Name: analysis of rna processing reactions using cell free systems: 3' end cleavage of pre-mrna substrates in vitro
Uploaded: 2014-05-03T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro at JoVE.com

S.V. is grateful for the funding support from the NIH K22AI077353 and the Landenberger Foundation. K.R. gratefully acknowledges funding from the NIH (5SC1GM083754).

1. Adaptation of Adherent Cells into Suspension
(This is an optional step. Suspension cells generally make better nuclear extracts, however cells grown in plates may also be used.)
<ol>
	<li>Adapt adherent cells for growth in suspension using Joklik&#39;s modified MEM supplemented with 5-10% newborn calf serum or fetal bovine serum and 1% L-glutamine: penicillin-streptomycin. Propagate cells in spinner flasks with a filter cap at 37 &#176;C with 8% CO2.</li>
	<li>When adapting cel...

<ol>
	<li>Maniatis, T., Reed, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+extensive+network+of+coupling+among+gene+expression+machines.">An extensive network of coupling among gene expression machines.</a> Nature. 416, 499-506 (2002).</li><li>Wahle, E., Ruegsegger, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3'-End+processing+of+pre-mRNA+in+eukaryotes.">3'-End processing of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.</a> FEMS microbiology reviews. 23, 277-295 (1999).</li><li>Colgan, D. F., Manley, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+and+regulation+of+mRNA+polyadenylation.">Mechanism and regulation of mRNA polyadenylation.</a> Genes Dev. 11, 2755-2766 (1997).</li><li>Matoulkova, E., Michalova, E., Vojtesek, B., Hrstka, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+3'+untranslated+region+in+post-transcriptional+regulation+of+protein+expression+in+mammalian+cells.">The role of the 3' untranslated region in post-transcriptional regulation of protein expression in mammalian cells.</a> RNA biology. 9, 563-576 (2012).</li><li>Danckwardt, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prothrombin+3'end+formation+signal+reveals+a+unique+architecture+that+is+sensitive+to+thrombophilic+gain-of-function+mutations.">The prothrombin 3'end formation signal reveals a unique architecture that is sensitive to thrombophilic gain-of-function mutations.</a> Blood. 104, 428-435 (2004).</li><li>Moreira, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+upstream+sequence+element+of+the+C2+complement+poly(A)+signal+activates+mRNA+3'+end+formation+by+two+distinct+mechanisms.">The upstream sequence element of the C2 complement poly(A) signal activates mRNA 3' end formation by two distinct mechanisms.</a> Genes Dev. 12, 2522-2534 (1998).</li><li>Hall-Pogar, T., Zhang, H., Tian, B., Lutz, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+polyadenylation+of+cyclooxygenase-2.">Alternative polyadenylation of cyclooxygenase-2.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 2565-2579 (2005).</li><li>Brackenridge, S., Proudfoot, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recruitment+of+a+basal+polyadenylation+factor+by+the+upstream+sequence+element+of+the+human+lamin+B2+polyadenylation+signal.">Recruitment of a basal polyadenylation factor by the upstream sequence element of the human lamin B2 polyadenylation signal.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20, 2660-2669 (2000).</li><li>Moore, C. L., Sharp, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+cleavage+and+polyadenylation+of+exogenous+RNA+substrate.">Accurate cleavage and polyadenylation of exogenous RNA substrate.</a> Cell. 41, 845-855 (1985).</li><li>Gilmartin, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> mRNA formation and function. , 79-98 (1997).</li><li>Wahle, E., Keller, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> RNA Processing. Vol. II. , 1-34 (1994).</li><li>Chabot, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> RNA Processing Vol I. 1, 1-29 (1994).</li><li>Valente, S. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+mRNA+3'+end+processing+is+distinctively+regulated+by+eIF3f,+CDK11,+and+splice+factor+9G8.">HIV-1 mRNA 3' end processing is distinctively regulated by eIF3f, CDK11, and splice factor 9G8.</a> Mol Cell. 36, 279-289 (2009).</li><li>Dignam, J. D., Lebovitz, R. M., Roeder, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+transcription+initiation+by+RNA+polymerase+II+in+a+soluble+extract+from+isolated+mammalian+nuclei.">Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 1475-1489 (1983).</li><li>Aurup, H., Williams, D. M., Eckstein, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2'-Fluoro-+and+2'-amino-2'-deoxynucleoside+5'-triphosphates+as+substrates+for+T7+RNA+polymerase.">2'-Fluoro- and 2'-amino-2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates as substrates for T7 RNA polymerase.</a> Biochemistry. 31, 9636-9641 (1992).</li><li>Keller, W., Bienroth, S., Lang, K. M., Christofori, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleavage+and+polyadenylation+factor+CPF+specifically+interacts+with+the+pre-mRNA+3'+processing+signal+AAUAAA.">Cleavage and polyadenylation factor CPF specifically interacts with the pre-mRNA 3' processing signal AAUAAA.</a> EMBO J. 10, 4241-4249 (1991).</li><li>Takagaki, Y., Ryner, L. C., Manley, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Four+factors+are+required+for+3'-end+cleavage+of+pre-mRNAs.">Four factors are required for 3'-end cleavage of pre-mRNAs.</a> Genes Dev. 3, 1711-1724 (1989).</li><li>Takagaki, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multisubunit+factor,+CstF,+is+required+for+polyadenylation+of+mammalian+pre-mRNAs.">A multisubunit factor, CstF, is required for polyadenylation of mammalian pre-mRNAs.</a> Genes Dev. 4, 2112-2120 (1990).</li><li>Ruegsegger, U., Blank, D., Keller, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pre-mRNA+cleavage+factor+Im+is+related+to+spliceosomal+SR+proteins+and+can+be+reconstituted+in+vitro+from+recombinant+subunits.">Human pre-mRNA cleavage factor Im is related to spliceosomal SR proteins and can be reconstituted in vitro from recombinant subunits.</a> Mol Cell. 1, 243-253 (1998).</li><li>Vries, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pre-mRNA+cleavage+factor+II(m)+contains+homologs+of+yeast+proteins+and+bridges+two+other+cleavage+factors.">Human pre-mRNA cleavage factor II(m) contains homologs of yeast proteins and bridges two other cleavage factors.</a> EMBO J. 19, 5895-5904 (2000).</li><li>Gilmartin, G. M., Nevins, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ordered+pathway+of+assembly+of+components+required+for+polyadenylation+site+recognition+and+processing.">An ordered pathway of assembly of components required for polyadenylation site recognition and processing.</a> Genes Dev. 3, 2180-2190 (1989).</li><li>Shi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+architecture+of+the+human+pre-mRNA+3'+processing+complex.">Molecular architecture of the human pre-mRNA 3' processing complex.</a> Mol Cell. 33, 365-376 (2009).</li><li>Bentley, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rules+of+engagement:+co-transcriptional+recruitment+of+pre-mRNA+processing+factors.">Rules of engagement: co-transcriptional recruitment of pre-mRNA processing factors.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 17, 251-256 (2005).</li><li>Tian, B., Manley, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+cleavage+and+polyadenylation:+the+long+and+short+of+it.">Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation: the long and short of it.</a> Trends Biochem Sci. 38, 312-320 (2013).</li><li>Ryner, L. C., Manley, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirements+for+accurate+and+efficient+mRNA+3'+end+cleavage+and+polyadenylation+of+a+simian+virus+40+early+pre-RNA+in+vitro.">Requirements for accurate and efficient mRNA 3' end cleavage and polyadenylation of a simian virus 40 early pre-RNA in vitro.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 7, 495-503 (1987).</li><li>Hirose, Y., Manley, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creatine+phosphate,+not+ATP,+is+required+for+3'+end+cleavage+of+mammalian+pre-mRNA+in+vitro.">Creatine phosphate, not ATP, is required for 3' end cleavage of mammalian pre-mRNA in vitro.</a> J Biol Chem. 272, 29636-29642 (1997).</li><li>Ryan, K., Khleborodova, A., Pan, J., Ryan, X. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+molecule+activators+of+pre-mRNA+3'+cleavage.">Small molecule activators of pre-mRNA 3' cleavage.</a> RNA. 15, 483-492 (2009).</li></ol>

The in vitro pre-mRNA 3&#8217; cleavage reaction, carried out in HeLa cell nuclear extracts or with cleavage factors fractionated from these extracts, has enabled identification of the core cleavage factors and their main complexes16-21. Many more proteins associated with these factors have recently been identified22, and the in vitro reaction may continue to shed light on how these proteins contribute to the reaction. Perhaps because the reaction in vivo appears to be cot...

The biosynthesis of most mature eukaryotic message RNAs (mRNAs) requires several post-transcriptional modifications such as capping, splicing and polyadenylation. These modifications are generally coupled to ensure correct processing1 and strongly increase the stability of the mRNA.
The 3&#8217; end formation of mammalian pre-mRNAs is generated by endonucleolytic cleavage of the nascent RNA followed by addition of adenylate residues to the 5&#8217; cleaved product by poly(A) polymerase (PAP)2-4. In mammals, cleavage is accomplished by a multicomponent protein complex, of approximately 800 kDa, which assembles on specific pre-RNA sequences. The poly(A) signal sequence, a highly conserved canonical hexanucleotide sequence AAUAAA, directs the cleavage site at approximately 10-30 nt downstream. This site is specifically recognized by the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) and the 73 kD subunit of CSPF contains the endonuclease activity. The cleavage stimulation factor (CstF) binds a more degenerate GU- or U- rich element sequence downstream of the poly(A) site. Also required for cleavage is the mammalian cleavage factor I (CFIm), and the mammalian cleavage factor II (CFII). CFIm binds the specific UGUA(N) sites in upstream sequence elements (USEs) that have been defined for a number of genes and seem to be involved in important physiological processes5-8.
In vitro, RNA processing reactions are commonly analyzed by the use of radiolabeled RNA substrates9-12. These may be synthesized by run-off transcription from the bacteriophage promoter T7 or SP6. When studying a polyadenylation site that has not been characterized before, it is necessary to use genomic DNA rather than cDNA to generate the RNA substrate, as important downstream sequences might not be present in cDNA. Design substrates to include at least 150 nt upstream and 50 nt downstream from the cleavage site/end on the mature mRNA. The cleavage product migrates faster than the substrate; however, because other fragments may be generated by non-specific nuclease action, the specificity of the reaction has to be verified by its dependence on the correct processing signal sequences. Therefore, RNA substrates with a point mutation in the AAUAAA sequence (e.g. AAGAAA) serve as a negative control for the cleavage reaction.
Given that a small amount of radiolabeled RNA is used for the cleavage reactions, RNases present in high abundance in most nuclear extracts can be problematic, and limit the choice of the starting material for extract preparation. HeLa cells tend to contain low levels of endogenous RNases, and thus perform well in these assays.
The endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA substrates in vivo and in vitro is immediately followed by the poly(A) addition, thus the cleaved intermediate is not present in detectable quantities. Therefore, to study either a specific RNA sequence or proteins involved in a cleavage reaction, experiments are done in conditions that prevent polyadenylation from occurring. There is no dependence of cleavage on polyadenylation, or vice versa, so one can stop polyadenylation without harming the cleavage reaction. Thus, ATP is replaced with a chain terminating analogue that lacks the 3&#8217; hydroxyl group so that only a single nucleotide can be incorporated at the poly(A) site and just cleaved RNA can be detected.
Given the complexity and high degree of particularity of this type of assay, we describe a detailed video protocol to study endonucleolytic cleavage by the cleavage/Poly(A) machinery of mRNA precursors in vitro. We describe how to prepare competent nuclear extracts, generate radiolabeled RNA substrates, perform the cleavage reaction, and analyze and interpret the resulting products. Figure 1 shows an example of substrate RNAs encoding for the 3&#8217; end of HIV-1 pre-mRNAs to be used for a cleavage assay. The 3&#8216; end of the HIV RNA genome is composed of many important regulatory sequences such as the poly(A) site, a G+U rich region, and the USE element, which are all necessary for efficient maturation of the viral mRNA transcripts13. In this example we would expect the input RNA substrate to be 338 nt and upon cleavage 237 nt. If polyadenylation was allowed to occur, a smear of products would be observed between 237 and 437 nt.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="757">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1L Celstir Flask</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">356884</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Different sizes available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">4 Position Slow Speed Stirrer</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12621-076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Swinging Bucket Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Allegra x-15R with SX4500 Rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ultra Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Optima L-100 XP Ultra with SW41 Rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Table Top Centrifuge 5417R</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Refridgerated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thermomixer incubator</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">250ml Conicle Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430776</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50ml Conicle Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ultra-clear Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">344059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">JOKLIK Modified MEM</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-719Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Atlas&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-0500-A</td>
			<td>Heat inactivated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">L-Glut:Pen:Strep</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Gemini Bio-Products</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">400-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1M Tris-HCl pH 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">46-031-CM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP214-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">194844</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP310-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Alexis Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">280-001-G-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP229-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5M Sodium Chloride Solution</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">46-032-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EDTA 0.5M Solution</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E7889-100ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP120-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PMSF</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">36978</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ammonium Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A702-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">cOmplete EDTA-Free Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04 693 132 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Slide-A-Lyzer Dialysis Cassettes Kit</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">66372</td>
			<td>MWCO 7000 0.5ml-3ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">15ml Dounce Tissue grinder set</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9938-1SET</td>
			<td>Different sizes available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Expand High Fidelity PCR Kit</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11 732 650 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10mM dNTP Mix</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Y02256</td>
			<td>10mM each nucleotide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MaxiScript SP6/T7 Kit</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM1322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">m7G(5&#39;)ppp(5&#39;) G RNA Cap</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S1404S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Century Marker Template Plus</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM7782</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Easytides UTP [alpha-32p]-250uCi</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BLU507H250UC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gel loading buffer II</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8546G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DEPC treated water</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM9906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10x TAE</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP13354</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">10x TBE</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ameresco Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0658-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10x PBS</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP399-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP169-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ammonium Persulfate</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TEMED</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ammonium Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A637-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">40% 19:1 Acrylamide:Bis-acrylamide</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycogen</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10 901 393 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">100% Absolute Ethanol 200 Proof</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Acros</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">61509-0040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acid Phenol-Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9720</td>
			<td>For RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scintilation Fluid</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SX18-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rnase Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N261B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Poly (Vinyl alcohol) PVA</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8136-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Creatine Phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100mM dATP</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP2560-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SDS</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Acros</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23042-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1700-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Adjustable Sequencing Unit</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z351881-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Binder Clips</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Office Depot</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">838-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">20cmx42cm glass plates</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z352543</td>
			<td>1SET</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">20cmx22cm glass plates</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z35252-7</td>
			<td>1SET</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20cmx42cm Aluminum Cooling Plates</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z352667</td>
			<td>1EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.4mmx22cm Spacers</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z35230-6</td>
			<td>1SET</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.4mmx42cm Spacers</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z352314-1</td>
			<td>1SET</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">8-well Comb</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z35195-4</td>
			<td>1EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">16-well Comb</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z351962</td>
			<td>1EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">32-well Comb</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z351970</td>
			<td>1EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gel Repel Coating</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">C.B.S. Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SGR-0401</td>
			<td>or SGR-0101 for individual bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gel Loading Tips</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Rainin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GT-10-4</td>
			<td>0.1-10uL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sequencing PowerPac HV</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PowerPac HV</td>
			<td>5000V/500mA/400W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gel Dryer Model 583</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Hydrotech Vacuum Pump for gel dryer</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glogos II Glow-in-the-dark Markers</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">420201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Film 8x10</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Midsci</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BX810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Film 14x17</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Phenix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-BX1417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Autoradiography Cassette</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FBCA 1417</td>
			<td>8x10 size available</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of rna processing reactions using cell free systems: 3' end cleavage of pre-mrna substrates in vitro

The 3&#8217; end of mammalian mRNAs is not formed by abrupt termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNPII). Instead, RNPII synthesizes precursor mRNA beyond the end of mature RNAs, and an active process of endonuclease activity is required at a specific site. Cleavage of the precursor RNA normally occurs 10-30 nt downstream from the consensus polyA site (AAUAAA) after the CA dinucleotides. Proteins from the cleavage complex, a multifactorial protein complex of approximately 800 kDa, accomplish this specific nuclease activity. Specific RNA sequences upstream and downstream of the polyA site control the recruitment of the cleavage complex. Immediately after cleavage, pre-mRNAs are polyadenylated by the polyA polymerase (PAP) to produce mature stable RNA messages.
Processing of the 3&#8217; end of an RNA transcript may be studied using cellular nuclear extracts with specific radiolabeled RNA substrates. In sum, a long 32P-labeled uncleaved precursor RNA is incubated with nuclear extracts in vitro, and cleavage is assessed by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. When proper cleavage occurs, a shorter 5&#8217; cleaved product is detected and quantified. Here, we describe the cleavage assay in detail using, as an example, the 3&#8217; end processing of HIV-1 mRNAs.

Representative results of a cleavage assay of the RNA poly(A) sites of HIV-1 (Figure 2). We can observe the uncleaved RNA substrate, which is the slowest migrating band at the top of the gel. The specific cleaved product is the most intense shorter fragment band that runs faster in the gel at the expected size, and is specifically absent from the cleavage assay of the mutpoly(A) control that contains a point mutation in the polyA sequence (mutPolyA) RNA substrate. Degradation products of the input substr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro at JoVE.com

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

RNA polymerase II synthesizes a precursor RNA that extends beyond the 3' end of the mature mRNA. The end of the mature RNA is generated cotranscriptionally, at a site dictated by RNA sequences, via the endonuclease activity of the cleavage complex. Here, we detail the method to study cleavage reactions in vitro.

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

The 3&#8217; end of mammalian mRNAs is not formed by abrupt termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNPII). Instead, RNPII synthesizes ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Visualization of MG53-mediated Cell Membrane Repair Using in vivo and in vitro Systems

Visualization of MG53-mediated Cell Membrane Repair Using in vivo and in vitro Systems

Repair of acute injury to the cell membrane is an elemental process of normal cellular physiology, and defective membrane repair has been linked to many ...

Single Read and Paired End mRNA-Seq Illumina Libraries from 10 Nanograms Total RNA

Whole transcriptome sequencing by mRNA-Seq is now used extensively to perform global gene expression, mutation, allele-specific expression and other ...

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence ...

Cell Specific Analysis of Arabidopsis Leaves Using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting

Cell Specific Analysis of Arabidopsis Leaves Using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting

After initiation of the leaf primordium, biomass accumulation is controlled mainly by cell proliferation and expansion in the leaves1. However, the ...

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

The  interaction of viruses and their prokaryotic hosts shaped the evolution of  bacterial and archaeal life. Prokaryotes developed several strategies to ...

Metabolic Labeling of Newly Transcribed RNA for High Resolution Gene Expression Profiling of RNA Synthesis, Processing and Decay in Cell Culture

The development of whole-transcriptome microarrays and next-generation sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of the complexity of cellular gene ...

HeLa Based Cell Free Expression Systems for Expression of Plasmodium Rhoptry Proteins

HeLa Based Cell Free Expression Systems for Expression of Plasmodium Rhoptry Proteins

Malaria causes significant global morbidity and mortality. No routine vaccine is currently available. One of the major reasons for lack of a vaccine is ...

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod ...

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging as a regulatory layer in the development and function of adipose. RBPs play a key role in the gene expression ...