Name: assessing energy substrate oxidation in vitro with 14co2 trapping
Uploaded: 2022-03-23T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Energy Substrate Oxidation In Vitro with 14CO2 Trapping at JoVE.com

The work was supported in part by NIH grant R01 AR060456 (FL). We thank Dr. Michael Robinson and Elizabeth Krizman (The Children&#39;s Hospital of Philadelphia) for their generous help with the scintillation counter.

The use of radioactive materials (RAM) requires prior approval by a designated safety committee at each institution. RAMs used in this protocol have been approved by Environmental Health &#38; Radiation Safety (EHRS) at the University of Pennsylvania. The use of animals requires prior approval by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the home institution. The following study was approved by IACUC at The Children&#39;s Hospital of Philadelphia.
1. Preparation of stock...

<ol>
	<li>Hargreaves, M., Spriet, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+muscle+energy+metabolism+during+exercise.">Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise.</a> Nature Metabolism. 2 (9), 817-828 (2020).</li><li>Jeukendrup, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+fat+metabolism+in+skeletal+muscle.">Regulation of fat metabolism in skeletal muscle.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 967, 217-235 (2002).</li><li>Randle, P. J., Garland, P. B., Hales, C. N., Newsholme, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+glucose+fatty-acid+cycle.+Its+role+in+insulin+sensitivity+and+the+metabolic+disturbances+of+diabetes+mellitus.">The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus.</a> Lancet. 1 (7285), 785-789 (1963).</li><li>Randle, P. J., Newsholme, E. A., Garland, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+glucose+uptake+by+muscle.+8.+Effects+of+fatty+acids,+ketone+bodies+and+pyruvate,+and+of+alloxan-diabetes+and+starvation,+on+the+uptake+and+metabolic+fate+of+glucose+in+rat+heart+and+diaphragm+muscles.">Regulation of glucose uptake by muscle. 8. Effects of fatty acids, ketone bodies and pyruvate, and of alloxan-diabetes and starvation, on the uptake and metabolic fate of glucose in rat heart and diaphragm muscles.</a> Biochemical Journal. 93 (3), 652-665 (1964).</li><li>Taegtmeyer, H., Hems, R., Krebs, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilization+of+energy-providing+substrates+in+the+isolated+working+rat+heart.">Utilization of energy-providing substrates in the isolated working rat heart.</a> Biochemical Journal. 186 (3), 701-711 (1980).</li><li>Cha, B. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+fatty+acid+metabolism+in+type+2+diabetic+skeletal+muscle+cells+is+reversed+by+PPARgamma+agonists.">Impaired fatty acid metabolism in type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle cells is reversed by PPARgamma agonists.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 289 (1), 151-159 (2005).</li><li>Lee, W. C., Guntur, A. R., Long, F., Rosen, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+metabolism+of+the+osteoblast:+implications+for+osteoporosis.">Energy metabolism of the osteoblast: implications for osteoporosis.</a> Endocrine Reviews. 38 (3), 255-266 (2017).</li><li>Li, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Both+aerobic+glycolysis+and+mitochondrial+respiration+are+required+for+osteoclast+differentiation.">Both aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration are required for osteoclast differentiation.</a> FASEB Journal. 34 (8), 11058-11067 (2020).</li><li>Lee, W. C., Ji, X., Nissim, I., Long, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Malic+enzyme+couples+mitochondria+with+aerobic+glycolysis+in+osteoblasts.">Malic enzyme couples mitochondria with aerobic glycolysis in osteoblasts.</a> Cell Reports. 32 (10), 108108 (2020).</li><li>Kim, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid+oxidation+by+the+osteoblast+is+required+for+normal+bone+acquisition+in+a+sex-+and+diet-dependent+manner.">Fatty acid oxidation by the osteoblast is required for normal bone acquisition in a sex- and diet-dependent manner.</a> JCI Insight. 2 (16), 92704 (2017).</li><li>Yu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamine+metabolism+regulates+proliferation+and+lineage+allocation+in+skeletal+stem+cells.">Glutamine metabolism regulates proliferation and lineage allocation in skeletal stem cells.</a> Cell Metabolism. 29 (4), 966-978 (2019).</li><li>Karner, C. M., Esen, E., Okunade, A. L., Patterson, B. W., Long, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+glutamine+catabolism+mediates+bone+anabolism+in+response+to+WNT+signaling.">Increased glutamine catabolism mediates bone anabolism in response to WNT signaling.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (2), 551-562 (2015).</li><li>Takeshita, S., Kaji, K., Kudo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+the+new+osteoclast+progenitor+with+macrophage+phenotypes+being+able+to+differentiate+into+mature+osteoclasts.">Identification and characterization of the new osteoclast progenitor with macrophage phenotypes being able to differentiate into mature osteoclasts.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 15 (8), 1477-1488 (2000).</li><li>Itoh, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dichloroacetate+effects+on+glucose+and+lactate+oxidation+by+neurons+and+astroglia+in+vitro+and+on+glucose+utilization+by+brain+in+vivo.">Dichloroacetate effects on glucose and lactate oxidation by neurons and astroglia in vitro and on glucose utilization by brain in vivo.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (8), 4879-4884 (2003).</li><li>Oba, M., Baldwin, R. L. 4. t. h., Bequette, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidation+of+glucose,+glutamate,+and+glutamine+by+isolated+ovine+enterocytes+in+vitro+is+decreased+by+the+presence+of+other+metabolic+fuels.">Oxidation of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine by isolated ovine enterocytes in vitro is decreased by the presence of other metabolic fuels.</a> Journal of Animal Science. 82 (2), 479-486 (2004).</li><li>Esen, E., Lee, S. Y., Wice, B. M., Long, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PTH+promotes+bone+anabolism+by+stimulating+aerobic+glycolysis+via+IGF+signaling.">PTH promotes bone anabolism by stimulating aerobic glycolysis via IGF signaling.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 30 (11), 1959-1968 (2015).</li><li>Huynh, F. K., Green, M. F., Koves, T. R., Hirschey, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+fatty+acid+oxidation+rates+in+animal+tissues+and+cell+lines.">Measurement of fatty acid oxidation rates in animal tissues and cell lines.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 542, 391-405 (2014).</li><li>Hodson, L., Skeaff, C. M., Fielding, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid+composition+of+adipose+tissue+and+blood+in+humans+and+its+use+as+a+biomarker+of+dietary+intake.">Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and blood in humans and its use as a biomarker of dietary intake.</a> Progress in Lipid Research. 47 (5), 348-380 (2008).</li><li>Abdelmagid, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+profiling+of+plasma+fatty+acid+concentrations+in+young+healthy+Canadian+adults.">Comprehensive profiling of plasma fatty acid concentrations in young healthy Canadian adults.</a> PLoS One. 10 (2), 0116195 (2015).</li></ol>

The protocol provides an easy-to-use method to determine the oxidation rate of major energy substrates. It is a simpler alternative to other protocols that use flasks containing a central well and capped with rubber stoppers14,15,16. Although the example study here is performed with cell culture, the method can be easily adapted for tissue explants or tissue homogenates containing intact mitochondria, as previously described<sup...

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in eukaryotes is the process by which nutrients are broken down inside mitochondria to release chemical energy in the form of ATP through consumption of oxygen.&#160; Catabolism of various substrates inside mitochondria through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle generates few ATP molecules directly, but rather stores energy through reduction of the electron carriers nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+). The reduced carriers are then oxidized by ETC located on the inner membrane of mitochondria to generate a proton concentration gradient across the membrane. The protons eventually flow down their gradient back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase to produce ATP. OXPHOS is the most efficient means of ATP production from energy substrates and generally preferred in aerobic environments. Previously, aerobic glycolysis-production of lactate from glucose while oxygen is present-was thought to be pathophysiological, often a hallmark of cancer cells. More and more, it is being discovered that some normal cell types use aerobic glycolysis for reasons that have yet to be fully deciphered.
Metabolic flexibility is the capacity for cells or organisms to adapt to changing energy demands and available fuel sources. For example, the energetic demand of skeletal muscle is mainly met by OXPHOS at steady state but by anaerobic glycolysis during high-intensity exercise1. As the exercise duration increases, glucose and fatty acid oxidation contribute more to overall energy production2. However, substrate use is not dependent only on availability, as substrates antagonistically compete during oxidation. Most notably, fatty acid oxidation has been shown to inhibit glucose utilization by skeletal muscle in a phenomenon known as the Randle effect3. A reciprocal effect was demonstrated by subsequent studies4,5. In addition, many diseases are associated with a change in substrate preference and the development of metabolic inflexibility in cells. For instance, fatty acid oxidation is reduced in the skeletal muscle of type II diabetic patients compared to normal control subjects6. The metabolic changes in disease settings are a subject of intense investigation as they may contribute to pathogenesis.
Energy metabolism in skeletal cell types is relatively understudied but has gained attention in recent years7. Previous work has shown that aerobic glycolysis is the dominant energy pathway in calvarial osteoblasts, while glucose oxidation through the TCA cycle plays a role in osteoclast formation8,9. Others have provided evidence for fatty acids as an energy source for osteoblasts10. Glutamine catabolism has also been shown to support osteoblast differentiation from the progenitors11,12. However, a comprehensive understanding of substrate utilization by various skeletal cell types is still lacking. In addition, changes in cellular metabolism during cell differentiation or in response to pathological signals are expected to alter fuel substrate utilization. Described below is an easy-to-use protocol for assaying substrate oxidation in vitro.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m filters</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SLGVM33RS</td>
			<td>Used to filter BSA solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td>Dissociate cells from cell culture plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>PR1MA</td>
			<td>PR MCT17 RB</td>
			<td>Used for reaction incubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm plates</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>93100</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>302995</td>
			<td>Used to flush marrow from long bones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% FBS</td>
			<td>Atlanta biologicals</td>
			<td>S11550</td>
			<td>For Cell culture medium preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14C-Glucose</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>NEC042X050UC</td>
			<td>Used to make hot media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14C-glutamine</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>NEC451050UC</td>
			<td>Used to make hot media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14C-oleate</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>NEC317050UC</td>
			<td>Used to make hot media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>23 G needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305120</td>
			<td>Used to flush marrow from long bones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plates</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>92024</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m cell strainers</td>
			<td>MIDSCI</td>
			<td>70CELL</td>
			<td>Used to filter supernatant during cavarial digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide (AO/PI) dye</td>
			<td>Nexcelom Biosciences</td>
			<td>CS2-0106</td>
			<td>Stains live cells to determine seed density</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Ablumin</td>
			<td>Proliant Biologicals</td>
			<td>68700</td>
			<td>Used for fatty acid conjugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellometer Auto 2000</td>
			<td>Nexcelom Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Determine the number of viable cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Legend Micro 21R</td>
			<td>Used to pellet cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type II</td>
			<td>Worthington</td>
			<td>LS004176</td>
			<td>Dissociate cells from tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom MEM alpha</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>SKU: ME 18459P1</td>
			<td>Used to create custom hot media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>Used to dissolve and dilute reagents, and wash culture dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter Paper</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>WHA1001090</td>
			<td>Traps CO2 with sodium hydroxide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>g7528</td>
			<td>Used to make custom media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td>Traps CO2 during cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-carnitine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C0283</td>
			<td>Supplemented for fatty acid oxidation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>g3126</td>
			<td>Used to make custom media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM alpha</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>A10490</td>
			<td>Cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Pecheney Plastic Packaging</td>
			<td>PM998</td>
			<td>Used to seal cell culture dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Prevents contamination in cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perchloric Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>244252</td>
			<td>Releases CO2 during metabolic assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>p5280</td>
			<td>Used to make custom media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation Counter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>LS6500</td>
			<td>Determines radioactivity from the filter paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation Fluid</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>882453</td>
			<td>Absorb the energy emitted by RAMs and re-emit it as flashes of light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation Vial</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-337-1</td>
			<td>Reaction containers for scintillation fluid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium carbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td>Balance buffer for medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>58045</td>
			<td>Traps CO2 during metaboilc assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium oleate</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ</td>
			<td>SC-215879</td>
			<td>BSA conjugated fatty acid preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vaccum filtration 1000</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>99950</td>
			<td>Filter cMEM&#945;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing energy substrate oxidation in vitro with 14co2 trapping

Mitochondria host the machinery for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and electron transport&#160;chain (ETC), which generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to maintain energy homeostasis. Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are the major energy substrates fueling mitochondrial respiration in most somatic cells. Evidence shows that different cell types may have a distinct preference for certain substrates. However, substrate utilization by various cells in the skeleton has not been studied in detail. Moreover, as cellular metabolism is attuned to physiological and pathophysiological changes, direct assessments of substrate dependence in skeletal cells may provide important insights into the pathogenesis of bone diseases.
The following protocol is based on the principle of carbon dioxide release from substrate molecules following oxidative phosphorylation. By using substrates containing radioactively labeled carbon atoms (14C), the method provides a sensitive and easy-to-use assay for the rate of substrate oxidation in cell culture. A case study with primary calvarial preosteoblasts versus bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) demonstrates different utilization of the main substrates between the two cell types.

In this example, the CO2 trapping method is used to compare substrate oxidation by primary calvarial preosteoblasts versus BMMs, which are frequently used for in vitro osteoblast or osteoclast differentiation, respectively. After the primary cells are passaged and cultured in cMEM&#945; overnight, they typically reach 80-90% of confluence and exhibit their characteristic morphology. The calvarial preosteoblasts are notably larger than BMMs (Figure 2). Each cell type is su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Energy Substrate Oxidation In Vitro with 14CO2 Trapping at JoVE.com

Assessing Energy Substrate Oxidation In Vitro with 14CO2 Trapping

This protocol describes an easy-to-use method to examine substrate oxidation by tracking 14CO2&#160;production in vitro.

Assessing Energy Substrate Oxidation In Vitro with 14CO2 Trapping

Mitochondria host the machinery for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and electron transport&#160;chain (ETC), which generate adenosine triphosphate ...

The use of different energy substrates is both cell type specific and disease indicative. Measuring the consumption of the specific substrates can shed light on both normal biology and pathology. The technique does not need specialized equipment and is easy to scale.It's also easier to use than previous published methods. Understanding changes in substrate oxidation rate will allow the development of dietary and pharmacological interventions for metabolic disorders. Although demonstrated with bone tissue this technique is easily customized to study metabolic flexibility in all cell types providing an understanding of both the causes and consequences of metabolic shifts.After sacrificing the pups of three to five postnatal days, transfer them to ice cold D PBS containing penicillin streptomycin dual antibiotic solution. Expose the calvaria by removing the skin and soft tissue. Collect the middle region by cutting the surrounding tissues from back to front in D PBS.Scratch the inner and outer surfaces of the calvaria gently using tweezers to help release the cells upon subsequent digestion. Prepare 2 and 4 milligrams per milliliter solutions of collagenase type two in D PBS and filter each solution with a fresh 0.22 micrometer filter. First, digest the cleaned calvaria with two milligrams per milliliter collagenase solution for 15 minutes, and then discard the digestion solution.Next, digest the clean samples in four milligrams per milliliter collagenase solution thrice for 15 minutes each time. Then, pull the digestion solution and save it. Filter the digestion solution through 70 micrometer cell strainers and centrifuge the filtrate at 300 RCF for five minutes.Re suspend the cell pellet in complete MEM alpha medium containing 10%FBS and penicillin streptomycin dual antibiotic solution. Count and seed the cells in a 10 centimeter plate. Culture the cells in a 37 degree Celsius incubator with 5%carbon dioxide for three days.Then, dissociate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius with 0.25 Trypsin EDTA. After digestion, count and seed the cells in a 24 well cell culture plate with a complete MEM alpha medium containing 10%FBS and penicillin streptomycin dual antibiotic solution. Seed at least four wells per cell type per substrate, and at least three extra wells for each cell type for pre assay counting.Culture the cells at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. After removing the muscle and connective tissue from eight week old mice and collecting femurs and tibias, cut and discard both ends of the bones with sharp scissors. Flush out the bone marrow from one femur and one tibia into a fresh 10 centimeter Petri dish with a syringe fitted with a 23 gauge needle containing 15 milliliters of complete MEM alpha medium with 10%FBS penicillin streptomycin dual antibiotic solution, and 10%CGM 14 12 conditioned medium.Culture the cells in the Petri dish in a 37 degree Celsius incubator with 5%carbon dioxide. After three days discard the culture media and rinse the cells with D PBS. Dissociate the attached cells at 37 degrees Celsius with 0.25%Trypsin EDTA for five minutes.After centrifugation, re suspend the cell pellet in the BMM medium. Count and seed the cells in a 24 well cell culture plate per the procedure described previously. Culture at 37 degrees Celsius overnight in the BMM medium before starting the assays.Wash the cells in the extra wells twice with D PBS. Dissociate the cells with 0.25%Trypsin EDTA. Re suspend 20 microliters of digested cells in D PBS.With 20 microliters of acridine orange and propidium iodide dye solution, determine the number of live cells with an automated cell counter and record the number. Wash the cells in the assay wells twice with D PBS. Add 500 microliters of hot medium to each assay well in the RAM designated tissue culture hood.After sealing the plate with parafilm, incubate the cells in an RAM designated incubator at 37 degrees Celsius for 4 hours. During incubation, cut filter paper into circular pieces, slightly bigger than the area inside the cap of the 1.5 milliliter micro centrifuge tube and insert the paper snugly into the cap. Add 200 microliters of one 1 molar Perchloric acid to each tube and 20 microliters of sodium hydroxide to the filter paper fitted inside the cap.After incubating the cells, transfer 400 microliters of culture medium from each well to the prepared tubes and close the caps immediately. Leave the tubes in a tube rack at room temperature for one hour. Parallelae during incubation set up a scintillation vial for each tube and fill it with four milliliters of scintillation fluid.Transfer each piece of filter paper to a scintillation vial and incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes. Perform wipe tests on the tissue culture hood, the water bath, refrigerator, incubator, sink, ground, and any other working area for potential RAM contamination. Put the paper wipes into scintillation vials containing scintillation fluid.Measure carbon 14 radio activity in the scintillation vials with a scintillation counter and record the reading results. Decontaminate the working environment, according to radiation safety guidelines, if necessary. The figure compares substrate oxidation by primary calvaria pre osteoblasts versus BMMs.After the primary cells are passaged and cultured in complete MEM alpha medium overnight, they typically reach 80 to 90%confluency and exhibit their characteristic morphology. The calvarial pre osteoblasts are notably larger than BMMs. The results of substrate oxidation showed that the oxidation rate for each substrate is significantly higher in calvarial pre osteoblasts than BMMs, likely indicating higher energy production by oxidative phosphorylation in the pre osteoblasts.The inserted third paper should be slightly bigger than a 1.7 milliliter ebin top tube cap. This method can be used in conjunction with oxygen consumption and to determine the overall rate of oxidative phosphorylation and lactative production in the cells. This protocol can be used to determine substrate usage during distinct differentiation stages or disease settings.With this knowledge we can develop interventions for metabolic disorders.

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Real-time Monitoring of Ligand-receptor Interactions with Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

FRET is a process  whereby energy is non-radiatively transferred from an excited donor molecule to  a ground-state acceptor molecule through long-range ...

Gene Trapping Using Gal4 in Zebrafish

Large clutch size and external development of optically transparent embryos make zebrafish an exceptional vertebrate model system for in vivo insertional ...

Determination of Fatty Acid Oxidation and Lipogenesis in Mouse Primary Hepatocytes

Lipid metabolism in liver is complex. In addition to importing and exporting lipid via lipoproteins, hepatocytes can oxidize lipid via fatty acid ...

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while ...

Assessing Mineral Availability in Fish Feeds using Complementary Methods Demonstrated with the Example of Zinc in Atlantic Salmon

Assessing the availability of dietary micro-minerals is a major challenge in mineral nutrition of fish species. The present article aims to describe a ...

Assessing Protein Interactions in Live-Cells with FRET-Sensitized Emission

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is the radiationless transfer of energy from an excited donor to an acceptor molecule and depends upon the ...

Measuring Mitochondrial Substrate Flux in Recombinant Perfringolysin O-Permeabilized Cells

Mitochondrial substrate flux is a distinguishing characteristic of each cell type, and changes in its components such as transporters, channels, or ...

Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice

Energy expenditure measurements are necessary to understand how changes in metabolism can lead to obesity. Basal energy expenditure can be determined in ...

Application of Passive Head Motion to Generate Defined Accelerations at the Heads of Rodents

Exercise is widely recognized as effective for various diseases and physical disorders, including those related to brain dysfunction. However, molecular ...