We would like to thank Dr. Nicholas J. Ashbolt and Dr. G. Shay Fout for their review of the manuscript.

유리 및 필터 하우징 1. 준비 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 특별히 언급하지 않는 한, 15 분 동안 121 ° C에서 모든 유리, 필터 하우징 및 솔루션을 소독. 불임을 보장하기 위해 모든 개구 또는 알루미늄 호일 또는 이전 살균에 테이프 확보 종이 중 하나에 노출 된 표면을 커버합니다. </li><li> 1 L 사이드 암 삼각 플라스크에 필터 하우징 (47mm 직경)를 부착하여 여과 장치를 조립합니다. 필요한 필터를 수집 : 47mm 직경 전기 음성 / 전기 양성 디스크 필터를. </li><li> 1 L의 1.5 %의 쇠고기 추출물 준비 (응집을 플록 입자를 생성 용액의 pH를 3.5, 또는 비 응집 저하되면, pH를 3.5에서 골재를하지 않는) 비프 엑기스 15g에 용해시켜, 0.05 M 글리신, 1 탈 이온수의 L과 3.75 g 글리신을 추가. 주 : 비 응집 쇠고기 추출물 전에 급 농도 셀 라이트의 첨가를 필요로 할 것이다. </li><li> 용출 첨가제 나트륨 polyph 추가0.1 % 농도에서 쇠고기 추출물 osphate. </li><li> 1 M 염산 용액을 첨가 쇠고기 추출물, 원하는 산도로 pH를 혼합 용액에 적가 하였다. 121 ℃에서 15 ~ 30 분간 오토 클레이브 쇠고기 추출물. </li><li> 잘, 매체, 또는 (비 응집 쇠고기 추출물 만 함께 사용) 큰 입자 셀 라이트 0.1 g을 측정합니다. </li><li> 삼각 부착 플라스크에 진공 출구에 대응 튜브를 부착함으로써 진공 / 흡착을 준비한다. </li></ol> 솔루션 및 바이러스 재고 2. 준비 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 1 M HCl을 1 L를 준비합니다. </li><li> 1 M NaOH를 1 L를 준비합니다. </li><li> 1X PBS 용액을 준비합니다 (137 mM의 NaCl을, 2.7 mM의 KCl을, 1.47 mM의 K 2 PO 4, 4.3 mM의의 NaH 2 PO 4). <ol><li> 1 M의 NaOH를 사용하여 9.0 1X PBS의 산도를 조정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 준비하고 9 ㎖의 PBS (PH와 재고 바이러스 1 ㎖를 혼합하여 10 4 -10 5 가장 가능성있는 수 (MPN) ml의 -1 스톡 바이러스를 희석7), 8, 13을 앞서 기재된. 1 ml의 분취 량에서 -80 ° C에서 보관. <ol><li> 잠재적 오염물을 제거하기 위해 필터링 주사기 (0.22 ㎛의 공극 크기)에 의해 바이러스 스톡 멸균. </li></ol></li><li> 탈 염소 수돗물 <ol><li> 측정 값을 이용하여 무균 살균 수돗물 1 L 눈금 실린더 및 자기 교반 막대를 함유하는 2 L 비이커에 붓는다. </li><li> 티오 황산나트륨 0.7 g을 추가하고 입자가 용해 될 때까지 섞는다. 1 M 염산 또는 1 M NaOH 용액을 사용하여 필요한 경우 7-7.5에 수돗물의 산도를 조정합니다. </li><li> 해동 바이러스 스파이크 (1 mL) 및 탈 염소 살균 수돗물 1 L로 스파이크의 전체 볼륨. 10 분 동안 혼합한다. </li><li> 스파이크 된 샘플과 동일한 방법으로 각각의 실험 과정에있어서 블랭크 (아데노 않고 탈 염소 수돗물)을 준비한다. </li></ol></li></ol> 밀리 포어 필터 장치의 제조 3 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 필터 하우징을 통해 멸균 덮개를 제거합니다. 확인필터 하우징 상부 그릇과 낮은 필터 스크린 사이의 적절한 맞춤 여과시 시료 누출을 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 1 L 삼각 플라스크에서 멸균 덮개를 제거합니다. 좋은 도장을 만들어, 필터 유닛의 코르크 삼각 플라스크의 상단 구멍에 꼭 맞는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 낮은 필터 화면에서 필터 유닛 위에 그릇을 제거하고 멸균 집게로 화면을 통해 정면으로 47mm 전기 양성 필터 디스크를 넣습니다. 화면 하단에 필터 하우징 그릇을 부착하고 시계 반대 방향으로 비틀 어서 제자리에 고정. </li></ol> 4. 물 여과 (기본 농도) <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 바이러스 100 ml의 멸균 졸업 된 실린더 사용하여 수돗물 아군 측정한다. </li><li> 바이러스 100ml를 47mm 플리츠 유리 / 셀룰로오스 필터 또는 나노 알루미나 / 유리 섬유 디스크 필터를 포함하는 필터 하우징 내로 수돗물 아군 붓는다. </li><li> 물이 천천히 필터를 통과하도록 허용합니다. 오 남아있는 잔여 물을 제거하기 위해 부드러운 진공 적용필터 표면에서 F 수돗물. </li><li> 트립신 처리를 사용하는 경우, 표면을 필터링하고 5 분 동안 배양 0.25 % 트립신 5 ㎖를 추가합니다. </li><li> 멸균 탈 50 ml의 물을 사용하여 필터 표면에서 트립신을 씻으십시오. </li></ol> 필터 5. 바이러스 용출 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 2 L 삼각 플라스크에서 필터 하우징을 제거하고, 250 ml의 사이드 암 플라스크에 배치합니다. </li><li> 눈금 실린더를 사용 하 쇠고기 추출물 100 ㎖를 측정한다. 천천히 필터 하우징에 쇠고기 추출물 100 ㎖를 붓는다. </li><li> 쇠고기 추출물은 작은 (250 ml)을 삼각 플라스크에 쇠고기 추출물을 캡처, 필터를 통해 붓는다. 필터에서 잔류 쇠고기 추출물을 뽑아 진공을 적용합니다. </li></ol> 6. 셀 라이트 보조 농도 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 볶음 판에 용출 된 바이러스를 포함하는 전송 플라스크. 약간의 소용돌이를 만들 혼합, 교반 접시에 무균 자기 교반 막대와 장소를 추가합니다. </li><li> 셀 라이트 0.1 g을 넣고쇠고기 추출물 100 ㎖에 분말과 셀 라이트를 분산 할 수 있습니다. 쇠고기 추출물로 멸균 산도 프로브를 놓습니다. </li><li> pH가 4.0을 달성하기 위해 쇠고기 추출물에 현명한 1 M 염산을 떨어 추가합니다. 천천히 10 분 동안 혼합 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 2 L 삼각 플라스크를 사용하여 (전술 한 바와 같이) 필터 하우징 상에 47mm 프리 필터를 놓습니다. </li><li> 프리 필터를 통해 100 ml의 쇠고기 추출물 / 셀 라이트 혼합물을 붓고. 쇠고기 추출물을 통해 붓는다. 필터에서 잔류 쇠고기 추출물을 뽑아 약간의 진공을 적용합니다. </li><li> 필터 하우징 배출구의 끝에 금속 튜브 클립을 놓습니다. 금속 튜브 클립에 멸균 15 ml의 폴리 프로필렌 수집 튜브를 연결합니다. 다시 삼각 플라스크에 넣고 필터 하우징을 놓습니다. </li><li> 프리 필터에 포집 셀 라이트를 통해 1X PBS 버퍼 5 ㎖, pH가 9.0를 추가합니다. </li><li> PBS는 프리 필터를 통해 물방울을 허용합니다. 15 ml의 수집 관에 잔류 PBS를 통해 당기하려면 약간의 진공을 적용합니다. </li></ol> 7. 유기 응집 보조 농도 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>볶음 판에 용출 된 바이러스가 들어있는 비커를 전송합니다. 쇠고기 추출물을 100 ml의 멸균 자기 교반 막대를 추가하고 약간의 소용돌이를 만들 섞는다. </li><li> 쇠고기 추출물로 멸균 산도 프로브를 놓습니다. </li><li> 쇠고기 추출물 현명한 1 M 염산 드롭을 추가하고 3.5로 산도를 조정합니다. 30 분 동안 혼합한다. </li><li> 4 ºC에서 15 분 동안 2,500 XG에 250 ml의 원심 분리기 원뿔 튜브에 용출액을 원심 분리기를 따르십시오. </li><li> 펠렛을 방해하지 않도록 상층 액을 복용 치료를 붓고. 1X PBS, pH가 9 5ml에 펠렛을 재현 탁. </li><li> 4 ºC에서 10 분 동안 4,000 XG에 현탁액을 원심 분리기. 상층 액을 붓고 펠렛을 폐기합니다. </li><li> 7-7.5로 pH를 조정, 필터는 -80 ° C에서 0.22 μm의 주사기 필터 및 동결을 통해 소독. </li></ol> 8. 바이러스 핵산 추출 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 제조업체의 지침에 따라 적절한 상용 키트를 사용하여 바이러스 핵산을 추출합니다. </li></ol> &lt;P 클래스 = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 9. ADV 40/41 qPCR에 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 8, 13을 발표 한 프라이머 및 프로브뿐만 아니라, 반응 혼합물과 열 순환 프로파일을 사용합니다. 주 : 분석의 검출의 예상 한계 반응 당 약 5 qPCR의 단위입니다. </li><li> 다음과 같은 농도에서 PCR 증폭 혼합물의 구성 요소를 추가 : 10 mM 트리스 (PH 8.3)의 50 mM의 KCl을, 4.5 mM의의 MgCl 2, 10 mM의 dNTPs를, 10 μM 프라이머 1 μm의 프로브와 중합 효소 0.5 μL 그래서 45의 최종 볼륨 μL를 96- 웰 PCR 반응 플레이트 내에 웰의 적절한 수에 첨가 될 수있다. </li><li> 96 웰, 빠른 반응 PCR 플레이트의 각 해당 잘으로 PCR 증폭 혼합물의 부하 45 μL. </li><li> DNA의 5 μL는 PCR 플레이트의 적절한 우물에 샘플을 추출 추가합니다. </li><li> , 내열성 커버 씰 플레이트를 커버 PCR 판 우물의 바닥에있는 방울을 이동 판을 회전. </li><li> foll으로 설정 PCR 증폭주기OWS : 15 초 동안 95 ° C의 40주기와 1 분 60 ° C 다음에 10 분 동안 95 ° C. </li></ol> 10. 데이터 분석 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 5에서 1 : 1의 샘플에 걸친 일련의 5 배 희석액 중으로 측정 분석 (625)의 희석 범위를 바이러스 입자의 가장 가능한 번호 (MPN)을 결정하기 위해, 8, 13을 앞서 설명 된 바와 같이. </li><li> 5에서 1 : 1 아데노 바이러스 실험을 걸친 일련의 스파이크 5 배 희석액을 분석 15,625 희석 범위를 바이러스 입자의 가장 가능한 번호 (MPN)을 결정하기 위해. </li><li> EPA MPN 계산기 (http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/online.html)를 사용하여, 희석의 유형을 고려하여 조정 계산기 (1 : 5 1:10), 희석 수 행하고, 숫자 일련의 희석에 샘플을 복제. </li><li> 수행 볼륨 단위로 등 (예를 들면, 1 ㎖, 100 ㎖를 정규화하여 다음 데이터의 열 변형 로그 </EM&gt;). 샘플에 존재하는 바이러스 입자의 수​​를 나누어 주어 실험에 대한 회수율을 계산 실험 스파이크에 존재하는 바이러스 입자의 수​​에 집중하고 있습니다. </li><li> 다른 실험 변수의 효과를 평가 (예를 들어, 다른 셀 라이트 타입의 pH 범위에서, 다른 필터 타입과 상이한 이차 농도 기법) (예를 들면, 짝 t 검정, 하나 또는 두 개의 파라 메트릭 또는 비 - 파라 메트릭 통계 테스트를 수행하여 ADV 회수율에 데이터의 분배 및 실험 디자인에 따라)을 - 방향 ANOVA. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sinclair, R. G., Jones, E. L., Gerba, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viruses+in+recreational+water-borne+disease+outbreaks:+a+review.">Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: a review.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 107, 1769-1780 (2009).</li><li>WHO. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. , (2003).</li><li>Westrell, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Norovirus+outbreaks+linked+to+oyster+consumption+in+the+United+Kingdom.">Norovirus outbreaks linked to oyster consumption in the United Kingdom.</a> Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 15, (2010).</li><li>Wong, K., Fong, T. T., Bibby, K., Molina, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+enteric+viruses+for+fecal+pollution+source+tracking+in+environmental+waters.">Application of enteric viruses for fecal pollution source tracking in environmental waters.</a> Environment International. 45, 151-164 (2012).</li><li>Cashdollar, J. L., Wymer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+primary+concentration+of+viruses+from+water+samples:+a+review+and+meta-analysis+of+recent+studies.">Methods for primary concentration of viruses from water samples: a review and meta-analysis of recent studies.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 115, 1-11 (2013).</li><li>Ikner, L. A., Soto-Beltran, M., Bright, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+method+using+a+positively+charged+microporous+filter+and+ultrafiltration+for+concentration+of+viruses+from+tap+water.">New method using a positively charged microporous filter and ultrafiltration for concentration of viruses from tap water.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77, 3500-3506 (2011).</li><li>Karim, M. R., Rhodes, E. R., Brinkman, N., Wymer, L., Fout, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+electropositive+filter+for+concentrating+enteroviruses+and+noroviruses+from+large+volumes+of+water.">New electropositive filter for concentrating enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75, 2393-2399 (2009).</li><li>McMinn, B. R., Cashdollar, J. L., Grimm, A. C., Fout, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+celite+secondary+concentration+procedure+and+an+alternate+elution+buffer+for+the+recovery+of+enteric+adenoviruses+40+and+41.">Evaluation of the celite secondary concentration procedure and an alternate elution buffer for the recovery of enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 179, 423-428 (2012).</li><li>Katzenelson, E., Fattal, B., Hostovesky, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+flocculation:+an+efficient+second-step+concentration+method+for+the+detection+of+viruses+in+tap+water.">Organic flocculation: an efficient second-step concentration method for the detection of viruses in tap water.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 32, 638-639 (1976).</li><li>Fout, G. S., Schaefer, F. W., Messer, J. W., Dahling, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ICR microbial laboratory manual. 178, (1996).</li><li>Calgua, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+application+of+a+one-step+low+cost+procedure+to+concentrate+viruses+from+seawater+samples.">Development and application of a one-step low cost procedure to concentrate viruses from seawater samples.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 153, 79-83 (2008).</li><li>Calgua, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+quantification+of+classic+and+emerging+viruses+by+skimmed-milk+flocculation+and+PCR+in+river+water+from+two+geographical+areas.">Detection and quantification of classic and emerging viruses by skimmed-milk flocculation and PCR in river water from two geographical areas.</a> Water Research. 47, 2797-2810 (2013).</li><li>McMinn, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+adenovirus+40+and+41+recovery+from+tap+water+using+small+disk+filters.">Optimization of adenovirus 40 and 41 recovery from tap water using small disk filters.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 193 (2), 284-290 (2013).</li><li>Brinkman, N. E., Haffler, T. D., Cashdollar, J. L., Rhodes, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+methods+using+celite+to+concentrate+norovirus,+adenovirus+and+enterovirus+from+wastewater.">Evaluation of methods using celite to concentrate norovirus, adenovirus and enterovirus from wastewater.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 193, 140-146 (2013).</li><li>Albinsson, B., Kidd, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus+type+41+lacks+an+RGD+alpha(v)-integrin+binding+motif+on+the+penton+base+and+undergoes+delayed+uptake+in+A549+cells.">Adenovirus type 41 lacks an RGD alpha(v)-integrin binding motif on the penton base and undergoes delayed uptake in A549 cells.</a> Virus Research. 64, 125-136 (1999).</li><li>He, C., Lian, J. S., Jiang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electronic+structures+and+hydrogen+bond+network+of+high-density+and+very+high-density+amorphous+ices.">Electronic structures and hydrogen bond network of high-density and very high-density amorphous ices.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B. 109, 19893-19896 (2005).</li><li>Sedmak, G., Bina, D., Macdonald, J., Couillard, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nine-year+study+of+the+occurrence+of+culturable+viruses+in+source+water+for+two+drinking+water+treatment+plants+and+the+influent+and+effluent+of+a+Wastewater+Treatment+Plant+in+Milwaukee,+Wisconsin.">Nine-year study of the occurrence of culturable viruses in source water for two drinking water treatment plants and the influent and effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.</a> 71, 1042-1050 (2005).</li><li>Soto-Beltran, M., Ikner, L. A., Bright, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+poliovirus+concentration+and+recovery+from+treated+wastewater+by+two+electropositive+filter+methods.">Effectiveness of poliovirus concentration and recovery from treated wastewater by two electropositive filter methods.</a> Food and Environmental Virology. 5, 91-96 (2013).</li><li>Haramoto, E., Katayama, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+acidic+elution+to+virus+concentration+using+electropositive+filters.">Application of acidic elution to virus concentration using electropositive filters.</a> Food and Environmental Virology. 5, 77-80 (2013).</li><li>Lee, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+electropositive+filtration+for+recovering+norovirus+in+water.">Evaluation of electropositive filtration for recovering norovirus in water.</a> Journal of Water and Health. 9, 27-36 (2011).</li><li>Gibbons, C. D., Rodriguez, R. A., Tallon, L., Sobsey, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+positively+charged+alumina+nanofibre+cartridge+filters+for+the+primary+concentration+of+noroviruses,+adenoviruses+and+male-specific+coliphages+from+seawater.">Evaluation of positively charged alumina nanofibre cartridge filters for the primary concentration of noroviruses, adenoviruses and male-specific coliphages from seawater.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 109, 635-641 (2010).</li><li>Hill, V. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+rapid+method+for+simultaneous+recovery+of+diverse+microbes+in+drinking+water+by+ultrafiltration+with+sodium+polyphosphate+and+surfactants.">Development of a rapid method for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in drinking water by ultrafiltration with sodium polyphosphate and surfactants.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71, 6878-6884 (2005).</li><li>Polaczyk, A. L., Roberts, J. M., Hill, V. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+1MDS+electropositive+microfilters+for+simultaneous+recovery+of+multiple+microbe+classes+from+tap+water.">Evaluation of 1MDS electropositive microfilters for simultaneous recovery of multiple microbe classes from tap water.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 68, 260-266 (2007).</li><li>Rhodes, E. R., Hamilton, D. W., See, M. J., Wymer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+hollow-fiber+ultrafiltration+primary+concentration+of+pathogens+and+secondary+concentration+of+viruses+from+water.">Evaluation of hollow-fiber ultrafiltration primary concentration of pathogens and secondary concentration of viruses from water.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 176, 38-45 (2011).</li><li>Melnick, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Round+robin+investigation+of+methods+for+the+recovery+of+poliovirus+from+drinking+water.">Round robin investigation of methods for the recovery of poliovirus from drinking water.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 47, 144-150 (1984).</li><li>Schwab, K. J., De Leon, R., Sobsey, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concentration+and+purification+of+beef+extract+mock+eluates+from+water+samples+for+the+detection+of+enteroviruses,+hepatitis+A+virus,+and+Norwalk+virus+by+reverse+transcription-PCR.">Concentration and purification of beef extract mock eluates from water samples for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, and Norwalk virus by reverse transcription-PCR.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 61, 531-537 (1995).</li></ol>

No competing financial interests. 
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

전기 양성 필터는 물에서 바이러스를 집중에 유용하다; 그러나 이러한 필터는 다시 자신의 효과를 변경할 수있는 그들의 구조와 구성이 다를 수 있습니다. 이 문제를 복잡하게, 캡시드 구조와 요금 농도 기술은 최적의 복구 (15)을 보장하기 위해 맞출 필요 바이러스 균주에 따라서 다릅니다. (예를 들어, 전기 양성 필터, 쇠고기 추출물 용출), 대상 바이러스의보다 효과적인 농도 ...

인간의 장내 바이러스는 수 인성 질병에 1-3의 중요한 원인이 요원하지만, 농도없이 자신의 검출이 어려워 일반적으로 오염 된 환경 바다에서 낮은 숫자에 존재한다. 바이러스를 농축하는데 사용 된 절차는 일반적으로 필터 용출액 여과 필터 뒤에 용출 단계, 및 보조 농도를 포함한다. 일반적인 여과 절차 (최근 4,5 검토) 등 전기 양성 필터와 같은 충전 세포막의 사용에 의존한다. 이 필터는 필터 표면 (양전하)과 대상 바이러스 입자 사이의 정전 기적 상호 작용을 사용하여 물에 현탁 바이러스를 캡처에 의존 (음전하). 시판되는 두 전성 필터가이 기술에 의존하는, 유리 / 셀룰로오스 나노 알루미나 / 유리 섬유 필터. 유리 / 셀룰로오스 필터 비용이 유리 (/ CE)의 사용을 제한하는 최대 10 배 나노 알루미나 / 유리 섬유의, 아르일상 바이러스 모니터링을위한 llulose 필터. 최근 연구에 싼 필터 대안의 사용을 정당화 차이가 주변 물 6,7에서 엔테로 바이러스의 회복이 두 필터 사이의 공칭 결론을 내렸다. 이러한 전성 유리 양모 필터와 같은 다른 필터 옵션 그러나, 그들은 하나의 소스 물 (전기 음성 필터)의 전처리가 필요하거나 (유리 양모 필터) 상업적으로 사용할 수 없습니다, 연구되고있다. 바이러스 농도 절차의 개발은 주로 물에서 바이러스 회수율을 향상시키기 위하여 기본 농도 기법 (필터)의 최적화에 초점을 맞추고있다. 그러나 볼륨 밀리리터 전형적으로 1 L로부터 얻은 용출액 부피를 감소 이차 농도 절차는 또한 바이러스 회수율 8에 상당한 영향을 미칠 수있다. 장용성 바이러스의 농도는 일반적으로 보조 소고기 추출물 일부 유형으로 응집제에 의존 (유기 floccu만큼은) 또는 무 지방 우유 응집 9-12 필터 표면에서 바이러스 입자를 제거합니다. 최근, 셀 라이트 (미세 입자)의 첨가와 결합 쇠고기 추출물을 사용하여 다른 농도 차 절차는 아데노 바이러스, 장내 바이러스, 및 노로 8,13,14의 회수 가능성을 보여 주었다. 이 바이러스 입자에 유기 응집 방법과 유사한 원리 하에서 셀 라이트 농도 작품에 부착 및 현탁액의 pH를 변경하여 입자 (플록 또는 셀 라이트)로부터 방출된다. 이 두 차의 농도 기술 사이의 비교가 아군 아데노 바이러스 (ADV) 유형 40, 41 (8)의 회복으로 평가되고있다.이 연구는 두 개의 보조 농도 기술은 아데노 바이러스의 복구에 통계적으로 차이가 없었다 결론을 내렸다. 그러나, 유기 응집 방법은 30 분을 필요로한다. pH가 3.5에서 배양, 셀 라이트 기술은 pH가 4.0에서 짧은 배양 (10 분)을 필요로한다. 유기 flocculat이온도 급 농도 중에 플록 입자를 수집 비싼 실험 장비 (원심)의 사용을 필요로, 반대로 셀 라이트 기술은 현탁액으로부터 셀 라이트 입자를 분리하는 기본적인 실험 장비 (진공 여과)를 사용한다. 필터와 이차 용출 기술 특정 조합은 또한 바이러스 회수율에 영향을 미칠 수있다. 한 연구는 주 (전기 양성 필터)의 특정 조합 및 보조 농도 기술 (셀 라이트 또는 유기 응집이) 아데노 바이러스 (13)의 회복에 상당한 영향을 미쳤다 결론을 내렸다. 이러한 연구 결과는 이러한 기술을 사용할 때 그 최적화가 최적으로 주어진 물 행렬로부터 대상 바이러스를 회수하기 위해 필요한 제안한다. 최적화는 여러 변수 (필터 유형 / 브랜드, 산도 용출 용액, 셀 라이트 / 유기 응집을) 평가되기 때문에, 힘든 과정을 많은 연구자들이 적극적으로 방지 걸리는 시간입니다. 이 초간각 바이러스 유형 고유 캡시드 형태 및 특정 캡시드 전하 보여주는데 tudy이 절차는 아마도 아군 인간 아데노 바이러스를 40 균주 41 이용한 물에서 바이러스 농도에 대한 최적의 조건을 식별하기 위해 개발되었다 농도 프로토콜은 모든 바이러스에 대해 최적화 될 필요가있다 최적 바이러스 복구를 달성하기 위하여 대상. 1) 전기 양성 필터 2 다음에 디스크) 보조 농도 셀 라이트 기술에 비해 설립 유기 응집 방법의 평가를 사용하여 수돗물의 바이러스 복구를 평가, 그리고 3) 평가 :이 연구는 ADV (40)에 의해 41 농도에 대한 접근 방법을 제공합니다 차 농도에 대한 용출 버퍼.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="786">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:295px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Adenovirus 40 stock</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VR-931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Adenovirus 41 stock</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VR-930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sodium Thiosulfate</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fluka Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">72051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Celites #577</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fluka Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">NanoCeram 47mm</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Argonide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">1MDS 47mm</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6408502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">AP-20 Prefilter 47mm</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Millipore Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AP2004700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Glycine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50046-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sodium Polyphosphate</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">390930010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A481-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">BBL Beef Extract</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">212303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Difco Beef Extract</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">211520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">ABI 7900 Real-time PCR system</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">ABI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Stainless Steel Filter Housing</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Millipore Corp.</td>
			<td>XX2004720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Blood DNA Extraction Kit</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Qiagen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">EPA MPN Calculator</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/online.html</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a small volume procedure for viral concentration from water

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to identify optimal parameters for virus concentration. Viruses can be concentrated from water using filtration (electropositive, electronegative, glass wool or size exclusion), followed by secondary concentration with beef extract to release viruses from filter surfaces, and finally tertiary concentration resulting in a 5-30 ml volume virus concentrate. In order to identify optimal concentration procedures, two different electropositive filters were evaluated (a glass/cellulose filter [1MDS] and a nano-alumina/glass filter [NanoCeram]), as well as different secondary concentration techniques; the celite technique where three different celite particle sizes were evaluated (fine, medium and large) followed by comparing this technique with that of the established organic flocculation method. Various elution additives were also evaluated for their ability to enhance the release of adenovirus (AdV) particles from filter surfaces. Fine particle celite recovered similar levels of AdV40 and 41 to that of the established organic flocculation method when viral spikes were added during secondary concentration. The glass/cellulose filter recovered higher levels of both, AdV40 and 41, compared to that of a nano-alumina/glass fiber filter. Although not statistically significant, the addition of 0.1% sodium polyphosphate amended beef extract eluant recovered 10% more AdV particles compared to unamended beef extract.

<html> 셀 라이트 선택 셀 라이트의 세 가지 다른 종류의 이전 실적이 가장 좋은 변종의 선택을 시험 하였다. 중간 크기의 입자를 미세과 Celites 가장 높은 아데노 바이러스 복구를 생산했다. 큰 celites의 사용은 AdV40 41 (범위 32 % -100 %) (그림 1) 모두 회수율 결과. 아데노 바이러스 (40)의 평균 회수율은 1백44퍼센트 ± 52 % (미세), 115 % ± 28 % (중간) 및 82 % ± 53 % (대형) 입자 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water at JoVE.com

A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water

An approach was developed for identifying optimal viral concentration conditions for small volume water samples using spikes of human adenovirus. The techniques described here are used to identify concentration parameters for other viral targets, and applied to large-scale viral concentration experimentation.

물에서 바이러스 농도에 대한 작은 볼륨 절차

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to ...

a-small-volume-procedure-for-viral-concentration-from-water

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.0K 조회수.  U.S. EPA. An approach was developed for identifying optimal viral concentration conditions for small volume water samples using spikes of human adenovirus. The techniques described here are used to identify concentration parameters for other viral targets, and applied to large-scale viral concentration experimentation. 

비디오: A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) loading from lake sediments can account for a substantial portion of the total P load in eutrophic, and some mesotrophic, lakes. Laboratory determination of P release rates from sediment cores is one approach for determining the role of internal P loading and guiding management decisions. Two principal alternatives to experimental determination of sediment P release exist for estimating internal load: in situ measurements of changes in hypolimnetic P over time and P mass balance. The experimental approach using laboratory-based sediment incubations to quantify internal P load is a direct method, making it a valuable tool for lake management and restoration.
Laboratory incubations of sediment cores can help determine the relative importance of internal vs. external P loads, as well as be used to answer a variety of lake management and research questions. We illustrate the use of sediment core incubations to assess the effectiveness of an aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment for reducing sediment P release. Other research questions that can be investigated using this approach include the effects of sediment resuspension and bioturbation on P release.
The approach also has limitations. Assumptions must be made with respect to: extrapolating results from sediment cores to the entire lake; deciding over what time periods to measure nutrient release; and addressing possible core tube artifacts. A comprehensive dissolved oxygen monitoring strategy to assess temporal and spatial redox status in the lake provides greater confidence in annual P loads estimated from sediment core incubations.

Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.

호수 퇴적물에서 실험실 결정 인 플럭스 내부 인 로딩의 측정으로

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

연구

환경과학

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) Fluorometry

Conventional methods for experimental manipulation of microalgae have employed large volumes of culture (20 ml to 5 L), so that the culture can be subsampled throughout the experiment1&#8211;7. Subsampling of large volumes can be problematic for several reasons: 1) it causes variation in the total volume and the surface area:volume ratio of the culture during the experiment; 2) pseudo-replication (i.e., replicate samples from the same treatment flask8) is often employed rather than true replicates (i.e., sampling from replicate treatments); 3) the duration of the experiment is limited by the total volume; and 4) axenic cultures or the usual bacterial microbiota are difficult to maintain during long-term experiments as contamination commonly occurs during subsampling.
The use of microtiter plates enables 1 ml culture volumes to be used for each replicate, with up to 48 separate treatments within a 12.65 x 8.5 x 2.2 cm plate, thereby decreasing the experimental volume and allowing for extensive replication without subsampling any treatment. Additionally, this technique can be modified to fit a variety of experimental formats including: bacterial-algal co-cultures, algal physiology tests, and toxin screening9&#8211;11. Individual wells with an alga, bacterium and/or co-cultures can be sampled for numerous laboratory procedures including, but not limited to: WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) fluorometry, microscopy, bacterial colony forming unit (cfu) counts and flow cytometry. The combination of the microtiter plate format and WATER-PAM fluorometry allows for multiple rapid measurements of photochemical yield and other photochemical parameters with low variability between samples, high reproducibility and avoids the many pitfalls of subsampling a carboy or conical flask over the course of an experiment.

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated WATER-PAM Fluorometry

The goal of this procedure is to demonstrate the reproducibility and adaptability of using a microtiter plate format for microalgal screening. This rapid screen combines WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) fluorometry to measure photosynthetic yield as an indicator of Photosystem II (PSII) health with small volume bacterial-algal co-cultures.

작은 볼륨 생물 검정은 물 - 펄스 진폭 변조 (WATER-PAM) 형광 측정을 사용하여 세균 / 식물 플랑크톤의 공동 문화를 평가하는

Conventional methods for experimental manipulation of microalgae have employed large volumes of culture (20 ml to 5 L), so that the culture can be ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

CO<sub&gt; 2</sub테스트 주식에 대한&gt; 농도 구배 시설<sub&gt; 2</sub초원 생태계 기능에&gt; 농축 및 토양 효과

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

작은 오염 물질의 면역 학적 분석을위한 물 샘플의 자동화 된 고체상 추출을위한 간단한 방법

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Extracting Metrics for Three-dimensional Root Systems: Volume and Surface Analysis from In-soil X-ray Computed Tomography Data

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to climate change and crop management. Quantitative size information on roots in their native environment is invaluable for studying root growth and environmental processes involving plants. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for in situ root scanning and analysis. We aimed to develop a costless and efficient tool that approximates the surface and volume of the root regardless of its shape from three-dimensional (3D) tomography data. The root structure of a Prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) specimen was imaged using XCT. The root was reconstructed, and the primary root structure was extracted from the data using a combination of licensed and open-source software. An isosurface polygonal mesh was then created for ease of analysis. We have developed the standalone application imeshJ, generated in MATLAB1, to calculate root volume and surface area from the mesh. The outputs of imeshJ are surface area (in mm2) and the volume (in mm3). The process, utilizing a unique combination of tools from imaging to quantitative root analysis, is described. A combination of XCT and open-source software proved to be a powerful combination to noninvasively image plant root samples, segment root data, and extract quantitative information from the 3D data. This methodology of processing 3D data should be applicable to other material/sample systems where there is connectivity between components of similar X-ray attenuation and difficulties arise with segmentation.

A methodology for obtaining visual and quantitative root structure information from X-ray computed tomography data acquired in-soil is presented.

3 차원 루트 시스템에 대한 통계를 추출 : 볼륨 및 표면 분석에-토양 X 선 컴퓨터 단층 촬영 데이터에서

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

결합 문학, 지구 화학 및 미생물 조사를위한 토양 모형 매립 발굴

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

플라스틱 펠렛 및 플라스틱 유형 분석에서 유기 염소 농약의 추출

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

배수 이벤트 기간 동안 흐름 중 물과 농업 운하에서 일시 중단 된 입자를 캡처

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

간단한 다시 설정 나무에 대 한 기술을 설치 하 여 자주 침수 발생

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), with little effort and high reliability. The phosphonate, e.g., nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP), is brought into contact with the GFH in a rotator in a solution buffered by an organic acid (e.g., acetic acid) or Good buffer (e.g., 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) [MES] and N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid [CAPSO]) in a concentration of 10 mM for a specific time in 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Subsequently, after membrane filtration (0.45 &#181;m pore size), the total phosphorus (total P) concentration is measured using a specifically developed determination method (ISOmini). This method is a modification and simplification of the ISO 6878 method: a 4 mL sample is mixed with H2SO4 and K2S2O8 in a screw cap vial, heated to 148-150 &#176;C for 1 h and then mixed with NaOH, ascorbic acid and acidified molybdate with antimony(III) (final volume of 10 mL) to produce a blue complex. The color intensity, which is linearly proportional to the phosphorus concentration, is measured spectrophotometrically (880 nm). It is demonstrated that the buffer concentration used has no significant effect on the adsorption of phosphonate between pH 4 and 12. The buffers, therefore, do not compete with the phosphonate for adsorption sites. Furthermore, the relatively high concentration of the buffer requires a higher dosage concentration of oxidizing agent (K2S2O8) for digestion than that specified in ISO 6878, which, together with the NaOH dosage, is matched to each buffer. Despite the simplification, the ISOmini method does not lose any of its accuracy compared to the standardized method.

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide, with little effort and high reliability. In a buffered solution, the phosphonate is brought into contact with the adsorbent using a rotator and then analyzed via a miniaturized phosphorus determination method.

소형 인 결정 방법을 사용 하 여 세분화 된 제 2 철 수산화에 Phosphonates의 흡착을 결정 하기 위한 최적화 된 절차

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric ...