optimization of the EcoRI-activity of EcoRI endonuclease.</a> FEBS Letters. 90 (2), 341-344 (1978).</li><li>Kozak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Point+mutations+close+to+the+AUG+initiator+codon+affect+the+efficiency+of+translation+of+rat+preproinsulin+in+vivo.">Point mutations close to the AUG initiator codon affect the efficiency of translation of rat preproinsulin in vivo.</a> Nature. 308 (5956), 241-246 (1984).</li><li>Kozak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Point+mutations+define+a+sequence+flanking+the+AUG+initiator+codon+that+modulates+translation+by+eukaryotic+ribosomes.">Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes.</a> Cell. 44 (2), 283-292 (1986).</li><li>Basheer, W. 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A gene-modified mouse model is a common approach for understanding gene function. However, since the GJA1-20k internally translated isoform is translated from the same Gja1 mRNA as full-length Cx43, a creative strategy was devised to retain full-length Cx43 expression yet suppress GJA1-20k expression. The approach is based on a mutation of the internal start codon of GJA1-20k. With a single point mutation, M213 was switched to L on Gja1 mRNA, which succeeded in suppressing GJA1-20k expression but retain...

The full-length Connexin 43 (Cx43) and the N-terminus truncated isoform, GJA1-20k, encoded by the same GJA1 mRNA but utilize different start codons1 to initiate translation. Cx43 translation occurs at the first AUG start codon, whereas GJA1-20k translation initiates at the AUG at residue 213. It was previously found that GJA1-20k has essential roles for full-length Cx43 trafficking, actin stabilization, and regulation of mitochondrial morphology in vitro1,2,3.
To understand the role of GJA1-20k in vivo, a GJA1-20k &#34;knock-out&#34; mouse model was generated that retained the ability to create full-length Cx43. The approach was to use the CRISPR-Cas9 system to substitute the single residue at 213 from a Methionine (M) to a Leucine (L) (Gja1M213L/M213L)4. An internal M to L mutation dramatically decreases the likelihood of internal translation occurring yet retains the translation and function of full-length protein4. Because the wild type (WT) and mutated allele have identical sizes and near-identical mRNA products, there is considerable difficulty in confirming genotype in the mice. DNA sequencing can identify the mutation but is too expensive and time-consuming for routine use. In general, several faster-genotyping methods have been established, such as Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), minisequencing-ligation, high-resolution melting analysis, and tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system PCR (ARMS-PCR)5,6,7,8. Yet these alternative methods require multiple steps, unique resources, and/or several specific primer sets which can induce non-specific PCR products.
This protocol introduces a detailed gene targeting and editing approach by CRISPR-Cas9 to create a single amino acid mutation, and rapid genotyping is presented to confirm the mutation. Genotype identification involves the creative use of restriction enzymes utilizing only a single set of primers to identify the target gene. Readers are referred to Reference4 to observe the profound electrophysiological effect of sudden cardiac death caused by a one residue Gja1M213L/M213L substitution mutation which still generates full-length protein yet fails to generate a smaller internally translated truncation isoform. This protocol will help make other mice models use a point mutation to decrease the internal translation of an isoform of interest while retaining the expression of the endogenous full-length protein.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 mL 8-Strip PCR tube</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1148A28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15575-038</td>
			<td>For pronuclear micorinjection buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x CutSmart buffer</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B7204S</td>
			<td>Digestion buffer for NlaIII</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.5</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15567-027</td>
			<td>For pronuclear micorinjection buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50x TAE Buffer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>24710-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well Thermal cycler</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>Model # 9902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>664</td>
			<td>mouse strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemidoc MP imaging system</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To take gel image by 302 nm UV light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eSpCas9 protein</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>ESPCAS9PRO-50UG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Lading Dye Purple (6x)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B7024S</td>
			<td>Loading buffer for electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gloves</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>23-073-425G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>H3884-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Lab software</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To analyze gel image</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted stereo microscope whit plasDIC</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiovert A1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KAPA Mouse Genotyping Kits</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td>KK7352</td>
			<td>For tissue or cell lysis, DNA extraction, and PCR master mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KSOM</td>
			<td>LifeGlobal</td>
			<td>ZEKS-050</td>
			<td>embryo culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab coart</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M2 medium</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>MR015D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NlaIII</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0125S</td>
			<td>To digest PCR product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease-Free Water</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9937</td>
			<td>To dilute reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin oil</td>
			<td>Nacalai USA</td>
			<td>2613785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plugged 20 &#956;L fine pipette tip</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>02-707-171</td>
			<td>To pick up blastocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSG (pregnant mare&#8217;s serum gonadotropin)</td>
			<td>ProSpec-Tany</td>
			<td>HOR-272</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9760G</td>
			<td>For pronuclear micorinjection buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR safe DNA Gel Stain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S33102</td>
			<td>To detect bands in gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tracrRNA</td>
			<td>Dharmacon</td>
			<td>U-002000-120</td>
			<td>Guid RNA</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of an internal translational start site from mrna while retaining expression of the full-length protein

The CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system, based on genome repair mechanisms, enables the generation of gene-modified mouse models more quickly and easily relative to traditional homologous recombination. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is particularly attractive when a single-point mutation is desired. The gap junction protein, Connexin 43 (Cx43), is encoded by gene Gja1, which has a single coding exon and cannot be spliced. However, Gja1 produces not only full-length Cx43 protein but up to six N-terminus truncated isoforms by a process known as internal translation, the result of ribosomal translation initiation at internal AUG (Methionine) start sites. GJA1-20k is the most commonly generated truncated isoform of Cx43 initiated at the AUG codon at position 213 of Gja1 mRNA. Because residue 213 occurs at the end of the last transmembrane domain of Cx43, GJA1-20k is effectively the 20 kDa C-terminus tail of Cx43 as an independent protein. Previous investigators identified, in cells, that a critical role of GJA1-20k is to facilitate trafficking of full-length Cx43 gap junction hemichannels to the plasma membrane. To examine this phenomenon in vivo, a mutant mouse with a Gja1 point-mutation was generated that replaces the ATG (Methionine) at residue 213 with TTA (Leucine, M213L mutation). The result of M213L is that Gja1 mRNA and full-length Cx43 are still generated, yet the translation of Gja1-20k is significantly reduced. This report focuses on choosing the restriction enzyme site to develop a one amino acid mutated (Gja1M213L/M213L) mouse model. This protocol describes genetically modified mice by the CRISPR-Cas9 system and rapid genotyping by combining PCR and restriction enzyme treatments.

The CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system produces an ATG to TTA mutation and a silent TCC to TCG mutation at 56,264,279 to 56,264,281 and at 56,264,291 to 56,264,293 on mouse chromosome 10, or at 869 to 871 and 881 to 883 on Gja1 mRNA, respectively. Those mutation results in a Methionine 213 to Leucine (M213L) mutation on GJA1 protein and the TTC to TTG mutation disrupts a nearby PAM sequence to avoid undesired gene edition (Figure 1). The details of the mutation are described in a previous repor...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein at JoVE.com

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

The present protocol describes a single M213L mutation in Gja1 that retains full-length Connexin43 generation but prevents translation of the smaller GJA1-20k internally translated isoform.

The CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system, based on genome repair mechanisms, enables the generation of gene-modified mouse models more quickly and easily ...

The difficulty with a single residue substitution is to genotyping animals efficiently despite the difference in single residue. Special use of a restriction enzyme adds only a single, rapid, and low-cost step to typical PCR-based genotyping. This protocol can be applied to any other mouse model with a point of mutation if the target sequence is recognized by a restriction enzyme, which is usually the case.Cut one to three millimeters of the tail tip with clean scissors and transfer it to a 0.2-milliliter eight-strip PCR tube. After containing the tail sample as described in the manuscript, store it at T-minus 20 degrees Celsius until the extraction, up to about a week. Add 100 microliters of tissue lysis solution per tube and mix well, followed by spin-down using a tabletop minicentrifuge at 2, 200 times G for 10 seconds at room temperature.Ensure the tail samples are submerged in the solution. Set the tubes onto a thermal cycler set by programming the parameters for tissue lysis, inactivation, and holding. Store the tissue lysate at four degrees Celsius for up to a week if PCR cannot be performed immediately.Prepare a PCR solution containing five microliters of nuclease-free water, 0.75 microliters of 10-micromolar forward and reverse primers, and 7.5 microliters of PCR master mix per sample into a new PCR tube. Add one microliter of the previously prepared tissue lysate to the PCR solution. Mix the PCR solution well and spin down with a tabletop minicentrifuge at 2, 200 times G for 10 seconds at room temperature.Set the tubes onto a programmed thermal cycler. Once the reaction is completed, store the PCR products at four degrees Celsius for one to two months or approximately one year at minus 20 degrees Celsius. Prepare the enzyme solution containing seven microliters of nuclease-free water, two microliters of CutSmart buffer at 10X strength, and one microliter of NlaIII restriction enzyme.If there are several samples, multiply each content to make the mixture and aliquot 10 microliters per tube. Add 10 microliters of PCR product previously obtained to the enzyme solution per tube. Mix well and spin down with the tabletop minicentrifuge as demonstrated previously.Set the tubes onto a programmed thermal cycler or heat block. Store the product after incubation under cold conditions. Add 0.75 grams of agarose in 50 milliliters of single-strength TAE buffer.Mix and heat the agarose in the microwave until it dissolves completely. After cooling it down, add five microliters of DNA stain and gently mix. Pour 25 milliliters of the agarose gel into the gel mold and allow the gel to solidify.Load 10 microliters of digested PCR product to the well. Run the gel with 100 volts for 35 minutes. Image the agarose gel under ultraviolet light.The agarose electrophoresis performed using the digested PCR product resulted in several bands of different sizes in each genotype, with two bands in wild type, three in heterozygous, and one in homozygous, respectively. Test injection with blastocyst analysis resulted in a 76.9%success rate on injecting 50 nanograms per microliter of the donor oligos, and a 25%success rate on injecting 25 nanograms per microliter of the same donor oligos, respectively. Finally, injecting 50 nanograms per microliter of the donor oligos with ethanol precipitation obtained founder animals with a 50%success rate.Purification of oligo donors by ethanol precipitation lowered the toxicity while retaining high genome editing efficiency. Careful handling and in adding a low amount of reagents is very important. Ensure they are correctly added and are mixed well.

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In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

The exogenous delivery of coding synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) for induction of protein synthesis in desired cells has enormous potential in the fields ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

A Comparative Analysis of Recombinant Protein Expression in Different Biofactories: Bacteria, Insect Cells and Plant Systems

Plant-based systems are considered a valuable platform for the production of recombinant proteins as a result of their well-documented potential for the ...