Name: total protein extraction and 2-d gel electrophoresis methods for burkholderia species
Uploaded: 2013-10-15T17:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a studentship from The University of British Columbia (to B.V.) and grants from Cystic Fibrosis Canada and Canadian Institutes 
of Health Research (to D.P.S.). We thank Jacqueline Chung for the initial preparation of protocols.

1. Culture Growth (Days 1+2)
<ol>
	<li>Grow a starter culture: 3 ml of Luria Bertani (LB) broth in a snap top 15 ml tube, at 37 &#176;C rotator overnight. Dilute overnight growth to an OD600 of 0.6. Add 1 ml of this dilution to 100 ml of LB broth in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Incubate at 37 &#176;C with shaking at 250 rpm for 16 hr into stationary phase (SP), to better approximate, in batch culture, infection conditions and to assure that bacterial virulence factors under the control of stationary phase sign...

<ol>
	<li>Drevinek, P., Mahenthiralingam, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burkholderia+cenocepacia+in+cystic+fibrosis:+epidemiology+and+molecular+mechanisms+of+virulence.">Burkholderia cenocepacia in cystic fibrosis: epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of virulence.</a> Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16, 821-830 (2010).</li><li>Suarez-Moreno, Z. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+Features+of+Environmental+and+Potentially+Beneficial+Plant-Associated+Burkholderia.">Common Features of Environmental and Potentially Beneficial Plant-Associated Burkholderia.</a> Microb. Ecol. , (2011).</li><li>Wiersinga, W. J., van der Poll, T., White, N. J., Day, N. P., Peacock, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melioidosis:+insights+into+the+pathogenicity+of+Burkholderia+pseudomallei.">Melioidosis: insights into the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei.</a> Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4, 272-282 (2006).</li><li>White, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melioidosis.">Melioidosis.</a> Lancet. 361, 1715-1722 (2003).</li><li>Mahenthiralingam, E., Urban, T. A., Goldberg, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+multifarious,+multireplicon+Burkholderia+cepacia+complex.">The multifarious, multireplicon Burkholderia cepacia complex.</a> Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3, 144-156 (2005).</li><li>Speert, D. P., Henry, D., Vandamme, P., Corey, M., Mahenthiralingam, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+Burkholderia+cepacia+complex+in+patients+with+cystic+fibrosis.">Epidemiology of Burkholderia cepacia complex in patients with cystic fibrosis.</a> Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8, 181-187 (2002).</li><li>Dance, D. A., Wuthiekanun, V., Chaowagul, W., White, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+antimicrobial+susceptibility+of+Pseudomonas+pseudomallei.+Emergence+of+resistance+in+vitro+and+during+treatment.">The antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Emergence of resistance in vitro and during treatment.</a> J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 24, 295-309 (1989).</li><li>Thibault, F. M., Hernandez, E., Vidal, D. R., Girardet, M., Cavallo, J. 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W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+transmission+of+Pseudomonas+cepacia+by+social+contact+in+cystic+fibrosis.">Evidence for transmission of Pseudomonas cepacia by social contact in cystic fibrosis.</a> Lancet. 342, 15-19 (1993).</li><li>Thongboonkerd, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+proteome+in+Burkholderia+pseudomallei+rpoE+operon+knockout+mutant:+insights+into+mechanisms+of+rpoE+operon+in+stress+tolerance,+survival,+and+virulence.">Altered proteome in Burkholderia pseudomallei rpoE operon knockout mutant: insights into mechanisms of rpoE operon in stress tolerance, survival, and virulence.</a> J. Proteome. Res. 6, 1334-1341 (2007).</li><li>Park, K. H., Lipuma, J. J., Lubman, D. 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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+identification+of+surface+proteins+of+Burkholderia+pseudomallei.">The identification of surface proteins of Burkholderia pseudomallei.</a> Vaccine. 25, 2664-2672 (2007).</li><li>Madeira, A., Santos, P. M., Coutinho, C. P., Pinto-de-Oliveira, A., Sa-Correia, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+proteomics+(2-D+DIGE)+reveals+molecular+strategies+employed+by+Burkholderia+cenocepacia+to+adapt+to+the+airways+of+cystic+fibrosis+patients+under+antimicrobial+therapy.">Quantitative proteomics (2-D DIGE) reveals molecular strategies employed by Burkholderia cenocepacia to adapt to the airways of cystic fibrosis patients under antimicrobial therapy.</a> Proteomics. 11, 1313-1328 (2011).</li><li>Zlosnik, J. E. A., Speert, D. 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Dis. 202, 770-781 (2010).</li><li>Riedel, K., Carranza, P., Gehrig, P., Potthast, F., Eberl, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+the+proteome+of+Burkholderia+cenocepacia+H111:+setting+up+a+2-DE+reference+map.">Towards the proteome of Burkholderia cenocepacia H111: setting up a 2-DE reference map.</a> Proteomics. 6, 207-216 (2006).</li><li>Weiss, W., Gorg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sample+solublization+buffers+for+two-dimensional+electrophoresis.">Sample solublization buffers for two-dimensional electrophoresis.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 424, 35-42 (2008).</li><li>von der Haar, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+protein+extraction+for+quantitative+proteomics+of+yeasts.">Optimized protein extraction for quantitative proteomics of yeasts.</a> PLoS One. 2, e1078 (2007).</li><li>O'Farrell, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+two-dimensional+electrophoresis+of+proteins.">High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007-4021 (1975).</li><li>Gorg, A., Weiss, W., Dunn, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+two-dimensional+electrophoresis+technology+for+proteomics.">Current two-dimensional electrophoresis technology for proteomics.</a> Proteomics. 4, 3665-3685 (2004).</li><li>Gygi, S. P., Rist, B., Griffin, T. J., Eng, J., Aebersold, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteome+analysis+of+low-abundance+proteins+using+multidimensional+chromatography+and+isotope-coded+affinity+tags.">Proteome analysis of low-abundance proteins using multidimensional chromatography and isotope-coded affinity tags.</a> J. Proteome Res. 1, 47-54 (2002).</li><li>Ross, P. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplexed+protein+quantitation+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+using+amine-reactive+isobaric+tagging+reagents.">Multiplexed protein quantitation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using amine-reactive isobaric tagging reagents.</a> Mol. Cell Proteomics. 3, 1154-1169 (2004).</li><li>Velapati&#241;o, B., Limmathurotsakul, D., Peacock, S. J., Speert, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+differentially+expressed+proteins+from+Burkholderia+pseudomallei+isolated+during+primary+and+relapsing+melioidosis.">Identification of differentially expressed proteins from Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated during primary and relapsing melioidosis.</a> Microbes. Infect. 14, 335-340 (2012).</li><li>Chung, J. W., Speert, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+identification+and+characterization+of+bacterial+factors+associated+with+Burkholderia+cenocepacia+survival+in+a+murine+host.">Proteomic identification and characterization of bacterial factors associated with Burkholderia cenocepacia survival in a murine host.</a> Microbiology. 153, 206-214 (2007).</li><li>Rotz, L. D., Khan, A. S., Lillibridge, S. R., Ostroff, S. M., Hughes, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Public+health+assessment+of+potential+biological+terrorism+agents.">Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8, 225-230 (2002).</li><li>Thon, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+proteomic+analysis+of+protein+changes+during+platelet+storage+requires+complementary+proteomic+approaches.">Comprehensive proteomic analysis of protein changes during platelet storage requires complementary proteomic approaches.</a> Transfusion. 48, 425-435 (2008).</li><li>Wu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+New+and+Emerging+Proteomic+Techniques.">In New and Emerging Proteomic Techniques.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 328, 71-95 (2006).</li><li>Lopez, M. 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A method for proteins preparation has been described that can extract the majority of Burkholderia proteins with good reproducibility. This is demonstrated by obtaining the same protein profile from two independent preparations performed in different days using the same bacterial culture grown in LB or YEM broth as shown in Figure 1. Extraction was efficient for bacteria grown in liquid media; however we have not tested this method for bacteria grown on plates. This method was also used for furt...

The genus Burkholderia comprises more than 62 species, Gram negative organisms isolated from a wide range of niches, and it is divided in two main clusters1,2. The first cluster includes human, animal and phytotrophic organisms, and most studies have focused on the pathogenic species of this group due to their clinical importance. The most pathogenic members are B. pseudomallei and B. mallei (which causes melioidosis and glanders respectively)3,4 and opportunistic pathogens (the 17 defined species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex, BCC)5, which cause disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)1. The second cluster, with more than 30 nonpathogenic species, includes bacteria associated with plants or with the environment, and are considered potentially beneficial to the host2.
Numerous complications emerge from bacterial infection with the pathogenic members of the Burkholderia genus, such as transmission of the pathogen between patients, spread of the disease and treatment failure because of the intrinsic or acquired resistance to antibiotics making hard to eradicate in most of the cases6-9. Therefore, gaining a clearer understanding of the basis for establishment of bacterial infection is vital to the treatment of diseases caused by these organisms. In order to gain insight into the establishment of infection, extensive investigations on the bacterial components associated with pathogenesis are needed. Studies focusing on the proteomic analysis of Burkholderia organisms using proteomic approaches described proteins that have been implicated in bacterial pathogenesis as well as changes in their proteome profiles10-16.
Protein extraction methods using sonication and freeze-thawed cycles in lysis buffer containing high concentration of urea, thiourea in combination with detergent and ampholytes has been applied in Burkholderia proteomic studies10-13. Although urea is quite efficient for protein denaturation, it can establish an equilibrium in aqueous solution with ammonium isocyanate, which can react with amino acid groups, thereby forming artifacts (carbamylation reaction)17. Therefore, it is recommended to include carrier ampholytes, which act as cyanate scavengers and avoid temperatures above 37 &#176;C17. Furthermore, to prevent any chemical interference of lysis buffer with protein quantification, the same lysis buffer can be used to generate the standard curve so that the samples and the standards have the same background10. Other methodologies involve the use of alkaline buffers and detergents with heat incubation periods17,18; however these conditions might induce changes in the proteome and some detergents are not compatible with proteomics application unless subsequent detergent removal steps are included17,18.
After adequate extraction and quantification, global protein expression of each individual protein can be studied using proteomic approaches such as two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. This technique was first described by O&#39;Farell19 and consists in the separation of proteins according to their isoelectric point by isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, and then according to their molecular weight by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. Due to its resolution and sensitivity, this technique is a powerful tool for the analysis and detection of proteins from complex biological sources19,20. This separation technique is currently available in protein-centric approaches with the great advantage of resolving protein isoforms caused by post-transcriptional modifications or proteolytic processing. Quantitative changes can be detected by comparing the intensity of the corresponding spot after staining of the gel20. However, this technique is not suited for the identification of very large proteins, membrane proteins, extremely basic and acidic or hydrophobic proteins, and is a somewhat laborious and time-consuming technique20. New peptide-centric approaches (non gel-based) that are more robust and objective become available and can be used for quantitative comparison by differential stable isotope labeling methods such as cysteine labeling by isotope-coded affinity tagging (ICAT)21, and amino group labeling by isotope tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)22. The use of a single proteomic technique might give insufficient information; therefore the use of two complementary proteomic approaches is necessary for most fully assessing changes in proteome. Nevertheless, 2-D gel electrophoresis is widely used and can be routinely applied for quantitative expression of several proteins in different organisms.
Here we describe a whole-cell protein extraction and 2-D gel electrophoresis procedures for Burkholderia species that were adapted and optimized from the GE Healthcare 2-D Electrophoresis Principles and methods Handbook 80-6429-60AC 2004 (<a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com" target="_blank">www.amershambiosciences.com</a>). The protein extraction was carried out using a bead beater with glass beads in the presence of PBS containing 5 mM EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and 1 mM PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). This procedure allows quantification of proteins with minimal degradation and is amendable for proteomic approaches as previously reported15,23,24. 2-D gel electrophoresis was carried out using 24 cm long immobilized pH 4-7 gradient and proteins were separated according to their isoelectric point. Then proteins were separated according to their molecular weight by SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Additionally, we described a silver staining method for visualization of spot proteins, and a silver stain method that is compatible for mass spectrometry analysis. Together these procedures can allow the identification of important proteins from Burkholderia species that could be involved in pathogenesis.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagents</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P7626</td>
 <td>Toxic, corrosive</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Acetone</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>A18-1</td>
 <td>Flammable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PBS Buffer</td>
 <td>Bioscience</td>
 <td>R028</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>BP118-500 </td>
 <td>toxic</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glass beads (0.1 mm)</td>
 <td>BioSpec Products</td>
 <td>11079101</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Nalgene Oak Ridge Centrifuge tubes, polycarbonate (50 ml)</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>21009-342</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MicroBCA protein extraction kit</td>
 <td>Pierce</td>
 <td>23235</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microcentrifuge Tubes 2.0 ml conical Screw cap Tubes with Cap and O-Ring</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>02-681-375</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2-D Clean-Up kit</td>
 <td>GE Healthcare</td>
 <td>80-6484-51</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Urea</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15505-050</td>
 <td>Irritant</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CHAPS</td>
 <td>Amersham Biosciences</td>
 <td>17-1314-01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
 <td>MPBiomedical, LCC</td>
 <td>856126</td>
 <td>Irritant</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Immobiline DryStrips pH 4-7 24 cm</td>
 <td>Amersham Biosciences</td>
 <td>176002-46</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Duracryl</td>
 <td>Proteomic Solutions</td>
 <td>80-0148</td>
 <td>Very toxic, carcinogen</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ammonium persulfate</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>BP179-100</td>
 <td>Flammable, toxic, corrosive</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15524-010</td>
 <td>Flammable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>BP166-500</td>
 <td>Acute toxicity, flammable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Agarose</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15510-027</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ethanol</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>HC1100-1GL</td>
 <td>Flammable, toxic</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Acetic acid</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>A491-212</td>
 <td>Flammable, corrosive</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glutaraldehyde</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>G151-1</td>
 <td>Very toxic, corrosive, dangerous for the environment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Potassium tetrathionate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P2926</td>
 <td>Irritant</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium acetate</td>
 <td>EM Science</td>
 <td>7510</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Silver nitrate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>209139</td>
 <td>Corrosive, dangerous for the environment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Formaldehyde</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>252549</td>
 <td>Toxic</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium thiosulfate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S7026</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tris Base</td>
 <td>EMD</td>
 <td>9230</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glycine</td>
 <td>MPBiomedical, LCC</td>
 <td>808831</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glycerol</td>
 <td>MPBiomedical, LCC</td>
 <td>800688</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Methanol</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>A412-4</td>
 <td>Flammable, toxic, health hazard</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium carbonate anhydrous</td>
 <td>EMD</td>
 <td>SX0400-3</td>
 <td>Toxic</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mineral oil</td>
 <td>ACROS</td>
 <td>415080010</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>JA-20 ultracentrifuge rotor</td>
 <td>Beckman Coulter</td>
 <td>334831</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mini Beadbeater</td>
 <td>Biospec Products</td>
 <td>3110BX</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ettan IPGphor II Isoelectric Focusing System and accessories</td>
 <td>GE Healthcare</td>
 <td>80-6505-03</td>
 <td><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com" target="_blank">www.amershambiosciences.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ettan DALT Large Vertical electrophoresis system</td>
 <td>GE Healthcare</td>
 <td>80-6485-27</td>
 <td><a href="http://www.amershambiosciences.com" target="_blank">www.amershambiosciences.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

total protein extraction and 2-d gel electrophoresis methods for burkholderia species

The investigation of the intracellular protein levels of bacterial species is of importance to understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases caused by these organisms. Here we describe a procedure for protein extraction from Burkholderia species based on mechanical lysis using glass beads in the presence of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride in phosphate buffered saline. This method can be used for different Burkholderia species, for different growth conditions, and it is likely suitable for the use in proteomic studies of other bacteria. Following protein extraction, a two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis proteomic technique is described to study global changes in the proteomes of these organisms. This method consists of the separation of proteins according to their isoelectric point by isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, followed by separation on the basis of molecular weight by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. Visualization of separated proteins is carried out by silver staining.

Comparative analysis of the protein profiles extracted from the same bacterial culture on two different occasions showed similar patterns banding indicating successful protein extractions. Molecular weight proteins extracted ranged from 10-150 kDa. Figure 1 shows representative Coomassie blue staining gel of the whole-cell protein extractions from Burkholderia multivorans (a member of the BCC) clinical isolates grown in LB or Yeast/Manitol (YEM) broth and harvested from stationary phase.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species at JoVE.com

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

Members of the Burkholderia genus are pathogens of clinical importance. We describe a method for total bacterial protein extraction, using mechanical disruption, and 2-D gel electrophoresis for subsequent proteomic analysis.

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

The investigation of  the intracellular protein levels of bacterial species is of importance to  understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures

A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures

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Avian Influenza Surveillance with FTA  Cards: Field Methods, Biosafety, and Transportation Issues Solved

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A Simple Chelex Protocol for DNA Extraction from Anopheles spp.

A Simple Chelex Protocol for DNA Extraction from Anopheles spp.

Endemic countries are increasingly adopting molecular tools for  efficient typing, identification and surveillance against malaria parasites and  vector ...

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Establishment and Optimization of a High Throughput Setup to Study Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum Infection as a Model for Drug Discovery

Establishment and Optimization of a High Throughput Setup to Study Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum Infection as a Model for Drug Discovery

Zebrafish are becoming a valuable tool in the preclinical phase of drug discovery screenings as a whole animal model with high throughput screening ...

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

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Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assays for the Species-specific Detection of Eimeria that Infect Chickens

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP Assays for the Species-specific Detection of Eimeria that Infect Chickens

Eimeria species parasites, protozoa which cause the enteric disease coccidiosis, pose a serious threat to the production and welfare of chickens. In the ...

Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity

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Human norovirus exacts considerable public health and economic losses worldwide. Emerging in vitro cultivation advances are not yet applicable for routine ...

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP)

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