Core - Pharmacology

    Chapter 25

    Insulin and Hypoglycemic Drugs

    25.1 : Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

    25.1 : Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

    Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels ...

    1.6K views
    25.2 : Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

    25.2 : Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

    The pancreas comprises highly vascularized and innervated pancreatic islets, encompassing α, β, δ, PP, and ε endocrine cells. Amongst ...

    1.3K views
    25.3 : Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

    25.3 : Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

    The insulin receptor belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase family. It comprises disulfide-linked α/β dimers, forming a transmembrane ...

    1.2K views
    25.4 : Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

    25.4 : Pathophysiology of Diabetes

    Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The two most common types of diabetes mellitus are type 1 and type 2. ...

    944 views
    25.5 : Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

    25.5 : Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

    Diabetes can be initially identified based on symptoms. Hyperglycemic patients may present common symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and ...

    553 views
    25.6 : Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

    25.6 : Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

    The goals of diabetes therapy include glycemic control, alleviating hyperglycemia-related symptoms, and preventing or reducing chronic end-organ ...

    288 views
    25.7 : Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

    25.7 : Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

    The pancreatic β-cell's endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes preproinsulin comprising a signal peptide, B and A chains, and a C-peptide. The ...

    385 views
    25.8 : Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

    25.8 : Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

    Insulin preparations, based on their duration of action, are categorized as short-acting and long-acting. Short-acting regular insulin forms hexamers, ...

    199 views
    25.9 : Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

    25.9 : Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

    Insulin dosage regimens generally include a mixture of analogs given as daily injections. Typically, most patients are prescribed long and short-acting ...

    179 views
    25.10 : Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

    25.10 : Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

    Sulfonylureas are a class of insulin secretagogues. They are used as oral hypoglycemic agents for managing Type 2 diabetes. Structurally, these drugs ...

    211 views
    25.11 : Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

    25.11 : Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

    Biguanides are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, they do not stimulate insulin ...

    207 views
    25.12 : Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

    25.12 : Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

    Glinides are insulin secretagogues that trigger insulin release from β cells by inhibiting KATP channels and controlling potassium efflux. They share ...

    157 views
    25.13 : Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

    25.13 : Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    α-glucosidase inhibitors impede intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes, delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. This effectively curtails ...

    179 views
    25.14 : Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

    25.14 : Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

    Oral glucose intake triggers gut hormones like GLP-1 and GIP called incretins, which stimulate insulin secretion. Both GLPs and glucagon originate from ...

    327 views
    25.15 : Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

    25.15 : Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

    Dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or DPP-4 inhibitors, called gliptins inhibit incretin hormone inactivation. These drugs bind to DPP-4,  increasing the levels ...

    189 views
    25.16 : Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

    25.16 : Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

    Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels >80 mg/dL due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine system. However, ...

    266 views